How I treat CNS lymphomas

Blood

Volumn 122, Issue 14, 2013, Pages 2318-2330

  Rubenstein, James L ^a   Gupta, Neel K ^a   Mannis, Gabriel N ^a   LaMarre, Amanda K ^b   Treseler, Patrick ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSULFAN; CARMUSTINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FOLINIC ACID; GADOLINIUM; IFOSFAMIDE; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISONE; PROCARBAZINE; RITUXIMAB; TEMOZOLOMIDE; THIOTEPA; VINCRISTINE;

BLEEDING; BRAIN BIOPSY; BRAIN RADIATION; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SURGERY; CATARACT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; FAILURE FREE SURVIVAL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR LYMPHOMA; INTRAOCULAR TUMOR; KERATOPATHY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LONG TERM SURVIVAL; LYMPHOMA; MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEUROTOXICITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTIC NERVE ATROPHY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; VEIN OCCLUSION; ARTICLE; GENETICS;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA;

EID: 84887643357     PISSN: 00064971     EISSN: 15280020     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-06-453084     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Hochberg FH, Miller DC. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neurosurg. 1988;68(6):835-853.
2. Batchelor T, Loeffler JS. Primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(8):1281-1288.
3. Villano JL, Koshy M, Shaikh H, Dolecek TA, McCarthy BJ. Age, gender, and racial differences in incidence and survival in primary CNS lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(9):1414-1418.
4. Norden AD, Drappatz J, Wen PY, Claus EB. Survival among patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma, 1973-2004. J Neurooncol. 2011;101(3):487-493.
5. Rubenstein JL, Hsi ED, Johnson JL, et al. Intensive chemotherapy and immunotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: CALGB 50202 (Alliance 50202). J Clin Oncol. July 2013 [Epub ahead of print].
6. Illerhaus G, Müller F, Feuerhake F, Schäfer AO, Ostertag C, Finke J. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation without consolidating radiotherapy as first-line treatment for primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Haematologica. 2008;93(1):147-148.
7. Bromberg JE, Doorduijn JK, Illerhaus G, et al. Central nervous system recurrence of systemic lymphoma in the era of stem cell transplantation - an International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Study Group project. Haematologica. 2013;98(5):808-813.
8. Korfel A, Elter T, Thiel E, et al. Phase II study of central nervous system (CNS)-directed chemotherapy including high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation for CNS relapse of aggressive lymphomas. Haematologica. 2013;98(3):364-370.
9. Wieduwilt MJ, Valles F, Issa S, et al. Immunochemotherapy with intensive consolidation for primary CNS lymphoma: a pilot study and prognostic assessment by diffusion-weighted MRI. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(4):1146-1155.
10. Schabet M. Epidemiology of primary CNS lymphoma. J Neurooncol. 1999;43(3):199-201.
11. Cingolani A, Gastaldi R, Fassone L, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection is predictive of CNS involvement in systemic AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(19):3325-3330.
12. Lai R, Rosenblum MK, DeAngelis LM. Primary CNS lymphoma: a whole-brain disease? Neurology. 2002;59(10):1557-1562.
13. Shenkier TN, Blay JY, O'Neill BP, et al. Primary CNS lymphoma of T-cell origin: a descriptive analysis from the international primary CNS lymphoma collaborative group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2233-2239.
14. Rubenstein JL, Treseler P, O'Brien JM. Pathology and genetics of primary central nervous system and intraocular lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005;19(4):705-717, vii. [vii]
15. Montesinos-Rongen M, Küppers R, Schlüter D, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas are derived from germinal-center B cells and show a preferential usage of the V4-34 gene segment. Am J Pathol. 1999;155(6):2077-2086.
16. Braaten KM, Betensky RA, de Leval L, et al. BCL-6 expression predicts improved survival in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(3):1063-1069.
17. Camilleri-Broët S, Crinière E, Broët P, et al. A uniform activated B-cell-like immunophenotype might explain the poor prognosis of primary central nervous system lymphomas: analysis of 83 cases. Blood. 2006;107(1):190-196.
18. Jordanova ES, Riemersma SA, Philippo K, Giphart-Gassler M, Schuuring E, Kluin PM. Hemizygous deletions in the HLA region account for loss of heterozygosity in the majority of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the testis and the central nervous system. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002;35(1):38-48.
19. Rubenstein JL, Fridlyand J, Shen A, et al. Gene expression and angiotropism in primary CNS lymphoma. Blood. 2006;107(9):3716-3723.
