Use of antipsychotic medications in pediatric populations: What do the data say?

Current Psychiatry Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

  Penfold, Robert B ^a,b   Stewart, Christine ^a   Hunkeler, Enid M ^c   Madden, Jeanne M ^d,e   Cummings, Janet R ^f   Owen Smith, Ashli A ^g   Rossom, Rebecca C ^h,i   Lu, Christine Y ^d,e   Lynch, Frances L ^g   Waitzfelder, Beth E ^g   Coleman, Karen A ^j   Ahmedani, Brian K ^k   Beck, Arne L ^j   Zeber, John E ^l   Simon, Gregory E ^a,b  

^a GROUP HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c DIVISION OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^d HARVARD PILGRIM HEALTH CARE   (United States)

^e HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^f EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g CENTER FOR HEALTH RESEARCH   (United States)

^h Health Partners Institute for Education and Research   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^j KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^k HENRY FORD HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^l Center for Applied Health Research   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Adolescents; Antipsychotics; Children; IMS Health; MarketScan; Medicaid; Mental Health Research Network; NAMCS; NCS A; NDTI; Off label

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; AUTISM; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COMORBIDITY; CONDUCT DISORDER; DEPRESSION; DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR; DRUG UTILIZATION; HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; MEDICAID; MOOD DISORDER; OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER; PEDIATRICS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; MENTAL DISORDERS; OFF LABEL DRUG USE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES; MENTAL DISEASE; REVIEW; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; MEDICAID; MENTAL DISORDERS; OFF-LABEL USE; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84887781155     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: 15351645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0426-8     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Olfson M, Crystal S, Huang C, Gerhard T. Trends in antipsychotic drug use by very young, privately insured children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:13-23.
2. • Olfson M, Blanco C, Liu SM, Wang S, Correll CU. National trends in the office-based treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:1247-56. The article presents antipsychotic utilization estimates between 1993 and 2009 using nationally representative NAMCS data. Estimates are based on visits where a prescription occurred. Excellent discussion of reasons for practice variation in prescribing and increasing use over time.
3. • Andrade SE, Lo JC, Roblin D, Fouayzi H, Connor DF, Penfold RB, et al. Antipsychotic medication use among children and risk of diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1135-41. Study reports an almost fourfold increase in the rate of diabetes among youth using antipsychotic medications compared to youth using no psychotropic medications.
4. • Correll CU. Safety and tolerability of antipsychotic treatment in young patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:e26. Seminal study on the side effects of antipsychotic medications in youth.
5. • Maayan L, Correll CU. Weight gain and metabolic risks associated with antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21:517-35. Review of 34 published head-to-head and placebo-controlled studies in youth with psychotic and bipolar disorders of the effects of antipsychotic medications on weight and metabolic disorders. Describes metabolic effects and number-needed-to-harm for individual agents.
6. Cohen D, Bonnot O, Bodeau N, Consoli A, Laurent C. Adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a Bayesian meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32:309-16.
7. • Seida JC, Schouten JR, Boylan K, Newton AS, Mousavi SS, Beaith A, et al. Antipsychotics for children and young adults: a comparative effectiveness review. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e771-84. Reviews the comparative effectiveness of individual agents for youth across 64 trials and 17 cohort studies.
8. Loy JH, Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Stasiak K. Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9, CD008559.
9. • McKinney C, Renk K. Atypical antipsychotic medications in the management of disruptive behaviors in children: safety guidelines and recommendations. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:465-71. Discusses mechanisms of action and long-term outcomes for young people using antipsychotics. Good discussion of use for sedation rather than core reasons for disruptive behavior.
10. Harrison JN, Cluxton-Keller F, Gross D. Antipsychotic medication prescribing trends in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Health Care. 2012;26:139-45.
11. Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;306:1359-69.
