Current controversies in the prediction, diagnosis, and management of cerebral vasospasm: Where do we stand?

Neurology Research International

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Lee, Young ^a   Zuckerman, Scott L ^a   Mocco, J ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; CLAZOSENTAN; COCAINE; HEMOGLOBIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; NIMODIPINE; PLACEBO;

AGE; BRAIN BLOOD VOLUME; BRAIN VASOSPASM; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED SCINTIGRAPHY; DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG USE; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; HEMODILUTION; HUMAN; HYPERDYNAMIC THERAPY; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVOLEMIA; INDUCED HYPERTENSION.; LOW DRUG DOSE; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SMOKING; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; THERAPY;

EID: 84886563844     PISSN: 20901852     EISSN: 20901860     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/373458     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Fisher C. M., Roberson G. H., Ojemann R. G., Cerebral vasospasm with ruptured saccular aneurysm-the clinical manifestations. Neurosurgery 1977 1 3 245 248 2-s2.0-0017549862
2. Ferguson S., Macdonald R. L., Predictors of cerebral infarction in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2007 60 4 658 667 10.1227/01.NEU.0000255396.23280.31
3. Rabinstein A. A., Friedman J. A., Weigand S. D., McClelland R. L., Fulgham J. R., Manno E. M., Atkinson J. L. D., Wijdicks E. F. M., Predictors of cerebral infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2004 35 8 1862 1866 2-s2.0-3242781840 10.1161/01.STR.0000133132.76983.8e (Pubitemid 38971866)
4. Vergouwen M. D. I., Ilodigwe D., MacDonald R. L., Cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage contributes to poor outcome by vasospasm-dependent and -independent effects. Stroke 2011 42 4 924 929 2-s2.0-79954911257 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.597914
5. Vergouwen M. D. I., Vermeulen M., van Gijn J., Rinkel G. J. E., Wijdicks E. F., Muizelaar J. P., Mendelow A. D., Juvela S., Yonas H., Terbrugge K. G., Macdonald R. L., Diringer M. N., Broderick J. P., Dreier J. P., Roos Y. B. W. E. M., Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke 2010 41 10 2391 2395 2-s2.0-77958142127 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.589275
6. de Rooij N. K., Linn F. H. H., van der Plas J. A., Algra A., Rinkel G. J. E., Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2007 78 12 1365 1372 2-s2.0-34548833530 10.1136/jnnp.2007.117655 (Pubitemid 350221419)
7. Artiola i Fortuny L., Prieto-Valiente L., Long-term prognosis in surgically treated intracranial aneurysms-part 1: mortality. Journal of Neurosurgery 1981 54 1 26 34 2-s2.0-0019351991 (Pubitemid 11215055)
8. Charpentier C., Audibert G., Guillemin F., Civit T., Ducrocq X., Bracard S., Hepner H., Picard L., Laxenaire M. C., Multivariate analysis of predictors of cerebral vasospasm occurrence after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1999 30 7 1402 1408 2-s2.0-0032985425 (Pubitemid 29296068)
9. Kale S. P., Edgell R. C., Alshekhlee A., Age-associated vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2013 22 1 22 27 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.05.024
10. Magge S. N., Chen H. I., Ramakrishna R., Cen L., Chen Z., Elliott J. P., Winn H. R., Le Roux P. D., Association of a younger age with an increased risk of angiographic and symptomatic vasospasms following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2010 112 6 1208 1215 2-s2.0-77953506528 10.3171/2009.9.JNS081670
11. Rabb C. H., Tang G., Chin L. S., Giannotta S. L., A statistical analysis of factors related to symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. Acta Neurochirurgica 1994 127 1-2 27 31 2-s2.0-0028214995 (Pubitemid 24093470)
12. Torbey M. T., Hauser T.-K., Bhardwaj A., Williams M. A., Ulatowski J. A., Mirski M. A., Razumovsky A. Y., Effect of age on cerebral blood flow velocity and incidence of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2001 32 9 2005 2011 2-s2.0-0034820211 (Pubitemid 32868088)
13. Lanzino G., Kassell N. F., Germanson T. P., Kongable G. L., Truskowski L. L., Torner J. C., Jane J. A., Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: why do older patients fare worse? Journal of Neurosurgery 1996 85 3 410 418 2-s2.0-0029801199 (Pubitemid 26278021)
14. Inagawa T., Cerebral vasospasm in elderly patients treated by early operation for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Acta Neurochirurgica 1992 115 3-4 79 85 2-s2.0-0026507058
