Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 1, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 728-742

  Stocks, Janet ^a   Hislop, Alison ^a   Sonnappa, Samatha ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME P450 1A1; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE T1;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ASTHMA; BREAST FEEDING; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FORCED VITAL CAPACITY; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; LUNG DEVELOPMENT; LUNG FUNCTION; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MATERNAL SMOKING; ONSET AGE; PASSIVE SMOKING; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT ALLERGY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SPIROMETRY; VITAMIN INTAKE;

EID: 84887061226     PISSN: 22132600     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70118-8     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention Global Initiative For Asthma, (accessed July 25, 2013). http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_072007_1.
2. World Health Statistics WHO, (accessed July 25, 2013). http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS08.
3. Elias J The relationship between asthma and COPD. Lessons from transgenic mice. Chest 2004, 126(suppl):111S-116S.
4. Sciurba FC Physiologic similarities and differences between COPD and asthma. Chest 2004, 126(suppl):117S-124S.
5. Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter PD, Shaheen SO Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ 1991, 303:671-675.
6. Stein CE, Kumaran K, Fall CH, Shaheen SO, Osmond C, Barker DJ Relation of fetal growth to adult lung function in south India. Thorax 1997, 52:895-899.
7. Bisgaard H, Jensen SM, Bonnelykke K Interaction between asthma and lung function growth in early life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:1183-1189.
8. Henderson J, Granell R, Heron J, et al. Associations of wheezing phenotypes in the first 6 years of life with atopy, lung function and airway responsiveness in mid-childhood. Thorax 2008, 63:974-980.
9. Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD The relationship of childhood respiratory illness to adult obstructive airway disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977, 115:751-760.
10. Fletcher C, Peto R The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ 1977, 1:1645-1648.
11. Doyle LW, Anderson PJ Adult outcome of extremely preterm infants. Pediatrics 2010, 126:342-351.
12. Fawke J, Lum S, Kirkby J, et al. Lung function and respiratory symptoms at 11 years in extremely preterm children: the EPICure study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 182:237-245.
13. Hayatbakhsh MR, Sadasivam S, Mamun AA, Najman JM, Williams GM, O'Callaghan MJ Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and lung function in early adulthood: a prospective study. Thorax 2009, 64:810-814.
14. Kotecha SJ, Watkins WJ, Paranjothy S, Dunstan FD, Henderson AJ, Kotecha S Effect of late preterm birth on longitudinal lung spirometry in school age children and adolescents. Thorax 2012, 67:54-61.
15. Stern DA, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Guerra S, Martinez FD Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2007, 370:758-764.
16. Shaheen SO, Northstone K, Newson RB, Emmett PM, Sherriff A, Henderson AJ Dietary patterns in pregnancy and respiratory and atopic outcomes in childhood. Thorax 2009, 64:411-417.
17. Canoy D, Pekkanen J, Elliott P, et al. Early growth and adult respiratory function in men and women followed from the fetal period to adulthood. Thorax 2007, 62:396-402.
18. Hancox RJ, Poulton R, Greene JM, McLachlan CR, Pearce MS, Sears MR Associations between birth weight, early childhood weight gain and adult lung function. Thorax 2009, 64:228-232.
19. Upton MN, Smith GD, McConnachie A, Hart CL, Watt GC Maternal and personal cigarette smoking synergize to increase airflow limitation in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 169:479-487.
20. Svanes C, Sunyer J, Plana E, et al. Early life origins of COPD. Thorax 2010, 65:14-20.
21. Abbott LC, Winzer-Serhan UH Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012, 42:279-303.
22. Hilgendorff A, Parai K, Ertsey R, et al. Neonatal mice genetically modified to express the elastase inhibitor elafin are protected against the adverse effects of mechanical ventilation on lung growth. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012, 303:L215-L227.
23. Kramer BW, Kallapur S, Newnham J, Jobe AH Prenatal inflammation and lung development. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009, 14:2-7.
