Are effortful and reactive control unique constructs in young children?

Developmental Psychology

Volumn 49, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 2082-2094

  Eisenberg, Nancy ^a   Edwards, Alison ^a   Spinrad, Tracy L ^a   Sallquist, Julie ^a   Eggum, Natalie D ^a   Reiser, Mark ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Effortful control; Impulsivity; Reactive control; Regulation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CAREGIVER; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CONTROL; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; MOTHER; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; QUESTIONNAIRE; TIME;

ATTENTION; CAREGIVERS; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; MOTHERS; QUESTIONNAIRES; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84887520942     PISSN: 00121649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0031745     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Aksan, N., & Kochanska, G. (2004). Links between systems of inhibition from infancy to preschool years. Child Development, 75, 1477-1490. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00752.x
2. Bayley, N. (1969). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Training and scoring manual. New York, NY: Psychological Corp.
3. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Carter, A. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Sones, S. M., & Little, T. D. (2003). The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 495-514. doi:10.1023/A:1025449031360
5. Carver, C. S. (2005). Impulse and constraint: Perspective from personality psychology, convergence with theory in other areas, and potential for integration. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 312-333. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_2
6. Cohen, J. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2010). The common neural basis of exerting neural self-control in multiple domains. In R. R. Hassin, K. N. Oscher, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Self control in society, mind, and brain (pp. 141-160). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof: oso/9780195391381.003.0008
7. Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1 .1.16
8. Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491-517. doi:10.1017/S0140525X99002046
9. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 958-966. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.958
10. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 633-652. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001375
11. Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., & Vaughan, J. (2007). Effortful control and its socioemotional consequences. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 287-306). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
12. Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., Shepard, S. A., Thompson, M. (2004). The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children's resiliency and adjustment. Child Development, 75, 25-46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00652.x
13. Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 31/2-7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129-153. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-X
14. Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3-24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
15. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
16. Kagan, J., & Fox, N. A. (2006). Biology, culture, and temperamental biases. In N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 167-225). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
17. Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Gibbons, J. (1989). Inhibited and uninhibited types of children. Child Development, 60, 838-845. doi:10.2307/1131025
18. Kindlon, D., Mezzacappa, E., & Earls, F. (1995). Psychometric properties of impulsivity measures: Temporal stability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 645-661. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01316.x
19. Kochanska, G., & Knaack, A. (2003). Effortful control as a personality characteristic of young children: Antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Personality, 71, 1087-1112. doi:10.1111/1467-6494 .7106008
20. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., & Harlan, E. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36, 220-232. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
21. Luria, A. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. New York, NY: Basic Books.
22. Muthén, B. O. (2012, April 20). Confirmatory factor analysis [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from MPlus Discussion Forum, http://www.statmodel.com/cgi-bin/discus/show.cgi?9/61
23. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus software and user's guide. (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
24. Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220-246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220
25. Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1999). The neuroscience of personality. In O. P. John & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 277-299). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
26. Putnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development, 29, 386-401. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004
27. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Hershey, K. L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40(1), 21-39. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/mpq/
28. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394-1408. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00355
29. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 99-166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
30. Self, S. G., & Liang, K.-Y. (1987). Asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators and likelihood ratio tests under nonstandard conditions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82, 605-610. doi:10.1080/01621459.1987.10478472
31. Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A., Hofer, C. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers' effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1170-1186. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1170
32. Stifter, C. A., & Corey, J. M. (2001). Vagal regulation and observed social behavior in infancy. Social Development, 10, 189-201. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00158
33. Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Fabes, R. A., Losoya, S., Murphy, B. C. (2003). The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children's externalizing problems: A longitudinal assessment. Journal of Personality, 71, 1171-1196. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106011
34. White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Bartusch, D. J., Needles, D. J., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994). Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 192-205. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.192