15. Lasner T. M., Weil R. J., Riina H. A., King J. T. Jr., Zager E. L., Raps E. C., Flamm E. S., Cigarette smoking-induced increase in the risk of symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 1997 87 3 381 384 2-s2.0-0030877441 (Pubitemid 27362569)
16. McGirt M. J., Mavropoulos J. C., McGirt L. Y., Alexander M. J., Friedman A. H., Laskowitz D. T., Lynch J. R., Leukocytosis as an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003 98 6 1222 1226 2-s2.0-0037850709 (Pubitemid 36617925)
17. Ryttlefors M., Enblad P., Ronne-Engström E., Persson L., Ilodigwe D., Macdonald R. L., Patient age and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2010 67 4 911 917 2-s2.0-77958018006 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181ed11ab
18. Boecher-Schnarz H. G., Ungersboeck K., Ulrich P., Fries G., Wild A., Perneczky A., Transcranial Doppler diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage: correlation and analysis of results in relation to the age of patients. Acta Neurochirurgica 1994 127 1-2 32 36 2-s2.0-0028269044 (Pubitemid 24093471)
19. Bell B. A., Symon L., Smoking and subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Medical Journal 1979 1 6163 577 578 2-s2.0-0018761666 (Pubitemid 9119365)
20. Feigin V., Parag V., Lawes C. M. M., Rodgers A., Suh I., Woodward M., Jamrozik K., Ueshima H., Smoking and elevated blood pressure are the most important risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage in the Asia-Pacific region: an overview of 26 cohorts involving 306 620 participants. Stroke 2005 36 7 1360 1365 2-s2.0-22044457142 10.1161/01.STR.0000170710.95689.41 (Pubitemid 40967494)
21. Juvela S., Hillbom M., Numminen H., Koskinen P., Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1993 24 5 639 646 2-s2.0-0027315421 (Pubitemid 23134279)
22. Weir B. K. A., Kongable G. L., Kassell N. F., Schultz J. R., Truskowski L. L., Sigrest A., Cigarette smoking as a cause of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and risk for vasospasm: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1998 89 3 405 411 2-s2.0-0031783384 (Pubitemid 28405254)
23. Caralis D. G., Deligonul U., Kern M. J., Cohen J. D., Smoking is a risk factor for coronary spasm in young women. Circulation 1992 85 3 905 909 2-s2.0-0026529013
24. Nobuyoshi M., Abe M., Nosaka H., Kimura T., Yokoi H., Hamasaki N., Shindo T., Kimura K., Nakamura T., Nakagawa Y., Shiode N., Sakamoto A., Kakura H., Iwasaki Y., Kim K., Kitaguchi S., Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: identification of the most important determinant. American Heart Journal 1992 124 1 32 38 2-s2.0-0026771151 10.1016/0002-8703(92) 90917-K
25. Sugiishi M., Takatsu F., Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary spasm. Circulation 1993 87 1 76 79 2-s2.0-0027497392 (Pubitemid 23019336)
26. Seder D. B., Schmidt J. M., Badjatia N., Fernandez L., Rincon F., Claassen J., Gordon E., Carrera E., Kurtz P., Lee K., Connolly E. S., Mayer S. A., Transdermal nicotine replacement therapy in cigarette smokers with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care 2011 14 1 77 83 2-s2.0-79551514704 10.1007/s12028-010-9456-9
27. Conway J. E., Tamargo R. J., Cocaine use is an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2001 32 10 2338 2343 2-s2.0-0034798414 (Pubitemid 32954806)
28. Boco T., Macdonald R. L., Absence of acute cerebral vasoconstriction after cocaine-associated subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care 2004 1 4 449 454 2-s2.0-24644494682 10.1385/NCC:1:4:449 (Pubitemid 41278333)
29. Alaraj A., Wallace A., Mander N., Aletich V., Charbel F. T., Amin-Hanjani S., Effect of acute cocaine use on vasospasm and outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurgery 2010 73 4 357 360 2-s2.0-77955917208 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.01.011
30. Mizukami M., Takemae T., Tazawa T., Kawase T., Matsuzaki T., Value of computed tomography in the prediction of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysm rupture. Neurosurgery 1980 7 6 583 586 2-s2.0-0019215886 (Pubitemid 11210056)
31. Davis J. M., Davis K. R., Crowell R. M., Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured intracranial aneurysm: prognostic significance of cranial CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 1980 134 4 711 715 2-s2.0-0018888778 (Pubitemid 10095897)
32. Dupont S. A., Wijdicks E. F. M., Manno E. M., Lanzino G., Brown R. D. Jr., Rabinstein A. A., Timing of computed tomography and prediction of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care 2009 11 1 71 75 2-s2.0-70349308233 10.1007/s12028-009-9227-7
33. Harrod C. G., Bendok B. R., Batjer H. H., Prediction of cerebral vasospasm in patients presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review. Neurosurgery 2005 56 4 633 652 2-s2.0-16844373283 10.1227/01.NEU. 0000156644.45384.92 (Pubitemid 40489720)