24. Maritz GS Perinatal exposure to nicotine and implications for subsequent obstructive lung disease. Paediatr Respir Rev 2013, 14:3-8.
25. Shi W, Bellusci S, Warburton D Lung development and adult lung diseases. Chest 2007, 132:651-656.
26. Shimoda LA, Semenza GL HIF and the lung: role of hypoxia-inducible factors in pulmonary development and disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:152-156.
27. Duijts L Fetal and infant origins of asthma. Eur J Epidemiol 2012, 27:5-14.
28. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:61-73.
29. Harding R, Maritz G Maternal and fetal origins of lung disease in adulthood. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012, 17:67-72.
30. Henderson AJ, Warner JO Fetal origins of asthma. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012, 17:82-91.
31. Miller MD, Marty MA Impact of environmental chemicals on lung development. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:1155-1164.
32. Narang I, Bush A Early origins of COPD. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012, 17:112-118.
33. Pike K, Pillow JJ, Lucas JS Long term respiratory consequences of intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012, 17:92-98.
34. Turner S Environmental exposures and respiratory outcomes in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2012, 13:252-257.
35. Breton CV, Salam MT, Vora H, Gauderman WJ, Gilliland FD Genetic variation in the glutathione synthesis pathway, air pollution, and children's lung function growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:243-248.
36. Joss-Moore LA, Albertine KH, Lane RH Epigenetics and the developmental origins of lung disease. Mol Genet Metab 2011, 104:61-66.
37. Krauss-Etschmann S, Bush A, Bellusci S, et al. Of flies, mice and men: a systematic approach to understanding the early life origins of chronic lung disease. Thorax 2013, 68:380-384.
38. Martino D, Prescott S Epigenetics and prenatal influences on asthma and allergic airways disease. Chest 2011, 139:640-647.
39. Morrisey EE, Hogan BL Preparing for the first breath: genetic and cellular mechanisms in lung development. Dev Cell 2010, 18:8-23.
40. Sly PD The early origins of asthma: who is really at risk?. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 11:24-28.
41. Soler AM, Wain LV, Repapi E, et al. Effect of five genetic variants associated with lung function on the risk of chronic obstructive lung disease, and their joint effects on lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 184:786-795.
42. Thornburg KL, Shannon J, Thuillier P, Turker MS In utero life and epigenetic predisposition for disease. Adv Genet 2010, 71:57-78.
43. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Stocks J, et al. Changes in the FEV(1)/FVC ratio during childhood and adolescence: an intercontinental study. Eur Respir J 2010, 36:1391-1399.
44. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95 year age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J 2012, 40:1324-1343.
45. Stocks J, Hislop AA Structure and function of the respiratory system: developmental aspects and their relevance to aerosol therapy. Drug delivery to the lung: clinical aspects 2002, 47-104. Marcel Dekker, New York. H. Bisgaard, C. O'Callaghan, G.C. Smaldone (Eds.).
46. Burri PH Structural aspects of postnatal lung development-alveolar formation and growth. Biol Neonate 2006, 89:313-322.
47. Copland I, Post M Lung development and fetal lung growth. Paediatr Respir Rev 2004, 5(suppl):S259-S264.
48. Stocks J, Lum S Pulmonary function tests in infants and preschool children. Kendig's disorders of the respiratory tract in children 2012, 169-210. Elsevier, Philadelphia. 8th ed. R.W. Wilmott, T.F. Boat, A. Bush, V. Chernick, R. Deterding, F. Ratjen (Eds.).
49. Kallapur SG, Ikegami M Physiological consequences of intrauterine insults. Paediatr Respir Rev 2006, 7:110-116.
50. Hooper SB, Wallace MJ Role of the physicochemical environment in lung development. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006, 33:273-279.
51. Galambos C, Demello DE Regulation of alveologenesis: clinical implications of impaired growth. Pathology 2008, 40:124-140.
