China's ascendancy and the Korean Peninsula: From interest reevaluation to strategic realignment?

Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 151-169

  Chung, Jae Ho ^a  

^a Seoul National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887674043     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. While China does not yet have a per capita GNP of a developed country, this does not deprive it of the ability and opportunity to become a global presence to be reckoned with (if the precedent set by the Soviet Union is any guide). The term "economic giant"
2. Lee Hsien Loong, then deputy prime minister of Singapore
3. South China Morning Post, August 3, 2001. For China's own aspirations to become a world-class power
4. Ye Zicheng, Zhongguo dazhanlue [The grand strategy of China] (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2003).
5. Barry Naughton, "China: Domestic Restructuring and a New Role in Asia," in The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis, ed. T. J. Pempel (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), 203-23.
6. Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin, eds., Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy (Canberra: Asia Pacific Press, 2001).
7. Jae Ho Chung, "China's Reforms at Twenty-Five: Challenges for the New Leadership," China: An International Journal 1, no. 1 (March 2003): 127-32.
8. Alastair I. Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., Engaging China: The Management of an Emerging Power (London: Routledge, 1999);
9. Herbert Yee and Ian Storey, eds., China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality (London: Routledge Curzon, 2002);
10. Zainal A. Yusof, "Malaysia's Response to the China Challenge," Tain-Jy Chen, "Will Taiwan Be Marginalized by China," and Shigeyuki Abe, "Is 'China Fear' Warranted?" all in Asian Economic Papers 2, no. 2 (Spring-Summer 2003): 46-131.
11. Jae Ho Chung, "South Korea between Eagle and Dragon: Perceptual Ambivalence and Strategic Dilemma," Asian Survey 41, no. 5 (September-October 2001): 783-88;
12. William Watts, Next Generation Leaders in the Republic of Korea: Opinion Survey Report and Analysis (Washington, DC: Potomac Associates, 2002), 12.
13. Jae Ho Chung, "How America Views South Korea-China Bilateralism," Brookings Central News AgencyPS Working Paper (September 2003), available at http://www.brookings.edu.
14. Kurt M. Campbell and Mitchell B. Reiss, "Korean Changes, Asian Challenges and the US Role," Survival 43, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 59-60, 63;
15. Eric A. McVadon, "China's Goals and Strategies for the Korean Peninsula," in Planning for a Peaceful Korea, ed. Henry D. Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, February 2001), 149, 169.
16. Albert Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970).
17. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Lee Hamilton, and Richard Lugar, Foreign Policy into the 21st Century: The United States Leadership Challenges (Washington, DC: CSIS, 1996), 49.
18. Zhang Jianhua, Jiejue zhongguo zaidu mianlin de jinyao wenti [On the resolution of the urgent problems China has faced again] (Beijing: Jingji ribao chubanshe, 2000), 523-24.
19. Joan E. Spero and Jeffrey A. Hart, The Politics of International Economic Relations (New York: Wadsworth, 1996)
20. Chae-jin Lee, China and Korea: Dynamic Relations (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Press, 1996), 106-8.
21. Robert E. Bedeski, The Transformation of South Korea: Reform and Reconstruction in the Sixth Republic under Roh Tae Woo, 1987-1992 (London: Routledge, 1994), chapter 7;
22. Charles E. Ziegler, Foreign Policy and East Asia: Learning and Adaptation in the Gorbachev Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), chapter 6;
23. Samuel S. Kim, "The Making of China's Korea Policy in the Era of Reform," in The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, ed. David M. Lampton (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 374-84.
24. Eul Young Park, "Foreign Economic Policies and Economic Development," in The Foreign Policy of the Republic of Korea, ed. Youngnok Koo and Sung-joo Han (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 125-27;
25. Jae Ho Chung, "The Political Economy of South Korea-China Bilateralism: Origins, Progress and Prospects," in Korea and China in a New World: Beyond Normalization, ed. Ilpyong J. Kim and Hong Pyo Lee (Seoul: Sejong Institution, 1993), 264-74;
26. David Zweig, Internationalizing China: Domestic Interests and Global Linkages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 2003), chapters 1-2.
27. Chosun Ilbo [Chosun daily], October 24, 2003.
28. Hangook Ilbo [Korea daily], U.S. edition, March 18, 2003.
29. Wang Xuhe and Ren Xiangqun, Guo zhi zun-xin zhongguo waijiao jishi [The prestige of China: Chronicles of new China's diplomacy] (Hangzhou: Zhejiang renmin chubanshe, 1999), chapter 5;
30. Wang Taiping, Xinzhongguo waijiao wushinian [Fifty years of new China's foreign affairs] (Beijing: Beijing renmin chubanshe, 1999), 1: 33-37.