34. Hijdra A., van Gijn J., Nagelkerke N. J. D., Vermeulen M., van Crevel H., Prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1988 19 10 1250 1256 2-s2.0-0023772208
35. Fisher C. M., Kistler J. P., Davis J. M., Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 1980 6 1 1 9 2-s2.0-0018904811 (Pubitemid 10159923)
36. Kistler J. P., Crowell R. M., Davis K. R., The relation of cerebral vasospasm to the extent and location of subarachnoid blood visualized by CT scan: a prospective study. Neurology 1983 33 4 424 436 2-s2.0-0020681330 (Pubitemid 13165320)
37. Adams H. P. Jr., Kassell N. F., Torner J. C., Haley E. C. Jr., Predicting cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: influences of clinical condition, CT results, and antifibrinolytic therapy. A report of the cooperative aneurysm study. Neurology 1987 37 10 1586 1591 2-s2.0-0023630603 (Pubitemid 17163577)
38. Grosset D. G., McDonald I., Cockburn M., Straiton J., Bullock R. R., Prediction of delayed neurological deficit after subarachnoid haemorrhage: a CT blood load and Doppler velocity approach. Neuroradiology 1994 36 6 418 421 2-s2.0-0028095057 10.1007/BF00593673 (Pubitemid 24247469)
39. Brouwers P. J. A. M., Dippel D. W. J., Vermeulen M., Lindsay K. W., Hasan D., van Gijn J., Amount of blood on computed tomography as an independent predictor after aneurysm rupture. Stroke 1993 24 6 809 814 2-s2.0-0027210413 (Pubitemid 23163554)
40. Claassen J., Bernardini G. L., Kreiter K., Bates J., Du Y. E., Copeland D., Connolly E. S., Mayer S. A., Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the fisher scale revisited. Stroke 2001 32 9 2012 2020 2-s2.0-0034820801 (Pubitemid 32868089)
41. Macdonald R. L., Rosengart A., Huo D., Karrison T., Factors associated with the development of vasospasm after planned surgical treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003 99 4 644 652 2-s2.0-0141455207 (Pubitemid 37159040)
42. Smith M. L., Abrahams J. M., Chandela S., Smith M. J., Hurst R. W., Le Roux P. D., Subarachnoid hemorrhage on computed tomography scanning and the development of cerebral vasospasm: the Fisher grade revisited. Surgical Neurology 2005 63 3 229 234 2-s2.0-14044252024 10.1016/j.surneu.2004.06.017 (Pubitemid 40278998)
43. Frontera J. A., Claassen J., Schmidt J. M., Wartenberg K. E., Temes R., Connolly E. S. Jr., MacDonald R. L., Mayer S. A., Prediction of symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the modified fisher scale. Neurosurgery 2006 59 1 21 26 2-s2.0-33745794721 10.1227/01.NEU.0000218821.34014.1B
44. Ko S.-B., Choi H. A., Carpenter A. M., Helbok R., Schmidt J. M., Badjatia N., Claassen J., Connolly E. S., Mayer S. A., Lee K., Quantitative analysis of hemorrhage volume for predicting delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2011 42 3 669 674 2-s2.0-79952069480 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110. 600775
45. Klimo P. Jr., Schmidt R. H., Computed tomography grading schemes used to predict cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a historical review. Neurosurgical Focus 2006 21 3 1 8 2-s2.0-33750596635
46. Allen G. S., Ahn H. S., Preziosi T. J., Cerebral arterial spasm: a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The New England Journal of Medicine 1983 308 11 619 624 2-s2.0-0020660955 (Pubitemid 13152325)
47. van Norden A. G. W., van Dijk G. W., van Huizen M. D., Algra A., Rinkel G. J. E., Interobserver agreement and predictive value for outcome of two rating scales for the amount of extravasated blood after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology 2006 253 9 1217 1220 2-s2.0-33749446645 10.1007/s00415-006-0205-0 (Pubitemid 44511481)
48. Ogilvy C. S., Carter B. S., A proposed comprehensive grading system to predict outcome for surgical management of intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1998 42 5 959 970 2-s2.0-0031969115 10.1097/00006123-199805000-00001 (Pubitemid 28196506)
49. Ibrahim G. M., Weidauer S., Macdonald R. L., Interobserver variability in the interpretation of computed tomography following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2011 115 6 1191 1196 2-s2.0-83055163481 10.3171/2011.7.JNS11725
50. Svensson E., Starmark J.-E., Ekholm S., von Essen C., Johansson A., Analysis of interobserver disagreement in the assessment of subarachnoid blood and acute hydrocephalus on CT scans. Neurological Research 1996 18 6 487 494 2-s2.0-0030463142 (Pubitemid 27009382)