52. Kho AT, Bhattacharya S, Tantisira KG, et al. Transcriptomic analysis of human lung development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:54-63.
53. Sharma S, Tantisira K, Carey V, et al. A role for Wnt signaling genes in the pathogenesis of impaired lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:328-336.
54. Carpe N, Mandeville I, Kho AT, et al. Maternal allergen exposure reprograms the developmental lung transcriptome in atopic and normo-responsive rat pups. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012, 303:L899-L911.
55. Hislop AA Airway and blood vessel interaction during lung development. J Anat 2002, 201:325-334.
56. Butler JP, Loring SH, Patz S, Tsuda A, Yablonskiy DA, Mentzer SJ Evidence for adult lung growth in humans. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:244-247.
57. Narayanan M, Owers-Bradley J, Beardsmore CS, et al. Alveolarization continues during childhood and adolescence: new evidence from helium-3 magnetic resonance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:186-191.
58. Mechanisms and limits of induced postnatal lung growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 170:319-343. American Thoracic Society/European Respitatory Society Consensus Statement.
59. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1414-1422.
60. Phelan PD, Robertson CF, Olinsky A The Melbourne Asthma Study: 1964-1999. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002, 109:189-194.
61. James AL, Palmer LJ, Kicic E, et al. Decline in lung function in the Busselton Health Study: the effects of asthma and cigarette smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:109-114.
62. Bisgaard H, Loland L, Holst KK, Pipper CB Prenatal determinants of neonatal lung function in high-risk newborns. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009, 123:651-657.
63. Dezateux C, Stocks J Lung development and early origins of childhood respiratory illness. Br Med Bull 1997, 53:40-57.
64. Dezateux C, Stocks J, Dundas I, Fletcher ME Impaired airway function and wheezing in infancy: the influence of maternal smoking and a genetic predisposition to asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:403-410.
65. Pike KC, Rose-Zerilli MJ, Osvald EC, et al. The relationship between infant lung function and the risk of wheeze in the preschool years. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011, 46:75-82.
66. Stick S Pediatric origins of adult lung disease. 1 The contribution of airway development to paediatric and adult lung disease. Thorax 2000, 55:587-594.
67. Turner SW, Palmer LJ, Rye PJ, et al. Infants with flow limitation at 4 weeks: outcome at 6 and 11 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 165:1294-1298.
68. Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, et al. Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172:1253-1258.
69. Turner SW, Palmer LJ, Rye PJ, et al. The relationship between infant airway function, childhood airway responsiveness, and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 169:921-927.
70. Murdzoska J, Devadason SG, Khoo SK, et al. In utero smoke exposure and role of maternal and infant glutathione S-transferase genes on airway responsiveness and lung function in infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:64-71.
71. Giliberti D, Mohan SS, Brown LA, Gauthier TW Perinatal exposure to alcohol: implications for lung development and disease. Paediatr Respir Rev 2013, 14:17-21.
72. Kallen B, Finnstrom O, Nygren KG, Otterblad OP Association between preterm birth and intrauterine growth retardation and child asthma. Eur Respir J 2013, 41:671-676.
73. Le Souef PN Can asthma be predicted from an early age?. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005, 5:71-75.
74. Hoo AF, Stocks J, Lum S, et al. Development of lung function in early life: influence of birth weight in infants of nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 170:527-533.
75. Kotecha SJ, Watkins WJ, Heron J, Henderson J, Dunstan FD, Kotecha S Spirometric lung function in school-age children: effect of intrauterine growth retardation and catch-up growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:969-974.
76. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey SG Association of birth weight with adult lung function: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2005, 60:851-858.
77. Bhatia J, Parish A Nutrition and the lung. Neonatology 2009, 95:362-367.
78. Turner S, Prabhu N, Danielan P, et al. First- and second-trimester fetal size and asthma outcomes at age 10 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 184:407-413.
