Life histories of the Dobe !Kung: Food, fatness, and well-being over the life-span

Life Histories of the Dobe !Kung: Food, Fatness, and Well-being over the Life-span

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Howell, Nancy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887751812     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (150)

1. Alexander, R. D. (1987). The biology of moral systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
2. Bailey, R. C., and N. A. Peacock. 1988. Efe pygmies of northeast Zaire: Subsistence strategies in the Ituri forest. In Coping with uncertainty in the food supply, G. A. Harrison and I. deGariere. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3. Barclay, G. 1958. Techniques of population analysis. New York: Wiley.
4. Barnard, A. 1992. Hunters and herders of Southern Africa: A comparative ethnography of the Khoisan peoples. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bentley, G. R., R. R. Paine, et al. 2001. Fertility changes with the prehistoric transition to agriculture. In Reproductive ecology and human evolution, P. T. Ellison, 203-231. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
6. Biesele, M. 1990. Shaken roots: The Bushmen of Namibia. Marshalltown, South Africa: EDA Publications.
7. Biesele, M., and N. Howell. 1981. "The old people give you life": Old age among the Kalahari !Kung. InOther ways of growing old, P. Amoss and S. Harrell, 77-98. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
8. Black, A. E., S. Jebb, et al. 1991. Validation of energy and protein intakes assessed by diet history and by weighed records against total energy expenditures. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50: 108.
9. Blurton Jones, N., L. C. Smith, et al. 1992. Demography of the Hadza, an increasing and high density population of savanna foragers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89: 159-181.
10. Blurton Jones, N. G. 1984. A selfish origin for food sharing: Tolerated theft. Ethology and Sociobiology 5: 1-3.
11. Blurton Jones, N. G. 1986. Bushman birth spacing: A test for optimal interbirth interval. Ethology and Sociobiology 7: 91-105.
12. Blurton Jones, N. G. 1987. Bushmen birth spacing: Direct tests of some simple predictions. Ethology and Sociobiology 8: 183-203.
13. Blurton Jones, N. G. 1994. Foraging returns of !Kung adults and children: Why didn't !Kung children forage? Journal of Anthropological Research 50: 217-248.
14. Blurton Jones, N. G., K. Hawkes, et al. 1994. Differences between Hadza and !Kung children's work: Original affluence and practical reason? In Key issues in hunter-gatherer research, E. S. Burch Jr. and L. J. Ellana, 189-215. Oxford: Berg.
15. Blurton Jones, N. G., K. Hawkes, et al. 1996. The global process and local ecology: How should we explain differences between the Hadza and the !Kung. InCultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers, S. Kent, 159-187. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
16. Blurton Jones, N. G., and N. Howell. 1984. Birth spacing and !Kung reproductive success. International Journal of Primatology 5(4): 323-323.
17. Blurton Jones, N. H., K. Hawkes, and J. F. O'Connell. 1997. Why do Hadza children forage? In Genetic, ethological and evolutionary perspectives on human development, N. L. Segal, G. E. Weisfeld, and C. C. Weisfeld. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
18. Bogin, B. 1988. Patterns of human growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Bogin, B. 1999. Evolutionary perspective on human growth. Annual Reviews in Anthropology, 28: 109-153.
20. Bogin, B. 2006. Modern human life history: The evolution of human childhood and fertility. InThe evolution of human life history, K. Hawkes and R. R. Paine, 197-230. Sante Fe, AZ: School of American Research Press.
21. Bowles, S., and H. Gintis. 2002. The origins of human cooperation. In The genetic and cultural origins of cooperation, P. Hammerstein. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
22. Bowles, S., and H. Gintis. 2003. The origins of human cooperation. InGenetic and cultural evolution of cooperation, P. Hammerstein, 430-443. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Bogin, B., and B. H. Smith. 1996. Evolution of the human life cycle. American Journal of Human Biology 8: 703-716.
24. Brown, P., T. Sutikaa, et al. 2004. A new small-bodied hominid from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431: 1055-1061.
25. Caldwell, J. C. 1982. The theory of fertility change. New York: Academic Press.
26. Cartmill, M. 1993. A view to a death in the morning: Hunting and nature through history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. Cashdan, E. 1985. Coping with risk: Reciprocity among the Basarwa of northern Botswana. Man 20: 454-474.
28. Chagnon, N. A., and W. Irons. 1979. Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective. North Scituate, MA: Duxburg Press.