20. Tun HW, Personett D, Baskerville KA, et al. Pathway analysis of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood. 2008;111(6):3200-3210.
21. Booman M, Szuhai K, Rosenwald A, et al. Genomic alterations and gene expression in primary diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of immune-privileged sites: the importance of apoptosis and immunomodulatory pathways. J Pathol. 2008;216(2):209-217.
22. Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, Pileri S, Stein H, Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications. Blood. 2011;117(19):5019-5032.
23. Cady FM, O'Neill BP, Law ME, et al. Del(6)(q22) and BCL6 rearrangements in primary CNS lymphoma are indicators of an aggressive clinical course. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(29):4814-4819.
24. Harada K, Nishizaki T, Kubota H, Harada K, Suzuki M, Sasaki K. Distinct primary central nervous system lymphoma defined by comparative genomic hybridization and laser scanning cytometry. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2001;125(2):147-150.
25. Boonstra R, Koning A, Mastik M, van den Berg A, Poppema S. Analysis of chromosomal copy number changes and oncoprotein expression in primary central nervous system lymphomas: frequent loss of chromosome arm 6q. Virchows Arch. 2003;443(2):164-169.
26. Schwindt H, Vater I, Kreuz M, et al. Chromosomal imbalances and partial uniparental disomies in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Leukemia. 2009;23(10):1875-1884.
27. Gonzalez-Aguilar A, Idbaih A, Boisselier B, et al. Recurrent mutations of MYD88 and TBL1XR1 in primary central nervous system lymphomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(19):5203-5211.
28. Courts C, Montesinos-Rongen M, Brunn A, et al. Recurrent inactivation of the PRDM1 gene in primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(7):720-727.
29. Nakamura M, Kishi M, Sakaki T, et al. Novel tumor suppressor loci on 6q22-23 in primary central nervous system lymphomas. Cancer Res. 2003;63(4):737-741.
30. Braggio E, McPhail ER, Macon W, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas: a validation study of array-based comparative genomic hybridization in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(13):4245-4253.
31. Courts C, Montesinos-Rongen M, Martin-Subero JI, et al. Transcriptional profiling of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway identifies a subgroup of primary lymphoma of the central nervous system with low BCL10 expression. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2007;66(3):230-237.
32. Montesinos-Rongen M, Schmitz R, Brunn A, et al. Mutations of CARD11 but not TNFAIP3 may activate the NF-kappaB pathway in primary CNS lymphoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(4):529-535.
33. Montesinos-Rongen M, Godlewska E, Brunn A, Wiestler OD, Siebert R, Deckert M. Activating L265P mutations of the MYD88 gene are common in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;122(6):791-792.
34. Montesinos-Rongen M, Schäfer E, Siebert R, Deckert M. Genes regulating the B cell receptor pathway are recurrently mutated in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;124(6):905-906.
35. Fischer L, Korfel A, Pfeiffer S, et al. CXCL13 and CXCL12 in central nervous system lymphoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(19):5968-5973.
36. Smith JR, Braziel RM, Paoletti S, Lipp M, Uguccioni M, Rosenbaum JT. Expression of B-cell-attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13) by malignant lymphocytes and vascular endothelium in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood. 2003;101(3):815-821.
37. Smith JR, Falkenhagen KM, Coupland SE, Chipps TJ, Rosenbaum JT, Braziel RM. Malignant B cells from patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma express stromal cell-derived factor-1. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;127(4):633-641.
38. Rubenstein JL, Wong VS, Kadoch C, et al. CXCL13 plus interleukin 10 is highly specific for the diagnosis of CNS lymphoma. Blood. 2013;121(23):4740- 4748.
39. Fischer L, Hummel M, Korfel A, Lenze D, Joehrens K, Thiel E. Differential micro-RNA expression in primary CNS and nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Neuro-oncol. 2011;13(10):1090-1098.
40. Roy S, Josephson SA, Fridlyand J, et al. Protein biomarker identification in the CSF of patients with CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(1):96-105.
41. Sasayama T, Nakamizo S, Nishihara M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-10 is a potentially useful biomarker in immunocompetent primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Neuro-oncol. 2012;14(3):368-380.
42. Sung CO, Kim SC, Karnan S, et al. Genomic profiling combined with gene expression profiling in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117(4):1291-1300.
43. Ngo VN, Young RM, Schmitz R, et al. Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma. Nature. 2011;470(7332):115-119.
44. Josephson SA, Papanastassiou AM, Berger MS, et al. The diagnostic utility of brain biopsy procedures in patients with rapidly deteriorating neurological conditions or dementia. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1):72-75.