79. Kindlund K, Thomsen SF, Stensballe LG, et al. Birth weight and risk of asthma in 3-9-year-old twins: exploring the fetal origins hypothesis. Thorax 2010, 65:146-149.
80. Xu X, Dailey AB, Freeman NC, Curbow BA, Talbott EO The effects of birthweight and breastfeeding on asthma among children aged 1-5 years. J Paediatr Child Health 2009, 45:646-651.
81. Lopuhaa CE, Roseboom TJ, Osmond C, et al. Atopy, lung function, and obstructive airways disease after prenatal exposure to famine. Thorax 2000, 55:555-561.
82. Dogaru CM, Strippoli MP, Spycher BD, et al. Breastfeeding and lung function at school age: does maternal asthma modify the effect?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:874-880.
83. Ogbuanu IU, Karmaus W, Arshad SH, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Ewart S Effect of breastfeeding duration on lung function at age 10 years: a prospective birth cohort study. Thorax 2009, 64:62-66.
84. Soto-Ramirez N, Alexander M, Karmaus W, et al. Breastfeeding is associated with increased lung function at 18 years of age: a cohort study. Eur Respir J 2012, 39:985-991.
85. Nagel G, Buchele G, Weinmayr G, et al. Effect of breastfeeding on asthma, lung function and bronchial hyperreactivity in ISAAC Phase II. Eur Respir J 2009, 33:993-1002.
86. Silvers KM, Frampton CM, Wickens K, et al. Breastfeeding protects against current asthma up to 6 years of age. J Pediatr 2012, 160:991-996.
87. Nwaru BI, Takkinen HM, Niemela O, et al. Timing of infant feeding in relation to childhood asthma and allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:78-86.
88. Guilbert TW, Wright AL Does breastfeeding impact lung function and asthma risk?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:801-802.
89. Sonnenschein-van der Voort AM, Jaddoe VW, Raat H, et al. Fetal and infant growth and asthma symptoms in preschool children: the Generation R Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:731-737.
90. van der Gugten AC, Koopman M, Evelein AM, Verheij TJ, Uiterwaal CS, van der Ent CK Rapid early weight gain is associated with wheeze and reduced lung function in childhood. Eur Respir J 2012, 39:403-410.
91. Maritz GS, Mutemwa M, Kayigire AX Tomato juice protects the lungs of the offspring of female rats exposed to nicotine during gestation and lactation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011, 46:976-986.
92. Checkley W, West KP, Wise RA, et al. Maternal vitamin A supplementation and lung function in offspring. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:1784-1794.
93. Esteban-Pretel G, Marin MP, Renau-Piqueras J, Sado Y, Barber T, Timoneda J Vitamin A deficiency disturbs collagen IV and laminin composition and decreases matrix metalloproteinase concentrations in rat lung. Partial reversibility by retinoic acid. J Nutr Biochem 2013, 24:137-145.
94. Zosky GR, Berry LJ, Elliot JG, James AL, Gorman S, Hart PH Vitamin D deficiency causes deficits in lung function and alters lung structure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:1336-1343.
95. Banerjee A, Panettieri R Vitamin D modulates airway smooth muscle function in COPD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012, 12:266-274.
96. Weiss ST, Litonjua AA The in utero effects of maternal vitamin D deficiency: how it results in asthma and other chronic diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:1286-1287.
97. Erkkola M, Kaila M, Nwaru BI, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 2009, 39:875-882.
98. Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, et al. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008, 62:68-77.
99. Shaheen SO, Jameson KA, Robinson SM, et al. Relationship of vitamin D status to adult lung function and COPD. Thorax 2011, 66:692-698.
100. Trends in smoking before, during and after pregnancy-pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS), United States, 31 Sites, 2000-2005. Surveillance Summaries. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009, 58:SS-S4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
101. Maritz GS, Harding R Life-long programming implications of exposure to tobacco smoking and nicotine before and soon after birth: evidence for altered lung development. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011, 8:875-898.