51. Kramer A. H., Hehir M., Nathan B., Gress D., Dumont A. S., Kassell N. F., Bleck T. P., A comparison of 3 radiographic scales for the prediction of delayed ischemia and prognosis following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2008 109 2 199 207 2-s2.0-51449089041 10.3171/JNS/2008/109/8/0199
52. Dupont S. A., Wijdicks E. F. M., Manno E. M., Lanzino G., Rabinstein A. A., Prediction of angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: value of the hijdra sum scoring system. Neurocritical Care 2009 11 2 172 176 2-s2.0-70350564197 10.1007/s12028-009-9247-3
53. van der Jagt M., Hasan D., Bijvoet H. W. C., Pieterman H., Koudstaal P. J., Avezaat C. J. J., Interobserver variability of cisternal blood on CT after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2000 54 11 2156 2158 2-s2.0-0034643823 (Pubitemid 30397220)
54. Rosen D. S., Macdonald R. L., Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review. Neurocritical Care 2005 2 2 110 118 2-s2.0-24644462262 10.1385/NCC:2:2:110 (Pubitemid 41270853)
55. Leffers A.-M., Wagner A., Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography: a retrospective study of complication rate and patient risk factors. Acta Radiologica 2000 41 3 204 210 2-s2.0-0034184627
56. Lysakowski C., Walder B., Costanza M. C., Tramèr M. R., Transcranial Doppler versus angiography in patients with vasospasm due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: a systematic review. Stroke 2001 32 10 2292 2298 2-s2.0-0034793576 (Pubitemid 32954797)
57. Mascia L., Fedorko L., terBrugge K., Filippini C., Pizzio M., Ranieri V. M., Wallace M. C., The accuracy of transcranial Doppler to detect vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intensive Care Medicine 2003 29 7 1088 1094 2-s2.0-0043169324 10.1007/s00134-003-1780-5 (Pubitemid 36918550)
58. Anderson G. B., Ashforth R., Steinke D. E., Findlay J. M., CT angiography for the detection of cerebral vasospasm in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000 21 6 1011 1015 2-s2.0-0034045872 (Pubitemid 30390533)
59. Pham M., Johnson A., Bartsch A. J., Lindner C., Müllges W., Roosen K., Solymosi L., Bendszus M., CT perfusion predicts secondary cerebral infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2007 69 8 762 765 2-s2.0-34548134843 10.1212/01.wnl.0000267641.08958.1b (Pubitemid 47300933)
60. Binaghi S., Colleoni M. L., Maeder P., Uské A., Regli L., Reza Dehdashti A., Schnyder P., Meuli R., CT angiography and perfusion CT in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2007 28 4 750 758 2-s2.0-34247273707 (Pubitemid 46608619)
61. Greenberg E. D., Gold R., Reichman M., John M., Ivanidze J., Edwards A. M., Johnson C. E., Comunale J. P., Sanelli P., Diagnostic accuracy of CT angiography and CT perfusion for cerebral vasospasm: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2010 31 10 1853 1860 2-s2.0-78649682504 10.3174/ajnr.A2246
62. Stevens R. D., Naval N. S., Mirski M. A., Citerio G., Andrews P. J., Intensive care of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an international survey. Intensive Care Medicine 2009 35 9 1556 1566 2-s2.0-69049086548 10.1007/s00134-009-1533-1
63. Lennihan L., Mayer S. A., Fink M. E., Beckford A., Paik M. C., Zhang H., Wu Y.-C., Klebanoff L. M., Raps E. C., Solomon R. A., Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2000 31 2 383 391 2-s2.0-0033965709 (Pubitemid 30078170)
64. Egge A., Waterloo K., Sjøholm H., Solberg T., Ingebrigtsen T., Romner B., Prophylactic hyperdynamic postoperative fluid therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a clinical, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Neurosurgery 2001 49 3 593 606 2-s2.0-0034882492 (Pubitemid 32769748)
65. Wolf S., Routine management of volume status after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care 2011 15 2 275 280 2-s2.0-84855879278 10.1007/s12028-011-9593-9
66. Kassell N. F., Peerless S. J., Durward Q. J., Beck D. W., Drake C. G., Adams H. P., Treatment of ischemic deficits from vasospasm with intravascular volume expansion and induced arterial hypertension. Neurosurgery 1982 11 3 337 343 2-s2.0-0019963372 (Pubitemid 12019403)
67. Mori K., Arai H., Nakajima K., Tajima A., Maeda M., Hemorheological and hemodynamic analysis of hypervolemic hemodilution therapy for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1995 26 9 1620 1626 2-s2.0-0029091465
68. Treggiari M. M., Walder B., Suter P. M., Romand J.-A., Systematic review of the prevention of delayed ischemic neurological deficits with hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution therapy following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003 98 5 978 984 2-s2.0-0037405130 (Pubitemid 36460888)
