Fusarium crown rot disease: Biology, interactions, management and function as a possible sensor of global climate change;Fusariosis de la corona: Biología, interacción, manejo y un posible sensor de cambio climático global

Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 235-252

  Moya Elizondo, Ernesto A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONCEPCIÓN   (Chile)

Author keywords

Climatic change; Fusarium crown rot; Wheat

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886672337     PISSN: 03045609     EISSN: 07181620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202013000200001     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Aleandri, M.P., P. Magro, and G. Chilosi. 2007. Modulation of host pH during the wheat-Fusari-um culmorum interaction and its influence on the production and activity of pectolytic enzymes. Plant Patholology 56:517-525.
2. Akinsanmi O. A., Chakraborty, S., Backhouse, D., and Simpfendorfer, S. 2007. Passage through alternative hosts changes the fitness of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium pseudogramine-arum. Environmental Microbiology 9: 512-520.
3. Aoki, T., and K. O'Donnell. 1999. Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium pseudo-graminearum sp. nov., formerly recognized as the group I population of F. graminearum. My-cologia 91:597-609.
4. Bai, G., and G. Shaner. 2004. Management and resistance in wheat and barley to Fusarium head blight. Annual Review of Phytopathology 42:135-161.
5. Bailey, K.L. 1996. Diseases under conservation tillage systems. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76:635-639.
6. Bailey, K.L., L.J. Duczek, H.R. Kutcher, and H.L. Buckley. 1995. Saskatchewan cereal root disease survey, 1994. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 75:122-123.
7. Bailey, K.L., H. Harding, and D.R. Knott. 1989. Disease progression in wheat lines and cultivars differing in levels of resistance to common root rot. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 11:273-278.
8. Bailey, K.L., K. Mortensen, G.P. Lafond, P.R. Watson, and D.A. Derksen 2001. Effect of tillage and crop rotation on root and foliar disease of wheat and pea in Saskatchewan from 1991-1990: uni-variate and multivariate analyses. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81:789-803.
9. Balmas, V., G. Delogu, S. Sposito, D. Rau, and Q. Migheli. 2006. Use of a complexation of tebuco-nazole with β-Cyclodextrin for controlling foot and crown rot of durum wheat incited by Fusar-ium culmorum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54:480-484.
10. Backhouse, D.A., A. Abubakar, L.W. Burgess, J.I. Dennis, G.J. Hollaway, G.B. Wildermuth, and F.J. Henry. 2004. Survey of Fusarium species as-sociated with crown rot of wheat and barley in eastern Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 33:255-261.
11. Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu, and J.P. Palu-tikof (eds.). 2008. Climate change and water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC Secretariat.
12. Beniston, M., D.B. Stephenson, O.B. Christensen, C.A.T. Ferro, C. Frei, S. Goyette, K. Halsnoes, T. Holt, K. Jylhä, B. Koff, J. Palutikof; R. Schöll, T. Semmler, and K. Woth. 2007. Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections. Climatic Change 81:71-95.
13. Bertini, L., L. Leonardi, C. Caporale, M. Tucci, N. Cascone, I. Di Berardino, V. Buonocore, and C. Caruso. 2003. Pathogen-responsive wheat PR4 genes are induced by activators of systemic acquired resistance and wounding. Plant Science 164:1067-1078.
14. Bovill, W.D., W. Ma, K. Ritter, B.C. Collard, M. Davis, G.B. Wildermuth, and M.W. Sutherland. 2006. Identification of novel QTL for resistance to crown rot in the doubled haploid wheat population 'W21MMT70' x 'Mendos'. Plant Breeding 125:538-543.
15. Burgess, L.W. 1981. General ecology of the Fusaria. In: P. E. Nelson, J. A. Toussoun, and R. J. Cook (eds.). Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA. p. 225-235.
16. Burgess, L.W., D. Backhouse, B.A. Summerell, and L.J. Swan. 2001. Crown rot of wheat. In: B.A. Summerell, J.F. Leslie, D. Backhouse, W.L. Bryden, and L.W. Burgess (eds.). Fusarium - Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul MN, USA. p. 271-295.