12. Penfold RB, Kelleher KJ, Wang W, Strange B, Pajer K. Pediatric uptake of a newly available antipsychotic medication. Pediatrics. 2010;125:475-82.
13. • Alexander GC, Gallagher SA, Mascola A, Moloney RM, Stafford RS. Increasing off-label use of antipsychotic medications in the United States, 1995-2008. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:177-84. Only recent study estimating use from physician-reported prescribing. Categorizes the volume of off-label use by level of evidence.
14. Hassler F, Reis O. Pharmacotherapy of disruptive behavior in mentally retarded subjects: a review of the current literature. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2010;16:265-72.
15. Aman MG, Gharabawi GM, Special Topic Advisory Panel on Transitioning to Risperidone Therapy in Patients With Mental R, Developmental D. Treatment of behavior disorders in mental retardation: report on transitioning to atypical antipsychotics, with an emphasis on risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1197-210.
16. McDougle CJ, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, Posey DJ. Atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69 Suppl 4:15-20.
17. Capone GT, Goyal P, Grados M, Smith B, Kammann H. Risperidone use in children with Down syndrome, severe intellectual disability, and comorbid autistic spectrum disorders: a naturalistic study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:106-16. (Pubitemid 351535881)
18. • Crystal S, Olfson M, Huang C, Pincus H, Gerhard T. Broadened use of atypical antipsychotics: safety, effectiveness, and policy challenges. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28:w770-81. Compares antipsychotic utilization in both Medicaid (public) and MarketScan (commercial) data.
19. • dos Reis S, Yoon Y, Rubin DM, Riddle MA, Noll E, Rothbard A. Antipsychotic treatment among youth in foster care. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):e1459-66. Compares utilization among youth eligible for Medicaid on the basis of disability or low income to youth in foster care.
20. •• Matone M, Localio R, Huang YS, Dosreis S, Feudtner C, Rubin D. The relationship between mental health diagnosis and treatment with second-generation antipsychotics over time: a national study of U.S. medicaid-enrolled children. Health Serv Res. 2012;47:1836-60. Comprehensive presentation of utilization rates in youth across 50 states and 6 years. Detailed rates available for young people aged 0-5, 6-11, and 12-18 years.
21. Ellis WR, Huebner C, Vander Stoep A, Williams MA. Washington State exhibits wide regional variation in proportion of Medicaid-eligible children who get needed mental health care. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31:990-9.
22. Cummings JR, Wen H, Ko M, Druss BG. Geography and the Medicaid mental health care infrastructure: implications for health care reform. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:1084-90.
23. Harris E, Sorbero M, Kogan JN, Schuster J, Stein BD. Concurrent mental health therapy among medicaid-enrolled youths starting antipsychotic medications. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63:351-6.
24. Sturm R, Ringel JS, Andreyeva T. Geographic disparities in children's mental health care. Pediatrics. 2003;112:e308.
25. Merikangas KR, He JP, Rapoport J, Vitiello B, Olfson M. Medication use in US youth with mental disorders. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:141-8.
26. • Olfson M, He JP, Merikangas KR. Psychotropic medication treatment of adolescents: results from the national comorbidity survey-adolescent supplement. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52:378-88. Estimates rates of antipsychotic use in youth across socio-demographic groups. Diagnoses were obtained using a validated instrument rather than administrative codes.
27. Simon GE, Rutter CM, Stewart C, Pabiniak C, Wehnes L. Response to past depression treatments is not accurately recalled: comparison of structured recall and patient health questionnaire scores in medical records. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:1503-8.
28. Solomon DH, Stedman M, Licari A, Weinblatt ME, Maher N, Shadick N. Agreement between patient report and medical record review for medications used for rheumatoid arthritis: the accuracy of self-reported medication information in patient registries. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:234-9. (Pubitemid 47164084)
29. Boudreau DM, Daling JR, Malone KE, Gardner JS, Blough DK, Heckbert SR. A validation study of patient interview data and pharmacy records for antihypertensive, statin, and antidepressant medication use among older women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:308-17. (Pubitemid 38141661)
30. van Gelder MM, van Rooij IA, de Walle HE, Roeleveld N, Bakker MK. Maternal recall of prescription medication use during pregnancy using a paper-based questionnaire: a validation study in the Netherlands. Drug Saf. 2013;36:43-54.
31. West SL, Savitz DA, Koch G, Strom BL, Guess HA, Hartzema A. Recall accuracy for prescription medications: self-report compared with database information. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:1103-12.