45. Fischer L, Martus P, Weller M, et al. Meningeal dissemination in primary CNS lymphoma: prospective evaluation of 282 patients. Neurology. 2008;71(14):1102-1108.
46. Küker W, Nägele T, Korfel A, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL): MRI features at presentation in 100 patients. J Neurooncol. 2005;72(2):169-177.
47. Porter AB, Giannini C, Kaufmann T, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma can be histologically diagnosed after previous corticosteroid use: a pilot study to determine whether corticosteroids prevent the diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(5):662-667.
48. Pirotte B, Levivier M, Goldman S, Brucher JM, Brotchi J, Hildebrand J. Glucocorticoid-induced long-term remission in primary cerebral lymphoma: case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol. 1997;32(1):63-69.
49. Baraniskin A, Kuhnhenn J, Schlegel U, et al. Identification of microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid as marker for primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system. Blood. 2011;117(11):3140-3146.
50. Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Zoldan MC, Terreni MR, Villa E. Importance of complete staging in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as a cerebral mass lesion. Cancer. 1996;77(5):827-833.
51. Mohile NA, Deangelis LM, Abrey LE. The utility of body FDG PET in staging primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neuro-oncol. 2008;10(2):223-228.
52. Abrey LE, Batchelor TT, Ferreri AJ, et al International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group. Report of an international workshop to standardize baseline evaluation and response criteria for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):5034-5043.
53. Chan CC, Rubenstein JL, Coupland SE, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a report from an International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group symposium. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1589-1599.
54. Chan CC, Buggage RR, Nussenblatt RB. Intraocular lymphoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002;13(6):411-418.
55. Ferreri AJ, Blay JY, Reni M, et al. Prognostic scoring system for primary CNS lymphomas: the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(2):266-272.
56. Abrey LE, Ben-Porat L, Panageas KS, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center prognostic model. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(36):5711-5715.
57. DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J, Heinemann MH, Cirrincione C, Thaler HT, Krol G. Primary CNS lymphoma: combined treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Neurology. 1990;40(1):80-86.
58. Bataille B, Delwail V, Menet E, et al. Primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma: report of 248 cases. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(2):261-266.
59. Weller M, Martus P, Roth P, Thiel E, Korfel A; German PCNSL Study Group. Surgery for primary CNS lymphoma? Challenging a paradigm. Neuro-oncol. 2012;14(12):1481-1484.
60. Bloch O, Han SJ, Cha S, et al. Impact of extent of resection for recurrent glioblastoma on overall survival: clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(6):1032-1038.
61. Nelson DF, Martz KL, Bonner H, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the brain: can high dose, large volume radiation therapy improve survival? Report on a prospective trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG): RTOG 8315. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(1):9-17.
62. Abrey LE, DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J. Long-term survival in primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(3):859-863.
63. Sun A, Bae K, Gore EM, et al. Phase III trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation compared with observation in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: neurocognitive and quality-of-life analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(3):279-286.
64. Ervin T, Canellos GP. Successful treatment of recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma with high-dose methotrexate. Cancer. 1980;45(7):1556-1557.
65. Skarin AT, Zuckerman KS, Pitman SW, et al. High-dose methotrexate with folinic acid in the treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma including CNS involvement. Blood. 1977;50(6):1039-1047.
66. Bokstein F, Lossos A, Lossos IS, Siegal T. Central nervous system relapse of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of treatment based on high-dose methotrexate combination chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43(3):587-593.
67. Blay JY, Conroy T, Chevreau C, et al. High-dose methotrexate for the treatment of primary cerebral lymphomas: analysis of survival and late neurologic toxicity in a retrospective series. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(3):864-871.
68. Khan RB, Shi W, Thaler HT, DeAngelis LM, Abrey LE. Is intrathecal methotrexate necessary in the treatment of primary CNS lymphoma? J Neurooncol. 2002;58(2):175-178.
69. Abrey LE, Moskowitz CH, Mason WP, et al. Intensive methotrexate and cytarabine followed by high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: an intent-totreat analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(22):4151-4156.
70. Cher L, Glass J, Harsh GR, Hochberg FH. Therapy of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate-based chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy: preliminary results. Neurology. 1996;46(6):1757-1759.
71. Plotkin SR, Betensky RA, Hochberg FH, et al. Treatment of relapsed central nervous system lymphoma with high-dose methotrexate. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(17):5643-5646.
72. Batchelor T, Carson K, O'Neill A, et al. Treatment of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate and deferred radiotherapy: a report of NABTT 96-07. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(6):1044-1049.