29. Coale, A. J., and P. Demeny. 1966. Regional model life tables and stable populations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
30. Divale, W., and M. Harris. 1976. Population, warfare and the male supremacist complex. American Anthropologist 78: 521-538.
31. Draper, P. 1975. !Kung women: Contrasts in sexual egalitarianism in the foraging and sedentary contexts. InToward an Anthropology of Women, R. Reiter, 77-109. New York: Monthly Review Press.
32. Draper, P. 1976. Social and economic constraints on child life among the !Kung. InKalahari hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors, R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, 200-220. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Draper, P., and A. Buchanan. 1992. If you have a child, you have a life: Demographic and cultural perspectives on fathering in old age in !Kung society. InFather-child relations: Cultural and biosocial contexts, B. S. Hewlett, 131-152. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
34. Draper, P., and H. Harpending. 1994. Cultural considerations in the experience of aging: Two African cultures. InFunctional performance in older adults, B. R. Bonder and M. B. Wagner, 15-27. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
35. Draper, P., and N. Howell. 2002. Kinship resources and growth of !Kung children. B. S. Hewlett.
36. Draper, P., and N. Howell. 2005. The growth and kinship resources of Ju/'hoansi children. In Hunter-gatherer childhoods: Evolutionary, developmental and cultural perspectives, B. S. Hewlett and M. E. Lamb. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.
37. Draper, P., and N. Howell. 2006. Changes in co-survivorship of adult children and parents: Ju/'hoansi of Botswana in 1968 and 1988. Updating the San: Image and reality of an African people in the 21st century, R. K. Hitchcock, K. Ikeya, M. Biesele, and R. B. Lee. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology. Senri Ethnological Studies, 70: 81-100.
38. Draper, P., and M. Kranichfeld. 1990. Coming in from the bush: Settled life by the !Kung and their accommodation to Bantu neighbors. Human Ecology, 18: 363-384.
39. Durnin, J. V. G. A. 1991. Energy requirements of pregnancy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 10(Supplement): 33-42.
40. Durnin, J. V. G. A., and R. Passmore. 1967. Energy, work and leisure. London: Heinemann.
41. Dwyer, J. T. 1991. Concept of nutritional status and its measurement. InAnthropometric assessment of nutritional status, J. H. Himes, 5-28. New York: Wiley-Liss.
42. Dyson, T. 1977. Demography of the Hadza in historical perspective. African Historical Demography, Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.
43. Early, J. D., and T. N. Headland. 1998. Population dynamics of a Philippine rain forest people: The San Ildefonso Agta. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
44. Early, J. D., and J. F. Peters. 1990. The population dynamics of the Mucajai Yanomama. San Diego: Academic Press.
45. Early, J. D., and J. F. Peters. 2000. The Xilixana Yanomami of the Amazon: History, social structure and population dynamics. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
46. Ellison, P. T. 2001. Reproductive ecology and human evolution. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
47. Falkner, F., and J. M. Tanner. 1986. Human growth: A comprehensive treatise. New York: Plenum Press. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1982. Energy and protein requirements: Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. Rome: World Health Organization.
48. Frisch, R. E. 2002. Female fertility and the body fat connection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. Frisch, R. E., R. Revelle, et al. 1971. Height, weight and age at menarche and the "critical weight" hypothesis. Science, 194: 1148.
50. Gordon, R. J. 1992. The Bushman myth: The making of a Namibian underclass. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
51. Gurven, M. 2004a. The evolution of contingent cooperation. Current Anthropology, 47: 185-192.
52. Gurven, M. 2004b. To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27: 543-583.
53. Gurven, M., and W. Allen-Arave, et al. 2000. "It's a wonderful life": Signaling generosity among the Ache of Paraguay. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21: 263-282.
54. Hamilton, W. D. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7: 1-16.
55. Hansen, J. D. L., et al. 1993. Hunter-gatherer to pastoral way of life: Effects of the transition on health, growth, and nutritional status. South African Journal of Science, 89: 559-564.
56. Harpending, H. 1976. Regional variation in !Kung populations. InKalahari hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors, R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, 152-165. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
57. Harpending, H., and P. Draper. 1990. Comment on Solway and Lee, Foragers, genuine or spurious. Current Anthropology, 31 (2):127-128.
58. Harpending, H., and L. Wandsnider. 1982. Population structures of Ghanzi and Ngamiland !Kung. InCurrent developments in anthropological genetics V. 2 ecology and population structure, M. Crawford and J. H. Mielke, 29-50. New York: Plenum Press.