102. Wongtrakool C, Wang N, Hyde DM, Roman J, Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure alters lung function and airway geometry through alpha7 nicotinic receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012, 46:695-702.
103. Sandberg KL, Pinkerton KE, Poole SD, Minton PA, Sundell HW Fetal nicotine exposure increases airway responsiveness and alters airway wall composition in young lambs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011, 176:57-67.
104. Stocks J, Dezateux C The effect of parental smoking on lung function and development during infancy. Respirology 2003, 8:266-285.
105. Duijts L, Jaddoe VW, van der Valk RJ, et al. Fetal exposure to maternal and paternal smoking and the risks of wheezing in preschool children: the Generation R Study. Chest 2012, 141:876-885.
106. Maritz GS, Mutemwa M Tobacco smoking: patterns, health consequences for adults, and the long-term health of the offspring. Glob J Health Sci 2012, 4:62-75.
107. Neuman A, Hohmann C, Orsini N, et al. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and asthma in preschool children: a pooled analysis of eight birth cohorts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 186:1037-1043.
108. Henderson AJ, Newson RB, Rose-Zerilli M, Ring SM, Holloway JW, Shaheen SO Maternal Nrf2 and gluthathione-S-transferase polymorphisms do not modify associations of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure with asthma and lung function in school-aged children. Thorax 2010, 65:897-902.
109. Moshammer H, Hoek G, Luttmann-Gibson H, et al. Parental smoking and lung function in children: an international study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 173:1255-1263.
110. Doyle LW, Olinsky A, Faber B, Callanan C Adverse effects of smoking on respiratory function in young adults born weighing less than 1000 grams. Pediatrics 2003, 112:565-569.
111. Svanes C, Omenaas E, Jarvis D, Chinn S, Gulsvik A, Burney P Parental smoking in childhood and adult obstructive lung disease: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Thorax 2004, 59:295-302.
112. Goksor E, Amark M, Alm B, Gustafsson PM, Wennergren G The impact of pre- and post-natal smoke exposure on future asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Acta Paediatr 2007, 96:1030-1035.
113. Upton MN Effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of adults. Thorax 2004, 59:274-276.
114. Tsai HJ, Liu X, Mestan K, et al. Maternal cigarette smoking, metabolic gene polymorphisms, and preterm delivery: new insights on GxE interactions and pathogenic pathways. Hum Genet 2008, 123:359-369.
115. Soto-Martinez M, Sly PD Relationship between environmental exposures in children and adult lung disease: the case for outdoor exposures. Chron Respir Dis 2010, 7:173-186.
116. Dales R, Wheeler AJ, Mahmud M, Frescura AM, Liu L The influence of neighborhood roadways on respiratory symptoms among elementary schoolchildren. J Occup Environ Med 2009, 51:654-660.
117. da Silva LF, Saldiva SR, Saldiva PH, Dolhnikoff M Impaired lung function in individuals chronically exposed to biomass combustion. Environ Res 2012, 112:111-117.
118. Gauderman WJ, Vora H, McConnell R, et al. Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study. Lancet 2007, 369:571-577.
119. Schindler C, Keidel D, Gerbase MW, et al. Improvements in PM10 exposure and reduced rates of respiratory symptoms in a cohort of Swiss adults (SAPALDIA). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 179:579-587.
120. Kurmi OP, Devereux GS, Smith WC, et al. Reduced lung function due to biomass smoke exposure in young adults in rural Nepal. Eur Respir J 2013, 41:25-30.
121. Gruzieva O, Bergstrom A, Hulchiy O, et al. Exposure to air pollution from traffic and childhood asthma until 12 years of age. Epidemiology 2013, 24:54-61.
122. Salvi SS, Barnes PJ COPD in non-smokers. Lancet 2009, 374:733-743.
123. Grigg J Particulate matter exposure in children: relevance to COPD. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009, 6:564-569.