17. Burrows, M., W. Grey, and A.T. Dyer. 2008. Small grain treatment guide. MontGuide: MT200806AG.
18. Caruso, C., M. Nobile, L. Leonardi, L. Bertini, V. Buonocore, and C. Caporale. 2001. Isolation and amino acid sequence of two new PR-4 proteins from wheat. Journal of Protein Chemistry 20:327-335.
19. Castañares, E., L. Wehrhahne, and S.A. Stenglein. 2012. Fusarium pseudograminearum Associated with Barley Kernels in Argentina. Plant Disease 96: 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-12-0050-PDN
20. Clement, J.A., and D.W. Parry. 1998. Stem-base disease and fungal colonisation of winter wheat grown in compost inoculated with Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale. European Journal of Plant Pathology 104:323-330.
21. Collard, B.C.Y., R.A. Grams, W.D. Bovill, C.D. Percy, R. Jolley, A. Lehmensiek, G. Wildermuth, and M.W. Sutherland. 2005. Development of molecular markers for crown rot resistance in wheat: mapping of QTLs for seedling resistance in a '2-49' x 'Janz' population. Plant Breeding 124:532-537.
22. Cook, R.J. 1968. Fusarium root rot and foot rot of cereals in the Pacific Northwest. Phytopathology 58:127-131.
23. Cook, R.J. 1980. Fusarium foot root of wheat and its control in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Disease 64:1061-1066.
24. Cook, R.J. 1981. Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, and R. J. Cook (eds.). The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, USA. p. 39-52.
25. Cook, R.J., and A.A. Christen. 1976. Growth of cereal root rot fungi as affected by temperature- water potential interactions. Phytopathology 66:193-197.
26. rd edition. In: W.W. Bockus, R. Bowden, R. Hunger, W. Mor-rill, T. Murray, and R. Smiley (eds.). The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, USA. p. 37-39.
27. Dal Bello, G.M., C.I. Monaco, and M.R. Simon. 2002. Biological control of seedling blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum with beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 18:627-636.
28. Desmond, O.J., C.I. Edgar, J.M. Manners, D.J. Maclean, P.M. Schenk, and K. Kazan. 2006. Methyl jasmonate induced gene expression in wheat delays symptom development by the crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 67:171-179.
29. Desmond, O.J., J.M. Manners, P.M. Schenk, D.J. Maclean, and K. Kazan. 2008a. Gene expression analysis of the wheat response to infection by Fusarium pseudograminearum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 73:40-47.
30. Desmond, O.J., J.M. Manners, A.E. Stephens, D.J. Maclean, P.M. Schenk, D.M. Gardiner, A.L. Munn, and K. Kazan. 2008b. The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol elicits hydrogen peroxide production, programmed cell death and defense responses in wheat. Molecular Plant Pathology 9:435-445.
31. Durrant, W.E. and X. Dong. 2004. Systemic acquired resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology 42:185-209.
32. Dyer, A.T., M. Burrows, B. Johnston, and C. Tharp. 2007.Small grain treatment guide. MontGuide: MT 199608 AG.
33. Dyer, A.T., R.H. Johnston, A.C. Hogg, and J.A. Johnston. 2009. Comparison of pathogenicity of the Fusarium crown rot complex (F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum) on hard red spring and durum wheat. European Journal of Plant Pathology 125:387-395
34. Fedel-Moen, R., and J.R. Harris. 1987. Stratifed distribution of Fusarium and Bipolaris on wheat and barley with dryland root rot in South Australia. Plant Pathology 36:447-454.
35. Fernández, M.R., P. Basnyat, and R.P. Zentner. 2007b. Response of common root rot in wheat to crop management in eastern Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87:953-963.
36. Fernández, M.R., G. Holzgang, and T.K. Turkington. 2009. Common root rot of Barley n Saskatchewan and north-central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 31:96-102.