59. Harris, M., and E. B. Ross. 1987. Food and evolution: Toward a theory of human food habits. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
60. Hawkes, K. 1989. Hardworking Hadza grandmothers. InComparative socioecology of mammals and man, V. Standen and R. Foley, 341-366. London: Blackwell.
61. Hawkes, K., J. F. O'Connell, et al. 1991. Hunting income patterns among the Hadza: Big game, common goods, foraging goals and the evolution of the human diet. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 334: 243-251.
62. Hawkes, K., J. F. O'Connell, et al. 2001a. The evolution of human life histories: primate tradeoffs, grandmothers, socioecology, and the fossil record. In Primate Life Histories and Socioecology, P. Kappeler and M. Pereira. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Hawkes, K., J. F. O'Connell, et al. 2001b. Hunting and nuclear families. Current Anthropology, 42: 681-709.
64. Hawkes, K., J. F. O'Connell, et al. 1998. Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 95: 1136-1339.
65. Hawkes, K., J. F. O'Connell, et al. 2000. The grandmother hypothesis and human evolution. InAdaptation and human behavior: An anthropological perspective, L. Cronk, N. A. Chagnon, and W. Irons, 231-252. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
66. Hawkes, K., and R. R. Paine, eds. 2006. The evolution of human life history. School of American Research advanced seminar series. Sante Fe, NM: School of American Research.
67. Heinrich, J., R. Boyd, et al. (Eds.) 2004. Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Henry, C. J. K., and D. G. Rees. 1991. New predictive equations for the estimation of basal metabolic rate in tropical peoples. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 45: 177-185.
69. Hewlett, B. S. 1988. Sexual selection and paternal investment among Aka pygmies. InReproductive behaviour: A Darwinian perspective, L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, and P. Turke, 263-276. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
70. Hewlett, B. S., and M. Lamb, eds. 2005. Hunter-gatherer childhoods. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
71. Hewlett, B. S., M. Lamb, et al. 2000. Internal working models, trust, and sharing among foragers. Current Anthropology, 41: 287-297.
72. Hill, K., and M. Gurven. 2004. Economic experiments to examine fairness and cooperation among the Ache Indians of Paraguay. In Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
73. Hill, K., and A. M. Hurtado. 1996. Ache life history. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
74. Hitchcock, R. K., K. Ikeya, et al., eds. 2006. Updating the San: Image and reality of an African people in the 21st century. Senri Ethnological Studies. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology.
75. Holm, J., and P. Molutsi, eds. 1989. Democracy in Botswana. Gaberone: Macmillan.
76. Holm, J., P. Molutsi, et al. 1996. The development of civil society in a democratic state: The Botswana model. African Studies Review, 39(2).
77. Howell, N. 1978. Human reproduction reconsidered. Nature, 276 (5686):421-422.
78. Howell, N. 1979. Demography of the Dobe !Kung. New York: Academic Press.
79. Howell, N. 1986. Feedbacks and buffers in relation to scarcity and abundance: Studies of hunter-gatherer populations. InThe state of population theory: Forward from Malthus, D. Coleman and R. Schofield, 156-187. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
80. Howell, N. 2000. Demography of the Dobe !Kung, 2nd ed. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
81. Howell, N., and V. A. Lehotay. 1978. AMBUSH: A computer program for stochastic microsimulation of small human populations. American Anthropologist, 80 (4):905-922.
82. Isaac, B. L. 1990. Economy, ecology and analogy: The !Kung San and the generalized foraging model. Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, 5: 323-335.
83. Ivey, P. K. 2000. Cooperative reproduction in Ituri forest hunter-gatherers: Who cares for Efe infants? Current Anthropology, 41(5): 856-866.
84. Jasienska, G. 2001. Why energy expenditure causes reproductive suppression in women. InReproductive Ecology and Human Evolution, P. T. Ellison, 59-84. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
85. Jenike, M. R. 2001. Nutritional ecology: Diet, physical activity and body size. InHunter-gatherers: An interdisciplinary perspective, C. Panter-Brick, R. H. Layton, and P. Rowley-Conwy, 205-238. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
86. Jenkins, T., B. I. Joffe, et al. 1987. Transition from a hunter-gatherer to a settled life-style among the Kung San (Bushmen)-Effect on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. South African Journal of Science, 83 (7):410-412.