69. Raabe A., Beck J., Keller M., Vatter H., Zimmermann M., Seifert V., Relative importance of hypertension compared with hypervolemia for increasing cerebral oxygenation in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2005 103 6 974 981 2-s2.0-32044460643 10.3171/jns.2005.103.6.0974 (Pubitemid 43194545)
70. Otsubo H., Takemae T., Inoue T., Kobayashi S., Sugita K., Normovolaemic induced hypertension therapy for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochirurgica 1990 103 1-2 18 26 2-s2.0-0025263963 10.1007/BF01420187 (Pubitemid 20155185)
71. Hoh B. L., Carter B. S., Ogilvy C. S., Risk of hemorrhage from unsecured, unruptured aneurysms during and after hypertensive hypervolemic therapy. Neurosurgery 2002 50 6 1207 1212 2-s2.0-0036626616 10.1097/00006123-200206000- 00006 (Pubitemid 36322760)
72. Bernardini G. L., Mayer S. A., Kossoff S. B., Hacein-Bey L., Solomon R. A., Pile-Spellman J., Anticoagulation and induced hypertension after endovascular treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Critical Care Medicine 2001 29 3 641 644 2-s2.0-0035107467 (Pubitemid 32225310)
73. Platz J., Güresir E., Vatter H., Berkefeld J., Seifert V., Raabe A., Beck J., Unsecured intracranial aneurysms and induced hypertension in cerebral vasospasm: is induced hypertension safe? Neurocritical Care 2011 14 2 168 175 2-s2.0-79955853710 10.1007/s12028-011-9510-2
74. Ekelund A., Reinstrup P., Ryding E., Andersson A.-M., Molund T., Kristiansson K.-A., Romner B., Brandt L., Säveland H., Effects of Iso- and hypervolemic hemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery for patients with vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochirurgica 2002 144 7 703 713 2-s2.0-0036354949 10.1007/s00701-002-0959-9 (Pubitemid 34969553)
75. Jost S. C., Diringer M. N., Zazulia A. R., Videen T. O., Aiyagari V., Grubb R. L., Powers W. J., Effect of normal saline bolus on cerebral blood flow in regions with low baseline flow in patients with vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2005 103 1 25 30 2-s2.0-24944523352 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0025 (Pubitemid 43193930)
76. Tseng M.-Y., Al-Rawi P. G., Czosnyka M., Hutchinson P. J., Richards H., Pickard J. D., Kirkpatrick P. J., Enhancement of cerebral blood flow using systemic hypertonic saline therapy improves outcome in patients with poor-grade spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2007 107 2 274 282 2-s2.0-34547683974 10.3171/JNS-07/08/0274 (Pubitemid 47219369)
77. Tseng M.-Y., Al-Rawi P. G., Pickard J. D., Rasulo F. A., Kirkpatrick P. J., Effect of hypertonic saline on cerebral blood flow in poor-grade patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2003 34 6 1389 1396 2-s2.0-0038798083 10.1161/01.STR.0000071526.45277.44 (Pubitemid 36693503)
78. Tabuchi S., Hirano N., Tanabe M., Kurosaki M., Okamoto H., Kamitani H., Yokota M., Watanabe T., Relationship of hypotension and cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurological Research 2006 28 2 196 199 2-s2.0-33645782202 10.1179/016164105X48761
79. Tummala R. P., Sheth R. N., Heros R. C., Hemodilution and fluid management in neurosurgery. Clinical Neurosurgery 2006 53 238 251 2-s2.0-34248562896
80. Naidech A. M., Drescher J., Ault M. L., Shaibani A., Batjer H. H., Alberts M. J., Higher hemoglobin is associated with less cerebral infarction, poor outcome, and death after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2006 59 4 775 779 2-s2.0-33750044048 10.1227/01.NEU.0000232662.86771.A9 (Pubitemid 44579594)
81. Naidech A. M., Jovanovic B., Wartenberg K. E., Parra A., Ostapkovich N., Connolly E. S., Mayer S. A., Commichau C., Higher hemoglobin is associated with improved outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical Care Medicine 2007 35 10 2383 2389 2-s2.0-34748859202 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284516.17580.2C (Pubitemid 47476238)
82. Smith M. J., Le Roux P. D., Elliott J. P., Winn H. R., Blood transfusion and increased risk for vasospasm and poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2004 101 1 1 7 2-s2.0-3042615238 (Pubitemid 38808453)
83. Levine J., Kofke A., Cen L., Chen Z., Faerber J., Elliott J. P., Winn H. R., Le Roux P., Red blood cell transfusion is associated with infection and extracerebral complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2010 66 2 312 318 2-s2.0-75749119747 10.1227/01.NEU.0000363747.47587.6C
84. Naidech A. M., Shaibani A., Garg R. K., Duran I. M., Liebling S. M., Bassin S. L., Bendok B. R., Bernstein R. A., Batjer H. H., Alberts M. J., Prospective, randomized trial of higher goal hemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care 2010 13 3 313 320 2-s2.0-78649691747 10.1007/s12028-010-9424-4