37. Fernández, M.R., D. Huber, P. Basnyat, and R.P. Zentner. 2008. Impact of agronomic practices on populations of Fusarium and other fungi in cereal and noncereal crop residues on the Canadian Prairies. Soil & Tillage Research 100:60-71.
38. Fernandez, M.R., and P.G. Jefferson. 2004. Fungal populations in roots and crowns of common and durum wheat in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 26:325-334.
39. Fernández, M.R., F. Selles, D. Gehl, R.M. DePauw, and R.P. Zentner. 2005. Crop production factors associated with Fusarium Head Blight in spring wheat in Eastern Saskatchewan. Crop Science 45:1908-1916.
40. Fernández, M.R., R.P. Zentner, R.M. DePauw, D. Gehl, and F.C. Stevenson. 2007a. Impacts of crop production factors on common root rot of barley in Eastern Saskatchewan. Crop Science 47:1585-1595.
41. Gonzalez, M.S., and L.E. Trevathan. 2000. Identity and pathogenicity of fungi associated with root and crown rot of soft red winter wheat grown on the upper coastal plain land resource area of Mississippi. Journal of Phytopathology 148:77-85.
42. Grewal, H.S., R.D. Graham, and Z. Rengel. 1996. Genotypic variation in zinc efficiency and resistance to crown rot disease (Fusarium gra-minearum Schw. Group 1) in wheat. Plant and Soil 186:219-226.
43. Hall, R., and J.C. Sutton. 1998. Relation of weather, crop, and soil variables to the prevalence, incidence, and severity of basal infections of winter wheat in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 20:69-80.
44. Hare, M.C., and D.W. Parry. 1996. Observations on the maintenance and measurement of soil water in simple pot experiments and its effects on the seed-borne Fusarium culmorum seedling blight of winter wheat. Annals of Applied Biology 129:227-235.
45. Huang, Y., and P.T.W. Wong. 1998. Effect of Bur-kholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia and soil type on the control of crown rot in wheat. Plant and Soil 203:103-108.
46. IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1200 pp.
47. Johansson, P.M., L. Johnsson, and B. Gerhardson, 2003. Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochi-um nivale using bacterial seed treatment. Plant Pathology 52: 219-227.
48. Khan, M.R., S. Fischer D. Egan, and F.M. Doohan. 2006. Biological control of Fusarium seedling blight disease of wheat and barley. Phytopathology 96:386-394.
49. Knapp, A.K., C. Beier, D.D. Briske, A.T. Classen, Y. Luo, M. Reichstein, M.D. Smith, S.D. Smith, J.E. Bell, P.A. Fay, J.L. Heisler, S.W. Leavitt, R. Sherry, B. Smith, and E. Weng. 2008. Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems. BioScience 58:811-821.
50. Kogel, K-H., and G. Langen. 2005. Induced disease resistance and gene expression in cereals. Cellular Microbiology 7:1555-1564.
51. Kwon, S-I., and A.J. Anderson. 2002. Genes for mul-ticopper proteins and laccase activity: common features in plant-associated Fusarium isolates. Canadian Journal of Botany 80:563-570.
52. Li, X., J.B. Zhang B. Song H.P. Li H.Q. Xu B. Qu F.J. Dang, and Y.C. Liao. 2010. Resistance to Fu-sarium head blight and seedling blight in wheat is associated with activation of a cytochrome P450 gene. Phytopathology 100:183-191.
53. Li, H.L., H.X. Yuan, B. Fu, X.P. Xing, B.J. Sun, and W.H. Tang. 2012. First report of Fusarium pseu-dograminearum causing crown rot of wheat in Henan, China. Plant Disease 96:1065.
54. Liu, Y.X., X.M. Yang, J. Ma, Y.M. Wei, Y.L. Zheng, H.X. Ma, J.B. Yao, G.J. Yan, Y.G. Wang, J.M. Manners, and C.J. Liu. 2010. Plant Height Affects Fusarium Crown Rot Severity in Wheat. Plant Disease 100:1276-1281.