87. Kaplan, H. 1994. Evolutionary and wealth flows theories of fertility. Population and Development Review, 20: 753-792.
88. Kaplan, H. 1996. A theory of fertility and paternal investment in traditional and modern human societies. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 39: 91-135.
89. Kaplan, H., J. Lancaster, et al. 2000. A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9: 156-185.
90. Katz, R. 1982. Boiling energy: Community healing among the Kalahari Kung. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91. Keith, J., C. L. Fry, et al. 1994. The aging experience: Diversity and commonality across cultures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
92. Kelly, R. L. 1995. The foraging spectrum: Diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
93. Konner, M. 1976. Maternal care, infant behavior and development among the !Kung. InKalahari Hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors, R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, 218-245. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
94. Konner, M. 1991. Childhood: A multicultural view. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
95. Konner, M., and C. Worthman. 1980. Nursing frequency, gonadal function, and birth spacing among the !Kung hunter-gatherers. Science, 207: 788-791.
96. Kurki, H. K. 2007. Protection of obstetric dimensions in a small-bodied human sample. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133: 1152-1165.
97. Lee, R. B. 1969. !Kung Bushman subsistence: An input-output analysis. InEnvironmental and cultural behavior, A. P. Vayda, 47-79. New York: Natural History Press.
98. Lee, R. B. 1972. Population growth and the beginnings of sedentary life among the !Kung Bushmen. In Population growth: Anthropological implications, B. Spooner. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
99. Lee, R. B. 1979. The !Kung San: Men, women, and work in a foraging society. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
100. Lee, R. B. 1992. Work, sexuality, and aging among !Kung Women. InIn her prime: New views of middle-aged women, V. K. and J. K. Brown, 35-48. Urbana and Chicago:.
101. Lee, R. B., and I. DeVore, eds. 1968. Man the hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.
102. Lee, R. B., and I. DeVore. 1976. Kalahari hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
103. Lee, R. D. 2000a. A cross-cultural perspective on intergenerational transfers and the economic life cycle. Sharing the wealth: demographic change and economic transfers between generations, A. Mason and G. Tapinos, 17-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
104. Lee, R. D. 2000b. Intergenerational transfers and the economic life cycle: A cross-cultural perspective. In Sharing the Wealth: Demographic change and economic transfers between generations, A. Mason and G. Tapinos, 17-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
105. Lee, R. D., and K. L. Kramer. 2001. Demographic influences on resource allocation in Maya households. Annual meeting of Population Association of America. Washington, DC.
106. Lee, R. D., and K. L. Kramer. 2002. Children's economic roles in the context of the Maya family life cycle: Cain, Caldwell and Chayanov revisited. Population and Development Review, 28 (3): 475-499.
107. Leslie, P. W., J. R. Bindon, et al. 1984. Caloric requirements of human populations: A model. Human Ecology: 137-162.
108. Lucas, A., M. S. Fewtress, et al. 1999. Fetal origins of adult disease-The hypothesis revisited. British Medical Journal, 319 (7204):245-249.
109. Lunn, P. G. 1985. Maternal nutrition and lactational infertility: The baby in the driving seat. InMaternal nutrition and lactational infertility, J. Dobbing, 41-64. Vevey, Switzerland, and New York: Raven Press.
110. Marlowe, F. 2004. Dictators and ultimatums in an egalitarian society of huntergatherers: The Hadza of Tanzania. In Foundations of Human Sociality, J. Henrich, R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, R. Fehr, and H. Gintis. New York: Oxford University Press.
111. Marshall, L. 1976. The !Kung of NyaeNyae. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
112. Martorell, R., and J. P. Habicht. 1986. Growth in early childhood in developing countries. Human growth: A comprehensive treatise, F. Falkner and J. M. Tanner, 241-262. New York: Plenum Press.
113. Migliano, A. B., L. Vinicius, et al. 2007. Life history trade-offs explain the evolution of human pygmies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104 (51):20216-20219.
114. National Research Council. 1989. Recommended dietary allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
115. Nurse, G. T., J. S. Weiner, et al. 1985. The peoples of Southern Africa and their affinities. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
116. Pawlowski, B. 2001. The evolution of gluteal/femoral fat deposits and balance during pregnancy in bipedal Homo. Current Anthropology, 42: 572-574.
117. Pfeiffer, S., and J. Sealy. 2006. Body size among Holocene foragers of the Cape ecozone, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129: 1-11.