85. Chittiboina P., Guthikonda B., Wollblad C., Conrad S. A., A computational simulation of the effect of hemodilution on oxygen transport in middle cerebral artery vasospasm. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2011 31 11 2209 2217 2-s2.0-80455174039 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.83
86. Robinson J. S., Walid M. S., Hyun S., O'Connell R., Menard C., Bohleber B., Computational modeling of HHH therapy and impact of blood pressure and hematocrit. World Neurosurgery 2010 74 2-3 294 296 2-s2.0-78650320074 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.02.059
87. Connolly E. S., Rabinstein A. A., Carhuapoma J. R., Derdeyn C. P., Dion J., Higashida R. T., Hoh B. L., Kirkness C. J., Naidech A. M., Ogilvy C. S., Patel A. B., Gregory Thompson B., Vespa P., Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2012 43 6 1711 1737 2-s2.0-84860362289 10.1161/STR.0b013e3182587839
88. Yamakami I., Isobe K., Yamaura A., Effects of intravascular volume expansion on cerebral blood flow in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1987 21 3 303 309 2-s2.0-0023227372 (Pubitemid 17135695)
89. Suarez J. I., Shannon L., Zaida O. O., Suri M. F., Singh G., Lynch G., Selman W. R., Effect of human albumin administration on clinical outcome and hospital cost in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2004 100 4 585 590 2-s2.0-1642352864 (Pubitemid 38372836)
90. Feigin V. L., Rinkel G. J. E., Algra A., Vermeulen M., van Gijn J., Calcium antagonists in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurology 1998 50 4 876 883 2-s2.0-0031922760 (Pubitemid 28212809)
91. Neil-Dwyer G., Mee E., Dorrance D., Lowe D., Early intervention with nimodipine in subarachnoid haemorrhage. European Heart Journal 1987 8 41 47 2-s2.0-0023609013 (Pubitemid 18088397)
92. Petruk K. C., West M., Mohr G., Weir B. K. A., Benoit B. G., Gentili F., Disney L. B., Khan M. I., Grace M., Holness R. O., Karwon M. S., Ford R. M., Cameron G. S., Tucker W. S., Purves G. B., Miller J. D. R., Hunter K. M., Richard M. T., Durity F. A., Chan R., Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988 68 4 505 517 2-s2.0-0023927693
93. Philippon J., Grob R., Dagreou F., Guggiari M., Rivierez M., Viars P., Prevention of vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage. A controlled study with nimodipine. Acta Neurochirurgica 1986 82 3-4 110 114 2-s2.0-0023010681 (Pubitemid 17198717)
94. Pickard J. D., Murray G. D., Illingworth R., Shaw M. D. M., Teasdale G. M., Foy P. M., Humphreys P. R. D., Lang D. A., Nelson R., Richards P., Sinar J., Bailey S., Skene A., Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. British Medical Journal 1989 298 6674 636 642 2-s2.0-0024515530 (Pubitemid 19088521)
95. Dorhout Mees S. M., Rinkel G. J. E., Feigin V. L., Algra A., van den Bergh W. M., Vermeulen M., Van Gijn J., Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007 3 2-s2.0-41749085693 10.1002/14651858.CD000277.pub3 CD000277 (Pubitemid 351805454)
96. Athar M. K., Levine J. M., Treatment options for cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurotherapeutics 2012 9 1 37 43 2-s2.0-84856565407 10.1007/s13311-011-0098-1
97. Bederson J. B., Connolly E. S. Jr., Batjer H. H., Dacey R. G., Dion J. E., Diringer M. N., Duldner J. E. Jr., Harbaugh R. E., Patel A. B., Rosenwasser R. H., Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 2009 40 3 994 1025 2-s2.0-62449310759 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.191395
98. Diringer M. N., Bleck T. P., Hemphill J. C. III, Menon D., Shutter L., Vespa P., Bruder N., Connolly E. S. Jr., Citerio G., Gress D., Hänggi D., Hoh B. L., Lanzino G., Le Roux P., Rabinstein A., Schmutzhard E., Stocchetti N., Suarez J. I., Treggiari M., Tseng M.-Y., Vergouwen M. D. I., Wolf S., Zipfel G., Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: recommendations from the Neurocritical Care Society's Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference. Neurocritical Care 2011 15 2 211 240 2-s2.0-80053131240 10.1007/s12028-011-9605-9
99. Velat G. J., Kimball M. M., Mocco J. D., Hoh B. L., Vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses in the literature. World Neurosurgery 2011 76 5 446 454 2-s2.0-82955242474 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.02.030
100. Zubkov A. Y., Rabinstein A. A., Medical management of cerebral vasospasm: present and future. Neurological Research 2009 31 6 626 631 2-s2.0-68149159152 10.1179/174313209X382331
101. Liao J. K., Laufs U., Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2005 45 89 118 2-s2.0-10644286120 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095748 (Pubitemid 40261799)