73. Green JM. Glucarpidase to combat toxic levels of methotrexate in patients. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2012;8:403-413.
74. DeAngelis LM, Seiferheld W, Schold SC, Fisher B, Schultz CJ; Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 93-10. Combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 93-10. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(24):4643-4648.
75. DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J, Thaler HT, Kher U. Combined modality therapy for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10(4):635-643.
76. Glass J, Gruber ML, Cher L, Hochberg FH. Preirradiation methotrexate chemotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma: longterm outcome. J Neurosurg. 1994;81(2):188-195.
77. Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Foppoli M, et al International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG). High-dose cytarabine plus high-dose methotrexate versus high-dose methotrexate alone in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9700):1512-1520.
78. Herrlinger U, Küker W, Uhl M, et al Neuro-Oncology Working Group of the German Society. NOA-03 trial of high-dose methotrexate in primary central nervous system lymphoma: final report. Ann Neurol. 2005;57(6):843-847.
79. Thiel E, Korfel A, Martus P, et al. High-dose methotrexate with or without whole brain radiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma (G-PCNSL-SG-1): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(11):1036-1047.
80. Soussain C, Suzan F, Hoang-Xuan K, et al. Results of intensive chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem-cell rescue in 22 patients with refractory or recurrent primary CNS lymphoma or intraocular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(3):742-749.
81. Alvarnas JC, Negrin RS, Horning SJ, et al. High-dose therapy with hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with central nervous system involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2000;6(3A):352-358.
82. Ott RJ, Brada M, Flower MA, Babich JW, Cherry SR, Deehan BJ. Measurements of blood-brain barrier permeability in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy for primary cerebral lymphoma. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27(11):1356-1361.
83. Reni M, Ferreri AJ, Landoni C, Villa E. Salvage therapy with temozolomide in an immunocompetent patient with primary brain lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(7):575-576.
84. Reni M, Zaja F, Mason W, et al. Temozolomide as salvage treatment in primary brain lymphomas. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(6):864-867.
85. Wong ET, Tishler R, Barron L, Wu JK. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and temozolomide for central nervous system lymphomas. Cancer. 2004;101(1):139-145.
86. Osoba D, Brada M, Yung WK, Prados MD. Health-related quality of life in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma during treatment with temozolomide. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(14):1788-1795.
87. Osoba D, Brada M, Yung WK, Prados M. Healthrelated quality of life in patients treated with temozolomide versus procarbazine for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(7):1481-1491.
88. Damon LE, Johnson JL, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Immunochemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation for untreated patients with mantle-cell lymphoma: CALGB 59909. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6101-6108.
89. Damon L, Damon LE, Gaensler K, et al. Impact of intensive PBSC mobilization therapy on outcomes following auto-SCT for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;42(10):649-657.
90. Linker CA, Owzar K, Powell B, et al; Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Auto-SCT for AML in second remission: CALGB study 9620. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;44(6):353-359.
91. Wilson WH, Bryant G, Bates S, et al. EPOCH chemotherapy: toxicity and efficacy in relapsed and refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(8):1573-1582.
92. Wilson WH, Dunleavy K, Pittaluga S, et al. Phase II study of dose-adjusted EPOCH and rituximab in untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with analysis of germinal center and post-germinal center biomarkers. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(16):2717-2724.
93. Relling MV, Mahmoud HH, Pui CH, et al. Etoposide achieves potentially cytotoxic concentrations in CSF of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(2):399-404.
94. Boehme V, Zeynalova S, Kloess M, et al German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL). Incidence and risk factors of central nervous system recurrence in aggressive lymphoma - a survey of 1693 patients treated in protocols of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL). Ann Oncol. 2007;18(1):149-157.
95. Batchelor TT, Grossman SA, Mikkelsen T, Ye X, Desideri S, Lesser GJ. Rituximab monotherapy for patients with recurrent primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology. 2011;76(10):929-930.
96. Hormigo A, Abrey L, Heinemann MH, DeAngelis LM. Ocular presentation of primary central nervous system lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment. Br J Haematol. 2004;126(2):202-208.
97. Haldorsen IS, Espeland A, Larsen JL, Mella O. Diagnostic delay in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Acta Oncol. 2005;44(7):728-734.
98. Bernstein SH, Unger JM, Leblanc M, Friedberg J, Miller TP, Fisher RI. Natural history of CNS relapse in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a 20-year follow-up analysis of SWOG 8516 - the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(1):114-119.
99. Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Recht L, et al. High-dose intravenous methotrexate for patients with nonleukemic leptomeningeal cancer: is intrathecal chemotherapy necessary? J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(4):1561-1567.
100. Abramson JS, Hellmann M, Barnes JA, et al. Intravenous methotrexate as central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis is associated with a low risk of CNS recurrence in high-risk patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2010;116(18):4283-4290.
101. Soussain C, Hoang-Xuan K, Taillandier L, et al. Intensive chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for refractory and recurrent primary CNS and intraocular lymphoma: Societe Francaise de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse-Therapie Cellulaire. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2512-2518.
102. Cote GM, Hochberg EP, Muzikansky A, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation with thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide (TBC) conditioning in patients with CNS involvement by non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012;18(1):76-83.
103. Falzetti F, Di Ianni M, Ballanti S, et al. Highdose thiotepa, etoposide and carboplatin as conditioning regimen for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Exp Med. 2012;12(3):165-171.
104. Feugier P, Virion JM, Tilly H, et al. Incidence and risk factors for central nervous system occurrence in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: influence of rituximab. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(1):129-133.
105. Tai WM, Chung J, Tang PL, et al. Central nervous system (CNS) relapse in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL): pre- and postrituximab. Ann Hematol. 2011;90(7):809-818.
106. Yamamoto W, Tomita N, Watanabe R, et al. Central nervous system involvement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85(1):6-10.
107. Rubenstein JL, Combs D, Rosenberg J, et al. Rituximab therapy for CNS lymphomas: targeting the leptomeningeal compartment. Blood. 2003;101(2):466-468.
108. Rubenstein JL, Fridlyand J, Abrey L, et al. Phase I study of intraventricular administration of rituximab in patients with recurrent CNS and intraocular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(11):1350-1356.
109. Rubenstein JL, Li J, Chen L, et al. Multicenter phase 1 trial of intraventricular immunochemotherapy in recurrent CNS lymphoma. Blood. 2013;121(5):745-751.
110. Shah GD, Yahalom J, Correa DD, et al. Combined immunochemotherapy with reduced whole-brain radiotherapy for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(30):4730-4735.
111. Kim H, Csaky KG, Chan CC, et al. The pharmacokinetics of rituximab following an intravitreal injection. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82(5):760-766.
112. Berenbom A, Davila RM, Lin HS, Harbour JW. Treatment outcomes for primary intraocular lymphoma: implications for external beam radiotherapy. Eye (Lond). 2007;21(9):1198-1201.
113. Kitzmann AS, Pulido JS, Mohney BG, et al. Intraocular use of rituximab. Eye (Lond). 2007;21(12):1524-1527.
114. Itty S, Pulido JS. Rituximab for intraocular lymphoma. Retina. 2009;29(2):129-132.
115. Batchelor TT, Kolak G, Ciordia R, Foster CS, Henson JW. High-dose methotrexate for intraocular lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(2):711-715.
116. Jahnke K, Thiel E, Bechrakis NE, et al. Ifosfamide or trofosfamide in patients with intraocular lymphoma. J Neurooncol. 2009;93(2):213-217.
117. Stefanovic A, Davis J, Murray T, Markoe A, Lossos IS. Treatment of isolated primary intraocular lymphoma with high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy and binocular radiation therapy: a single-institution experience. Br J Haematol. 2010;151(1):103-106.
118. Jacomet C, Girard PM, Lebrette MG, Farese VL, Monfort L, Rozenbaum W. Intravenous methotrexate for primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS. AIDS. 1997;11(14):1725-1730.
119. Gupta N, Hwang J, Rubenstein JL. Unpublished Observations. Manuscript in Preparation.
120. Elstrom RL, Andreadis C, Aqui NA, et al. Treatment of PTLD with rituximab or chemotherapy. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(3):569-576.
121. van de Glind G, de Graaf S, Klein C, Cornelissen M, Maecker B, Loeffen J. Intrathecal rituximab treatment for pediatric post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder of the central nervous system. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(4):886-888.
122. He M, Zuo C, Wang J, et al. Prognostic significance of the aggregative perivascular growth pattern of tumor cells in primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Neuro-oncol. 2013;15(6):727-734.
123. Sung KH, Lee EH, Kim YZ. Factors influencing the response to high dose methotrexate-based vincristine and procarbazine combination chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Korean Med Sci. 2011;26(4):551-560.
124. Barajas RF Jr, Rubenstein JL, Chang JS, Hwang J, Cha S. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging derived apparent diffusion coefficient is predictive of clinical outcome in primary central nervous system lymphoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(1):60-66.