124. Mauad T, Rivero DH, de Oliveira RC, et al. Chronic exposure to ambient levels of urban particles affects mouse lung development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:721-728.
125. Bush A COPD: a pediatric disease. COPD 2008, 5:53-67.
126. Silverman M, Kuehni CE Early lung development and COPD. Lancet 2007, 370:717-719.
127. Moore T, Hennessy EM, Myles J, et al. Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies. BMJ 2012, 345:e7961.
128. Costeloe KL, Hennessy EM, Haider S, Stacey F, Marlow N, Draper ES Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies). BMJ 2012, 345:e7976.
129. Northway WH Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: thirty-three years later. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001, 23(suppl):5-7.
130. Coalson JJ Pathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 2006, 30:179-184.
131. Thebaud B, Abman SH Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: where have all the vessels gone? Roles of angiogenic growth factors in chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:978-985.
132. Baraldi E, Filippone M Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:1946-1955.
133. Schittny JC, Mund SI, Stampanoni M Evidence and structural mechanism for late lung alveolarization. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008, 294:L246-L254.
134. Jobe AH The new bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011, 23:167-172.
135. Bancalari E, Claure N Definitions and diagnostic criteria for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 2006, 30:164-170.
136. Miller JD, Benjamin JT, Kelly DR, Frank DB, Prince LS Chorioamnionitis stimulates angiogenesis in saccular stage fetal lungs via CC chemokines. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010, 298:L637-L645.
137. Laughon MM, Langer JC, Bose CL, et al. Prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by postnatal age in extremely premature infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:1715-1722.
138. Auten RL, Mason SN, Whorton MH, et al. Inhaled ethyl nitrite prevents hyperoxia-impaired postnatal alveolar development in newborn rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 176:291-299.
139. Velten M, Heyob KM, Rogers LK, Welty SE Deficits in lung alveolarization and function after systemic maternal inflammation and neonatal hyperoxia exposure. J Appl Physiol 2010, 108:1347-1356.
140. Thebaud B, Ladha F, Michelakis ED, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy increases survival, promotes lung angiogenesis, and prevents alveolar damage in hyperoxia-induced lung injury: evidence that angiogenesis participates in alveolarization. Circulation 2005, 112:2477-2486.
141. Lee JW, Davis JM Future applications of antioxidants in premature infants. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011, 23:161-166.
142. Hilgendorff A, Parai K, Ertsey R, et al. Inhibiting lung elastase activity enables lung growth in mechanically ventilated newborn mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 184:537-546.
143. Friedrich L, Pitrez PM, Stein RT, Goldani M, Tepper R, Jones MH Growth rate of lung function in healthy preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 176:1269-1273.
144. Hoo AF, Dezateux CA, Henschen M, Costeloe K, Stocks J The development of airway function in infancy following preterm delivery. J Pediatr 2002, 141:652-658.
145. 3He magnetic resonance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013, 187:1104-1109.
146. Tiddens HA, Hofhuis W, Casotti V, Hop WC, Hulsmann AR, de Jongste JC Airway dimensions in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: implications for airflow obstruction. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008, 43:1206-1213.
147. Choi CW, Kim BI, Hong JS, Kim EK, Kim HS, Choi JH Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a rat model induced by intra-amniotic inflammation and postnatal hyperoxia: morphometric aspects. Pediatr Res 2009, 65:323-327.
148. O'Reilly MA, Marr SH, Yee M, McGrath-Morrow SA, Lawrence BP Neonatal hyperoxia enhances the inflammatory response in adult mice infected with influenza A virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177:1103-1110.
149. Baraldi E, Carraro S, Filippone M Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: definitions and long-term respiratory outcome. Early Hum Dev 2009, 85(suppl):S1-S3.
150. Doyle LW Cardiopulmonary outcomes of extreme prematurity. Semin Perinatol 2008, 32:28-34.
151. Filippone M, Bonetto G, Cherubin E, Carraro S, Baraldi E Childhood course of lung function in survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. JAMA 2009, 302:1418-1420.