102. Laufs U., la Fata V., Liao J. K., Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase blocks hypoxia-mediated down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997 272 50 31725 31729 2-s2.0-0031451344 10.1074/jbc.272.50.31725 (Pubitemid 28013321)
103. O'Driscoll G., Green D., Taylor R. R., Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 1997 95 5 1126 1131 2-s2.0-0031032831 (Pubitemid 27097821)
104. McGirt M. J., Lynch J. R., Parra A., Sheng H., Pearlstein R. D., Laskowitz D. T., Pelligrino D. A., Warner D. S., Simvastatin increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase and ameliorates cerebral vasospasm resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2002 33 12 2950 2956 2-s2.0-0036901538 10.1161/01.STR.0000038986.68044.39 (Pubitemid 35462871)
105. Chou S. H.-Y., Smith E. E., Badjatia N., Nogueira R. G., Sims J. R., Ogilvy C. S., Rordorf G. A., Ayata C., A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2008 39 10 2891 2893 2-s2.0-54049100378 10.1161/STROKEAHA. 107.505875
106. Lynch J. R., Wang H., McGirt M. J., Floyd J., Friedman A. H., Coon A. L., Blessing R., Alexander M. J., Graffagnino C., Warner D. S., Laskowitz D. T., Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2005 36 9 2024 2026 2-s2.0-24644488726 10.1161/01.STR.0000177879.11607.10 (Pubitemid 41266547)
107. Tseng M.-Y., Czosnyka M., Richards H., Pickard J. D., Kirkpatrick P. J., Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2005 36 8 1627 1632 2-s2.0-23244432198 10.1161/01.STR.0000176743.67564.5d (Pubitemid 41098752)
108. Vergouwen M. D. I., Meijers J. C., Geskus R. B., Coert B. A., Horn J., Stroes E. S., Van Der Poll T., Vermeulen M., Roos Y. B., Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2009 29 8 1444 1453 2-s2.0-68249116977 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.59
109. Kern M., Lam M. M. F., Knuckey N. W., Lind C. R. P., Statins may not protect against vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2009 16 4 527 530 2-s2.0-61449122908 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.08.001
110. Kerz T., Victor A., Beyer C., Trapp I., Heid F., Reisch R., A case control study of statin and magnesium administration in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia and mortality. Neurological Research 2008 30 9 893 897 2-s2.0-57349138312 10.1179/174313208X338034
111. Kramer A. H., Gurka M. J., Nathan B., Dumont A. S., Kassell N. F., Bleck T. P., Statin use was not associated with less vasospasm or improved outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2008 62 2 422 427 2-s2.0-41749089775 10.1227/01.neu.0000316009.19012.e3
112. McGirt M. J., Garces Ambrossi G. L., Huang J., Tamargo R. J., Simvastatin for the prevention of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single-institution prospective cohort study: clinical article. Journal of Neurosurgery 2009 110 5 968 974 2-s2.0-66849109427 10.3171/2008.10.JNS08901
113. Moskowitz S. I., Ahrens C., Provencio J. J., Chow M., Rasmussen P. A., Prehemorrhage statin use and the risk of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surgical Neurology 2009 71 3 311 317 2-s2.0-60649114882 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.12.027
114. Singhal A. B., Topcuoglu M. A., Dorer D. J., Ogilvy C. S., Carter B. S., Koroshetz W. J., SSRI and statin use increases the risk for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2005 64 6 1008 1013 2-s2.0-15244349864 (Pubitemid 40388453)
115. Sillberg V. A. H., Wells G. A., Perry J. J., Do statins improve outcomes and reduce the incidence of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2008 39 9 2622 2626 2-s2.0-52449131147 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.508341
116. Kramer A. H., Fletcher J. J., Statins in the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocritical Care 2010 12 2 285 296 2-s2.0-77953613257 10.1007/s12028-009-9306- 9
117. Vergouwen M. D. I., de Haan R. J., Vermeulen M., Roos Y. B. W. E. M., Effect of statin treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and functional outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Stroke 2010 41 1 e47 e52 2-s2.0-74049099000 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556332
118. McLean R. M., Magnesium and its therapeutic uses: a review. The American Journal of Medicine 1994 96 1 63 76 2-s2.0-0028118397 10.1016/0002-9343(94) 90117-1 (Pubitemid 24043654)
119. Muir K. W., Magnesium for neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke: rationale for use and evidence of effectiveness. CNS Drugs 2001 15 12 921 930 2-s2.0-0035666857 (Pubitemid 34017001)
120. Pyne G. J., Cadoux-Hudson T. A. D., Clark J. F., Magnesium protection against in vitro cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2001 15 5 409 415 2-s2.0-0035489362 10.1080/ 02688690120082413 (Pubitemid 33701900)