31. Hao Yufan, "China and the Korean Peninsula," in The Chinese View of the World, ed. Hao Yufan and Huan Guocang (New York: Paragon, 1989), 198.
32. Gu Weiqun, "Security in the Asia-Pacific Region," in The Chinese View of the World, 25-26.
33. Jianwei Wang and Xinbo Wu, Against US or with US: The Chinese Perspective of America's Alliances with Japan and Korea (Stanford, CA: Asia/Pacific Research Center, Stanford University, 1998), 34-35.
34. Qian Qichen, Waijiao shiji [Ten episodes in Chinese diplomacy] (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 2003), 154-55.
35. Hong Yung Lee, "The Emerging Triangle among China and Two Koreas," in Korea and the World: Beyond the Cold War, ed. Young Whan Kihl (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), 97-110.
36. Eric McVadon, "Chinese Military Strategy for the Korean Peninsula," in China's Military Faces the Future, ed. James Lilley and David Shambaugh (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 280.
37. Ilpyong J. Kim, "China in North Korean Foreign Policy," in North Korean Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, ed. Samuel S. Kim (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1998), 105-9.
38. Margaret Pearson, "China's Integration into the International Trade and Investment Regimes," in China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects, ed. Elizabeth Economy and Michel Oksenberg (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1999), 161-205;
39. Bates Gill and Evan S. Medeiros, "Foreign and Domestic Influences on China's Arms Control and Nonproliferation Policies," China Quarterly 161 (March 2000): 66, 68, 71.
40. "North Korea's Decline and China's Strategic Dilemmas," United States Institute for Peace Special Report, October 1997, p. 6.
41. "Xinwen fenxi: Chaoxian heweiji yu zhongguo zhanlue anquan" [News analysis: North Korea's nuclear crisis and China's strategic security], Renmin ribao [People's daily], online version, January 23, 2003, available at http://www.peopledaily.com.cn/GB/junshi/62/20030123/913517.html.
42. "Hanguo wending zhong qiu gaige" [Korea seeking changes in the midst of stability], Renmin ribao, January 8, 2003.
43. Elisabeth Rosenthal, "China Asserts It Has Worked to End Nuclear Crisis," New York Times, February 13, 2003.
44. John Pomfret and Glenn Kessler, "China's Reluctance Irks US: Beijing Shows No Inclination to Intervene in North Korea Crisis," Washington Post, February 4, 2003.
45. David Shambaugh, "China and the Korean Peninsula: Playing for the Long Term," Washington Quarterly 26, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 43-56.
46. Renmin ribao, January 20, 2003, available at http://www.peopledaily.com.cn/GB/junshi/20030120/910932.html.
47. Joseph Kahn, "Turnaround by China: Center Stage as a Diplomatic Power," New York Times, August 28, 2003.
48. Gady A. Epstein, "China Seen Toughening Stance against North Korea Nuclear Developments," Baltimore Sun, March 28, 2003;
49. David M. Lampton, "China: Fed up with North Korea," Washington Post, June 4, 2003.
50. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, "China Looks Ahead to Korea Crisis," CNN, March 18, 2003, available at http://cnn.com/world;
51. Morton Abramowitz and James T. Laney, Meeting the North Korean Nuclear Challenge (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, June 2003), 28;
52. Dong-A Ilbo [Dong-A daily], September 8, 2003. Some hold the contrary view that no such group was established.
53. Shen Jiru, "Weihu dongbeiya anquan de dangwu zhi ji" [The urgent mission to protect the security of Northeast Asia], Shijie jingji yu zhengzhi [World economy and politics] 9 (2003): 57.
54. Charles Hutzler and Gordon Fairclough, "The Koreas: China Breaks with Its Wartime Past," Far Eastern Economic Review, August 7, 2003.
55. Andrew Scobell, "China and North Korea: The Limits of Influence," Current History, September 2003, 277.
56. Chosun Ilbo, November 13, 2003.
57. David A. Baldwin, "Neoliberalism, Neorealism, and World Politics," in Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, ed. David A. Baldwin (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 3-25.
58. Lowell Dittmer, "The Strategic Triangle: An Elementary Game-Theoretical Analysis," World Politics 33, no. 4 ( July 1981): 489.
59. The Chinese term for its foreign policy stance during this period was "leaning to one side" (yibiandao), referring to aligning unconditionally with the Soviet Union for its socialist leadership. The South Korean catchphrase at the time was "anti-Communist reunification" (ban'gong tong'il).
