A 3-year survey quantifying the risk of dose escalation of benzodiazepines and congeners to identify risk factors to aid doctors to more rationale prescribing

BMJ Open

Volumn 3, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Tvete, Ingunn Fride ^a   Bjørner, Trine ^b   Aursnes, Ivar Andreas ^b   Skomedal, Tor ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTER   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUSPIRONE; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; DIAZEPAM; FLUNITRAZEPAM; HYDROXYZINE; LITHIUM; METHOTREXATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NITRAZEPAM; OPIATE; OXAZEPAM; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG MISUSE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 84886682618     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003296     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Ashton H. Adverse effects of prolonged benzodiazepine use. Adverse Drug React Bull 1986;118:1-7.
2. Smith RG. Fall-contributing adverse effects of the most frequently prescribed drugs. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2003;93:42-50. (Pubitemid 38469480)
3. Barbone F, McMahon AD, Davey PG, et al. Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use. Lancet 1998;24:1331-6. (Pubitemid 28510912)
4. Oster G, Huse DM, Adams SF, et al. Benzodiazepine tranquilizers and the risk of accidental injury. Am J Public Health 1990; 80:1467-70.
5. Melander A. Benzodiazepines and their analogues. NEPI Foundation Report 13. 2002; ISBN 91-8627-499-6.
6. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder, 2nd edn, Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association, 2009.
7. American Psychiatric Association. Benzodiazepine dependence, toxicity, and abuse. A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association, 1990. http://www.appi.org/searchcenter/pages/ SearchDetail.aspx?ItemId=2228
8. Donoghue J, Lader M. Usage of benzodiazepines: a review. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2010;14:78-87.
9. Veronese A. Benzodiazepine use in the real world of psychiatric practice: low-dose, long-term drug taking and low rates of treatment discontinuation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:867-73. (Pubitemid 47237904)
10. Holm E, Fosbol E, Pedersen H, et al. Benzodiazepine use in Denmark 1997-2008. Eur Geriatr Med 2012;3:299-303.
11. The Norwegian Prescription Database. http://www.norpd.no
12. WHO. Definitions and general considerations. http://www.whocc.no/ddd/ definition-and-general-considera
13. WHO. Structure and principles. http://www.whocc.no/atc/structure-and- principles/
14. Hausken A, Skurtveit S, Tverdal A. Use of anxiolytic or hypnotic drugs and total mortality in a general middle-aged population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16:913-18. (Pubitemid 47333543)
15. Reith D, Fountain J, McDowell R, et al. Comparison of the fatal toxicity index of zopiclone with benzodiazepines. J Clin Toxicol 2003;41:975-80. (Pubitemid 38018489)
16. Dybwad T, Sundene G, Eskerud J, et al. Control of prescriptions of B-preparations. A registry study of B-preparations in Oslo and Akershus. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1994;114:3207-10. (Pubitemid 24341822)
17. McCullagh P, Nelder J. Generalized linear models. London: Chapman & Hall, 1989.
18. Nielsen L, Keiding N. Describing episodes of drug treatment from joint observation of a prescription registry and a cross-sectional survey. Copenhagen: Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, 2009.
19. Jackson C, Sharples L. Hidden Markov models for the onset and progression of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. Stat Med 2002;21:113-28. (Pubitemid 34065708)
20. Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 1978;6:461-4.
21. R. A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2010. http://cran.r-project.org/doc/ FAQ/R-FAQ.html
22. Venables W, Ripley B. Modern applied statistics with S. 4 edn. New York: Springer, 2002.
23. National institute for health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). http://www.nice.org.uk/Search.do?keywords=benzodiazepine&searchSite= on&searchType=All&newSearch=1
24. Nelson J, Chouinard G. Guidelines for the clinical use of benzodiazepines: pharmacokinetics, dependency, rebound and withdrawal. Can J Clin Pharmacol 1999;6:69-83. (Pubitemid 29403300)
25. American Psychiatric Association. Benzodiazepine dependence, toxicity and abuse: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1990.
26. Soumerai SB, Simoni-Wastila L, Singer C, et al. Lack of relationship between long-term use of benzodiazepines and escalation to high dosages. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:1006-11. (Pubitemid 36793455)
27. Hallfors D, Saxe L. The dependence potential of short half-life benzodiazepines: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 1993;83:1300-4. (Pubitemid 23262037)
28. Dybwad TB, Kjølsrød L, Eskerud J, et al. Why are some doctors high-prescribers of benzodiazepines and minor opiates? A qualitative study of GPs in Norway. Fam Pract 1997; 14:361-8. (Pubitemid 27478682)
29. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2716-24. (Pubitemid 37517412)