152. Greenough A Long term respiratory outcomes of very premature birth (<32 weeks). Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012, 17:73-76.
153. Hacking DF, Gibson AM, Robertson C, Doyle LW Respiratory function at age 8-9 after extremely low birthweight or preterm birth in Victoria in 1997. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012, 48:449-455.
154. Kotecha SJ, Dunstan FD, Kotecha S Long term respiratory outcomes of late preterm-born infants. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012, 17:77-81.
155. Kwinta P, Pietrzyk JJ Preterm birth and respiratory disease in later life. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010, 4:593-604.
156. Saigal S, Doyle LW An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet 2008, 371:261-269.
157. Vrijlandt EJ, Gerritsen J, Boezen HM, Grevink RG, Duiverman EJ Lung function and exercise capacity in young adults born prematurely. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 173:890-896.
158. Wong PM, Lees AN, Louw J, et al. Emphysema in young adult survivors of moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J 2008, 32:321-328.
159. Lum S, Kirkby J, Welsh L, Marlow N, Hennessy E, Stocks J Nature and severity of lung function abnormalities at 11 years of children born extremely preterm. Eur Respir J 2011, 37:1199-1207.
160. Doyle LW, Faber B, Callanan C, Freezer N, Ford GW, Davis NM Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight subjects and lung function in late adolescence. Pediatrics 2006, 118:108-113.
161. Narang I, Rosenthal M, Cremonesini D, Silverman M, Bush A Longitudinal evaluation of airway function 21 years after preterm birth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:74-80.
162. Henderson-Smart DJ, Hutchinson JL, Donoghue DA, Evans NJ, Simpson JM, Wright I Prenatal predictors of chronic lung disease in very preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006, 91:F40-F45.
163. Boezen HM, Jansen DF, Postma DS Sex and gender differences in lung development and their clinical significance. Clin Chest Med 2004, 25:237-245.
164. Carey IM, Strachan DP, Cook DG Effects of changes in fresh fruit consumption on ventilatory function in healthy British adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 158:728-733.
165. Peacock JL, Marston L, Marlow N, Calvert SA, Greenough A Neonatal and infant outcome in boys and girls born very prematurely. Pediatr Res 2012, 71:305-310.
166. Vrijlandt EJ, Gerritsen J, Boezen HM, Duiverman EJ Gender differences in respiratory symptoms in 19-year-old adults born preterm. Respir Res 2005, 6:117.
167. Melgert BN, Ray A, Hylkema MN, Timens W, Postma DS Are there reasons why adult asthma is more common in females?. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007, 7:143-150.
168. Bolton CE, Bush A, Hurst JR, et al. Are early life factors considered when managing respiratory disease? A British Thoracic Society survey of current practice. Thorax 2012, 67:1110.
169. Sluiter HJ, Koeter GH, de Monchy JG, Postma DS, de Vries K, Orie NG The Dutch hypothesis (chronic non-specific lung disease) revisited. Eur Respir J 1991, 4:479-489.
170. Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study. Chest 2004, 126:59-65.
171. Young RP, Hopkins R, Eaton TE Forced expiratory volume in one second: not just a lung function test but a marker of premature death from all causes. Eur Respir J 2007, 30:616-622.
172. Sin DD, Wu L, Man SF The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study and a systematic review of the literature. Chest 2005, 127:1952-1959.
173. Murray CS, Woodcock A, Langley SJ, Morris J, Custovic A Secondary prevention of asthma by the use of inhaled fluticasone propionate in wheezy infants (IFWIN): double-blind, randomised, controlled study. Lancet 2006, 368:754-762. for the IFWIN study team.
174. Bisgaard H, Hermansen MN, Loland L, Halkjaer LB, Buchvald F Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1998-2005.
175. Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Zeiger RS, et al. Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1985-1997.