121. Choi D. W., Rothman S. M., The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1990 13 171 182 2-s2.0-0025265926 (Pubitemid 20100647)
122. Johnson J. W., Ascher P., Voltage-dependent block by intracellular
123. Boet R., Mee E., Magnesium sulfate in the management of patients with fisher grade 3 subarachnoid hemorrhage: a pilot study. Neurosurgery 2000 47 3 602 607 2-s2.0-0034521189 (Pubitemid 32044706)
124. Chia R. Y., Hughes R. S., Morgan M. K., Magnesium: a useful adjunct in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2002 9 3 279 281 2-s2.0-0036345421 10.1054/jocn.2001.1039
125. Muroi C., Terzic A., Fortunati M., Yonekawa Y., Keller E., Magnesium sulfate in the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-adapted trial. Surgical Neurology 2008 69 1 33 39 2-s2.0-36549001723 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.07.015 (Pubitemid 350181007)
126. Schmid-Elsaesser R., Kunz M., Zausinger S., Prueckner S., Briegel J., Steiger H.-J., Intravenous magnesium versus nimodipine in the treatment of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study. Neurosurgery 2006 58 6 1054 1064 2-s2.0-33745080866 10.1227/01.NEU.0000215868. 40441.D9
127. van den Bergh W. M., Albrecht K. W., Berkelbach van der Sprenkel J. W., Rinkel G. J. E., Magnesium therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage a dose-finding study for long term treatment. Acta Neurochirurgica 2003 145 3 195 199 2-s2.0-0346034772 10.1007/s00701-002-1064-9 (Pubitemid 36359700)
128. van den Bergh W. M., Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2005 36 5 1011 1015 2-s2.0-18244400236 10.1161/01.STR.0000160801.96998.57 (Pubitemid 40629294)
129. Veyna R. S., Seyfried D., Burke D. G., Zimmerman C., Mlynarek M., Nichols V., Marrocco A., Thomas A. J., Mitsias P. D., Malik G. M., Magnesium sulfate therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2002 96 3 510 514 2-s2.0-0036125842 (Pubitemid 34230205)
130. Wong G. K. C., Chan M. T. V., Boet R., Poon W. S., Gin T., Intravenous magnesium sulfate after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized pilot study. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2006 18 2 142 148 2-s2.0-33646848055 10.1097/00008506-200604000-00009 (Pubitemid 44510114)
131. Wong G. K. C., Poon W. S., Chan M. T. V., Boet R., Gin T., Ng S. C. P., Zee B. C. Y., Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke 2010 41 5 921 926 2-s2.0-77951766835 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571125
132. Westermaier T., Stetter C., Vince G. H., Pham M., Tejon J. P., Eriskat J., Kunze E., Matthies C., Ernestus R.-I., Solymosi L., Roosen K., Prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulfate for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical study. Critical Care Medicine 2010 38 5 1284 1290 2-s2.0-77951622468 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d9da1e
133. Yanagisawa M., Kurihara H., Kimura S., Tomobe Y., Kobayashi M., Mitsui Y., Goto K., Masaki T., Yazaki Y., A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988 332 6163 411 415 2-s2.0-0023859136 (Pubitemid 18090241)
134. Kobayashi H., Hayashi M., Kobayashi S., Kabuto M., Handa Y., Kawano H., Effect of endothelin on the canine basilar artery. Neurosurgery 1990 27 3 357 361 2-s2.0-0025083304 (Pubitemid 20294089)
135. Papadopoulos S. M., Gilbert L. L., Webb R. C., D'Amato C. J., Characterization of contractile responses to endothelin in human cerebral arteries: implications for cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 1990 26 5 810 815 2-s2.0-0025268706 (Pubitemid 20152611)
136. Suzuki R., Masaoka H., Hirata Y., Marumo F., Isotani E., Hirakawa K., The role of endothelin-1 in the origin of cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 1992 77 1 96 100 2-s2.0-0026755699
137. MacDonald R. L., Kassell N. F., Mayer S., Ruefenacht D., Schmiedek P., Weidauer S., Frey A., Roux S., Pasqualin A., Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke 2008 39 11 3015 3021 2-s2.0-55749089548 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108. 519942
138. Macdonald R. L., Higashida R. T., Keller E., Mayer S. A., Molyneux A., Raabe A., Vajkoczy P., Wanke I., Bach D., Frey A., Nowbakht P., Roux S., Kassell N., Randomized trial of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing endovascular coiling. Stroke 2012 43 6 1463 1469 2-s2.0-84857854226 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.648980
139. Macdonald R. L., Pluta R. M., Zhang J. H., Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the emerging revolution. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 2007 3 5 256 263 2-s2.0-34248524672 10.1038/ncpneuro0490 (Pubitemid 46745473)