55. Luongo, L., M. Galli, L. Corazza, E. Meekes, L.D.V.D. Hass, and J. Kohl. 2005. Potential of fungal antagonists for biocontrol of Fusarium spp. in wheat and maize through competition in crop debris. Biocontrol Science and Technology 15:229-242.
56. Malalasekera, R.A.P., F.R. Anderson, and G. Col-houn. 1973. Fusarium disease of cereals: Penetration and invasion of wheat seedlings by Fusarium culmorum and F. nivale. Transaction British Mycological Society 60:453-462.
57. Mayer, A.M., R.C. Staples, and N.L. Gil-ad. 2001. Mechanism of survival of necrotrophic fungal plant pathogens in host expressing the hypersensitive response. Phytochemistry 58:33-41.
58. Melloy, P., G. Hollaway, J. Luck, R. Norton, E. Ait-ken, and S. Chakraborty. 2010. Production and fitness of Fusarium pseudograminearum inoculum at elevated carbon dioxide in FACE. Global Change Biology 16:3363-3373.
59. Morton, J.F. 2007. The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104:19680-19685.
60. Moya-Elizondo, E., R.L. Rew, B. Jacobsen, A.C. Hogg, and A.T Dyer. 2011a. Distribution and prevalence of Fusarium crown rot and common root rot pathogens of wheat in Montana. Plant Disease 95:1099-1108.
61. Moya-Elizondo, E., B. Jacobsen, A.C. Hogg, and A.T. Dyer. 2011b. Population dynamics between Fusarium pseudograminearum and Bipolaris so-rokiniana in wheat stems using real-time qPCR. Plant Disease 95:1089-1098.
62. Mudge, A., M.R. Dill-Macky Y. Dong D.M. Gardiner R.G. White, and J.M. Manners. 2006. A role for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in stem colonisation during crown rot disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium pseudograminearum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 69:73-85.
63. Muthukrishnan, S., G.H. Liang, H.N. Trick, and B.S. Gill. 2001. Pathogenesis-related proteins and their genes in cereals. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 64:93-114.
64. Nelson, P.E., T.A. Toussoun, and W.F. Marasas. 1983. Fusarium Species: An illustrated manual for identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, USA. 226 pp.
65. Nicholson, P., D.R. Simpson, G. Weston, H.N. Reza-noor, A.K. Lees, D.W. Parry, and D. Joyce. 1998. Detection and quantification of Fusarium culmo-rum and Fusarium graminearum in cereals using PCR assays. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 53:17-37.
66. Nicol, J.M., A. Bagci, H. Hekimhan, N. Bolat, H.J. Braun, and R. Trethowan. 2004. Strategy for the identification and breeding of resistance to dryland root rot complex for international spring and winter wheat breeding programs. Procedure 4th International Crop Science Congress, Brisbane, Australia. (Abstract). 283 pp.
67. Padbury, G., SH. Waltman, J. Caprio, G. Coen, S. McGinn, D. Mortensen, G. Nielsen, and R. Sinclair. 2002. Agroecosystems and Land Resources of the Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal 94:251-261.
68. Papendick, R.I., and R.J. Cook. 1974. Plant water stress and development of Fusarium foot rot in wheat subjected to different cultural practices. Phytopathology 64:358-363.
69. Paulitz, T.C., R.W. Smiley, and R.J. Cook. 2002. Insight into the prevalence and management of soilborne cereal pathogens under direct seeding in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 24:416-428.
70. Paulitz, T.C. 2006. Low input no-till cereal production in the Pacific Northwest of the U. S.: The challenge of root disease. European Journal Plant Pathology 115:271-281.
71. Paulitz, T.C., K.L. Schroeder, and W.F. Schillinger. 2010. Soilborne pathogens of cereals in an irrigated cropping system: Effects of tillage, residue management, and crop rotation. Plant Disease 94:61-68.
72. Pereyra, S. A., and R. Dill-Macky. 2004. Survival and inoculum production of Gibberella zeae in wheat residue. Plant Disease 88:724-730.
73. Pettitt, T., X. Xu, and D. Parry. 2003. Association of Fusarium species in the wheat stem root complex. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109:769-774.