60. Chin O. Chung, Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958-1975 (Mobile: University of Alabama Press, 1978).
61. Liu Jinzhi, Zhang Minqiu, and Zhang Xiaoming, Dangdai zhonghan guanxi [Contemporary China-Korea relations] (Beijing: Zhongguo shehuikexue chubanshe, 1998), 41-44.
62. Tai Sung An, North Korea: A Political Handbook (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1983), 79, 85-87;
63. Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 402-5.
64. The National Unification Board, ed., Bukhan pyonlam [Survey of North Korea] (Seoul: National Unification Board, 1984), 129-31.
65. Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
66. Jae Ho Chung, "South Korea-China Economic Relations: The Current Situation and Its Implications," Asian Survey 28, no. 10 (October 1988): 1031-48.
67. William H. Gleysteen Jr., Massive Entanglement, Marginal Influence: Carter and Korea in Crisis (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1999).
68. Jae Ho Chung, "Sino-South Korea Economic Cooperation: An Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Entanglements," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 9, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 69-70.
69. A Chinese official's comment is interesting in this regard: "Even a thin lip could still be better than nothing in protecting one's teeth." Personal communication.
70. Chae-Jin Lee and Stephanie Hsieh, "China's Two-Korea Policy at Trial: The Hwang Chang Yop Crisis," Pacific Affairs 74, no. 3 (Fall 2001).
71. Samuel S. Kim and Tae Hwan Lee, "Chinese-North Korean Relations: Managing Asymmetrical Interdependence," in North Korea and Northeast Asia, ed. Samuel S. Kim and Tae Hwan Lee (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 117.
72. "Great Strides Made during the First Five Years of the Roh Tae Woo Presidency," Backgrounder 94 (February 8, 1992): 10.
73. "Korean Security: Is Japan's Comprehensive Security Model a Viable Alternative?" in The US-Korean Alliance: Time for A Change, ed. Doug Bandow and Ted Galen Carpenter (New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions, 1992), 146, 148.
74. East Asian Strategic Review (Tokyo: National Institute for Defense Studies, 2000), 67-69, 77-79, 83-88, 104-7, 139-41, 191-237.
75. Chung, "South Korea between Eagle and Dragon," 785-87.
76. US-Korea Relations: Opinion Leaders Seminar (Washington, DC: Korea Economic Institute, July 2003), 16.
77. Chung, "South Korea between Eagle and Dragon," 783-85.
78. Victor Cha, "The Security Domain of South Korea's Globalization," in Korea's Globalization, ed. Samuel S. Kim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 236-40.
79. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), chapter 7.
80. William Watts, Americans Look at Asia (Washington, DC: Asia Society Washington Center, 1999), 42.
81. 1997 Sejong Survey (Seoul: Sejong Press, 1997), 12;
82. Dong-a Ilbo, December 5, 2000. Harris Poll no. 8, January 31, 2001, table 2;
83. Harris Poll no. 8, January 31, 2001, table 3 also support this point.
84. Chung, "How America Views South Korea-China Bilateralism."
85. Abramowitz and Laney, Meeting the North Korean Nuclear Challenge, 4, 13, 25-27.
86. US-Korea Relations: Opinion Leaders Seminar, 3, 6-8.
87. Chosun Ilbo, July 23, 1995.
88. Harris Poll no. 8, January 31, 2001.
89. The State Department's own surveys on South Koreans' perceptions suggest that China's "attractiveness" is so far mainly economic in nature. See Office of Research, "For South Koreans, China's Draw Is Mainly Economic," Opinion Analysis, September 30, 2003.
90. Nicholas Eberstadt and Richard J. Ellings, "Assessing Interests and Objectives of Major Actors in the Korean Drama," in Korea's Future and the Great Powers, ed. Nicholas Eberstadt and Richard J. Ellings (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), 338-40.
91. Chung, "South Korea between Eagle and Dragon," 788-93.
92. Chung, "South Korea between Eagle and Dragon," 786,
93. Chung, "How America Views South Korea-China Bilateralism."
94. Harold Brown et al., Chinese Military Power (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2003).
95. The controversy over China's alleged "whitewashing" of ancient Korean history produced a huge stir in South Korea in 2003-2004.
96. Michael Mastanduno, "Incomplete Hegemony: The United States and Security Order in Asia," in Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, ed. Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), chapter 4.
97. Fang Ning, Xindiguozhuyi shidai yu zhongguo zhanlue [The new era of new imperialism and China's strategy] (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 2003), chapters 8-10.