118. Richerson, P. J., and R. Boyd. 2004. Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
119. Robson, S. L., C. P. van Schail, et al. 2006. The derived features of human life history. InThe evolution of human life history, K. Hawkes and R. R. Paine, 17-44. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
120. Rosenberg, H. G. 1989. Complaint discourse, aging, and caregiving among the !Kung San of Botswana. InThe cultural context of aging: Worldwide perspectives, J. Sokolovsky, 19-42. New York: Bergin and Garvey.
121. Roth, E. A. 2004. Culture, biology and anthropological demography. Cambridge, England, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
122. Sackett, R. F. 1996. Time, energy and the indolent savage: Quantitative crosscultural test of the primitive affluence hypothesis. Anthropology. Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles. Ph.D.
123. Schrire, C. 1984. Past and present in hunter-gatherer studies. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
124. Sealy, J., and S. Pfeiffer. 2000. Diet, body size and landscape use among Holocene people in the Southern Cape, South Africa. Current Anthropology, 41: 642-655.
125. Sealy, J., S. Pfeiffer, et al. 2000. Hunter-gatherer child burials from the Pakhuis Mountains, Western Cape: Growth, diet and burial practices in the late holocene. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 55: 32-43.
126. Shostak, M. 1981. Nisa: The life and words of a !Kung woman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
127. Shostak, M. 2000. Return to Nisa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
128. Tanaka, J. 1980. The San: Hunter-gatherers of the Kalahari-A study in ecological anthropology. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
129. Tanner, J. M. 1960. Genetics of human growth. In Human growth, edited by J. M. Tanner, London: Pergamon Press.
130. Thomas, E. M. 1959. The harmless people. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
131. Tobias, P. V. 1962. On the increasing stature of the Bushmen. Anthropos, 57: 801.
132. Trivers, R. L. 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46: 35-57.
133. Trivers, R. L. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist, 14: 249-264.
134. Trusswell, A. S. 1977. Diet and nutrition of hunter-gatherers. InHealth and disease in tribal societies, C. Foundation, 213-226. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
135. Trusswell, A. S., and J. D. L. Hansen. 1968. Medical and nutritional studies of !Kung Bushmen in northwest Botswana: A preliminary report. South African Medical Journal, 42: 1338-1339.
136. Turnbull, C. 1972. The mountain people. New York: Simon and Schuster.
137. Ulijaszek, S. J. 1995. Human energetics in biological anthropology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
138. von Neumann, J., and O. Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
139. Walker, R. S., and M. J. Hamilton. 2008. Life history consequences of density dependence and the evolution of human body size. Current Anthropology, 49 (1):115-122.
140. Watkins, S. C. 1995.Women's gossip networks and social change: Childbirth and fertility control among Italian and Jewish women in the U.S., 1920-1940. Gender and Society, 9(4): 469-490.
141. Wiessner, P. 1977. Hxaro: A regional system of reciprocity for reducing risk among the !Kung San. Department of Anthropology. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. Ph.D.
142. Wilmsen, E. N. 1978. Seasonal effects of dietary intake on Kalahari San. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Proceedings, 37: 65-72.
143. Wilmsen, E. N. 1982. Studies in diet, nutrition, and fertility among a group of Kalahari Bushmen in Botswana. Social Science Information, 21 (1):95-125.
144. Wilmsen, E. N. 1989. Land filled with flies: A political economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
145. Wilmsen, E. N., and J. R. Denbow. 1990. Paradigmatic history of San-speaking peoples and current attempts at revision. Current Anthropology, 31: 489-524.
146. Wood, J. 1980. Mechanisms of demographic equilibrium in a small human population, the Gainj of Papua New Guinea. In Anthropology, 288. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
147. Woodburn, J. 1968. An introduction to Hadza ecology. In Man, the Hunter, R. B. Lee and I. DeVore. Chicago: Aldine.
148. Wootton, S. A., and A. A. Jackson. 1996. Influence of under-nutrition in early life on growth, body composition and metabolic competence. InLong-term Consequences of Early Environment: growth, development and the lifespan developmental perspective, C. J. K. Henry, and S. J. Ulijaszek, 109-123. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
149. Yellen, J. 1976. Settlement patterns of the !Kung. InKalahari Hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors, R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, 47-72. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press.
150. Yellen, J., and R. B. Lee. 1976. The Dobe-/du/da environment: Background to a hunting and gathering way of life. In Kalahari Hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors, R. B. Lee and I. DeVore. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press.