74. Pisi, A. and G. Innocenti. 2001. Morphological mod-ifications in wheat seedling infected by Fusarium culmorum examined at SEM. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 40:172-175.
75. Ponts, N., L. Couedelo, L. Pinson-Gadais, M-N. Verdal-Bonnin, C. Barreau, and F. Richard-Forget. 2009. Fusarium response to oxidative stress by H2O2 is trichothecene chemotype-dependent. FEMS Microbiological Letters 293:255-262.
76. Rajaram, S., H.J. Braun, and M. Ginkel. 1996. Stress condition CIMMYT's approach to breed for drought tolerance. Euphytica 92:147-153.
77. Saremi, H., A. Ammarellou, and H. Jafary. 2007. Incidence of crown rot disease of wheat caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum as a new soil born fungal species in north west Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10:3606-3612.
78. Scherm, H. 2004. Climate change: can we predict the impacts on plant pathology and pest management? Canadian Journal Plant Pathology 26:267-273.
79. Scott, J., O. Akinsami, V. Mitter, S. Simpfendorfer, R. Dill-Macky, and S. Chakraborty. 2003. Prevalence of Fusarium crown rot pathogens of wheat in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Available online at: http://www.cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/poster/2/4/2/1274_socttj.htm?print=1 (Website accessed: November 22, 2010).
80. Singh, D.V., D. Backhouse, and P. Kristiansen. 2009. Interactions of temperature and water potential in displacement of Fusarium pseudograminearum from cereal residues by fungal antagonists. Biological Control 48:188-195.
81. Sitton, J.W., and R.J. Cook. 1981. Comparative morphology and survival of chlamydospores of Fu-sarium roseum 'Culmorum' and 'Graminearum'. Phytopathology 71:85-90.
82. Smiley, R.W., J.A. Gourlie, S.A. Easley, and L.M. Patterson. 2005a. Pathogenicity of fungi associated with the wheat crown rot complex in Oregon and Washington. Plant Disease 89:949-957.
83. Smiley, R.W., and L.M. Patterson. 1995. Winter wheat yield and profitability from Dividend and Vitavax seed treatments. Journal of Production Agriculture 8:350-354.
84. Smiley, R.W. 2009. Water and temperature parameters associated with winter wheat diseases caused by soilborne pathogens. Plant Disease 93:73-80.
85. Smiley, R.W., H.P. Collins, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1996. Disease of wheat in long-term agronomic experiments at Pendleton, Oregon. Plant Disease 80:813-820.
86. Smiley, R.W., J.A. Gourlie, S.A. Easley, L.M. Patterson, and R.G. Whittaker. 2005b. Crop damage estimates for crown rot of wheat and barley in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Disease 89:595-604.
87. Smiley, R.W., and L.M. Patterson. 1996. Pathogenic fungi associated with Fusarium foot rot of winter wheat in the semiarid Pacific Northwest. Plant Disease 80:944-949.
88. Smiley, R., R. Whittaker, J. Gourlie, S. Easley, K. Rhinhart, E. Jacobsen, J. Peterson, K. Kidwell, and K. Campbell. 2003. Genetic tolerance to Fusarium crown rot of wheat. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University. Special Report 1047. Available online at: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/sr/sr1047/40.htm (Website accessed: March 14, 2010).
89. Smiley, R.W., and H. Yan. 2009. Variability of Fu-sarium crown rot tolerances among cultivars of spring and winter wheat. Plant Disease 93:954-961.
90. Soussana, J.F., A.I. Graux, and F.N. Tubiello. 2010. Improving the use of modelling for projections of climate change impacts on crops and pastures. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61:2217-2228.
91. Sparrow, D.H., and R.D. Graham. 1988. Susceptibility of zinc-deficient wheat plants to colonization by Fusarium graminearum Sch. Group 1. Plant and Soil 112:216-266.
92. Specht, L.P., and C.M. Rush. 1988. Fungi associated with root and foot rot of winter wheat and populations of Cochliobolus sativus in the Texas Panhandle. Plant Disease 72:959-963.
93. Spoel, S., A. Koornneef, S. Claessens, J. Korzelius, J. Van Pelt, M. Mueller, A. Buchala, J.P. Metraux, R. Brown, K. Kazan, L. Van Loon, X. Dong, and C. Pieterse. 2003. NPR1 modulates cross-talk between defense pathways through a novel function in the cytosol. Plant Cell 16:760-770.
94. Steinkellner, S., and I. Langer. 2004. Impact of tillage on the incidence of Fusarium spp. in soil. Plant and Soil 267:13-22.
95. Stephens, A.E., D.M. Gardiner, R.G. White, I.L. Munn, and J.M. Manners. 2008. Phases of infection and gene expression of Fusarium gra-minearum during crown rot disease of wheat. MIPP 21:1571-1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-21-12-1571.
96. Strausbaugh, C.A., C.A. Bradley, A.C Koehn, and R.L. Forster. 2004. Survey of root diseases of wheat and barley in southeastern Idaho. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 26: 167-176.
97. Strausbaugh, C.A., K. Overturf, and A.C. Koehn. 2005. Pathogenicity and real-time PCR detection of Fusarium spp. in wheat and barley roots. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 27:430-438.
98. Tinline, R.D. 1977. Multiple infections of subcrown internodes of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by common root rot fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany 55:30-34.
99. Tubiello, F.N., J.F. Soussana, and M.S. Howden. 2007. Crop and pasture response to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104:19686-19690.
100. Tunali, B., J.M. Nicol, D. Hodson, Z. Uçkun, O. Büyük, D. Erdurmuş, H. Hekimhan, H. Aktaş, MA. Akbudak, and SA. Baǧci. 2008. Root and crown rot fungi associated with spring, facultative, and winter wheat in Turkey. Plant Disease 92:1299-1306.
101. Wagacha, J.M., and J.W. Muthomi. 2007. Fusarium culmorum: Infection process, mechanisms of mycotoxin production and their role in pathogenesis in wheat. Crop Protection 26: 877-885.
102. Wiese, M.V. 1991. Compendium of wheat diseases. Second edition. The American Phytopathologi-cal Society. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. p. 53-55.
103. Wildermuth, G.B. 1986. Geographic distribution of common root rot and Bipolaris sorokiniana in Queensland wheat soils. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26: 601-606.
104. Wildermuth, G.B., R.B. McNamara, and J.S. Quick. 2001. Crown depth and susceptibility to crown rot in wheat. Euphytica 122:397-405.
105. Wildermuth, G.B., G.A. Thomas, B.J. Radford, R.B. McNamara, and A. Kelly. 1997. Crown rot and common root rot in wheat grown under different tillage and stubble treatments in southern Queensland, Australia. Soil Tillage Research 44:211-224.
106. Windels, C.E., and J.V. Wiersma. 1992. Incidence of Bipolaris and Fusarium on subcrown inter-nodes of spring barley and wheat grown in continuous conservation tillage. Phytopathology 82:699-705.
107. Wong, P.T.W., J.A. Mead, and M.C. Croft. 2002. Effect of temperature, moisture, soil type and Trichoderma species on the survival of Fusari-um pseudograminearum in wheat straw. Australasian Plant Pathology 31:253-257.
108. Xie, G.Q., M.C. Zhang, T. Magner, T. Ban, S. Chakraborty, and C.J. Liu. 2006. Evidence that resistance to Fusarium head blight and crown root are controlled by different genes in wheat. In: T. Ban, J.M. Lewis, and E.E. Phipps (eds.). The Global Fusarium Initiative for International Collaboration. Workshop report CIMMYT, El Batán, Mexico, March 14-17th, 2006. p. 15-18.
109. Xu, L., F. Liu, Z. Wang, W. Peng, R. Huang, D. Huang, and D. Xie. 2001. An Arabidopsis mutant cex1 exhibits constant accumulation of jasmonate-regulated atVSP, Thi2.1 and PDF1.2. FEBS Letter 494:161-164.