Detection of potentially hazardous convective clouds with a dual-polarized C-band radar

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

Volumn 6, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 2741-2760

  Adachi, A ^a   Kobayashi, T ^a,b   Yamauchi, H ^a   Onogi, S ^a  

^a METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Japan)

^b CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; CUMULUS; DATA SET; DETECTION METHOD; FREEZING; HAIL; POLARIZATION; RADAR; RAINFALL; REFLECTIVITY;

EID: 84886477714     PISSN: 18671381     EISSN: 18678548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/amt-6-2741-2013     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Anagnostou, E. N., Anagnostou, M. N., Krajewski, W. F., Kruger, A., and Miriovsky, B. J.: High-resolution rainfall estimation from X-band polarimetric radar measurements, J. Hydrol., 5, 110-128, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2004)0052.0. co;2, 2004. (Pubitemid 38381929)
2. Battaglia, A., Rustemeier, E., Tokay, A., Blahak, U., and Simmer, C.: PARSIVEL snow observations: A critical assessment, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 333-344, doi:10.1175/2009jtecha1332.1, 2010.
3. Beard, K. V. and Chuang, C.: A new model for the equilibrium shape of raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1509-1524, 1987.
4. Borga, M., Anagnostou, E. N., Blöschl, G., and Creutin, J.-D.: Flash flood forecasting, warning and risk management: the HYDRATE project, Environ. Sci. Policy, 14, 834-844, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2011.05.017, 2011.
5. Boudevillain, B. and Andrieu, H.: Assessment of vertically integrated liquid (VIL) water content radar measurement, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 20, 807-819, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2003)0202.0.co;2, 2003. (Pubitemid 36844880)
6. Boudevillain, B., Andrieu, H., and Chaumerliac, N.: Evaluation of RadVil, a radar-based very short-term rainfall forecasting model, J. Hydrol., 7, 178-189, doi:10.1175/jhm481.1, 2006.
7. Brandes, E. A., Vivekanandan, J., Tuttle, J. D., and Kessinger, C. J.: A study of thunderstorm microphysics with multiparameter radar and aircraft observations, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 3129-3143, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1995) 1232.0.co;2, 1995.
8. Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J.: Experiments in Rainfall Estimation with a Polarimetric Radar in a Subtropical Environment, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 674-685, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)0412.0.co;2, 2002.
9. Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J.: Drop size distribution retrieval with polarimetric radar: Model and application, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 461-475, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)0432.0.co;2, 2004. (Pubitemid 38463260)
10. Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J.: Corrigendum, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, p. 186, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2005)442.0.co;2, 2005.
11. Brauer, C. C., Teuling, A. J., Overeem, A., van der Velde, Y., Hazenberg, P., Warmerdam, P. M. M., and Uijlenhoet, R.: Anatomy of extraordinary rainfall and flash flood in a Dutch lowland catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1991-2005, doi:10.5194/hess-15-1991-2011, 2011.
12. Bringi, V. N. and Chandrasekar, V.: Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar: Principles and Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
13. Bringi, V. N., Chandrasekar, V., Balakrishnan, N., and Zrníc, D. S.: An examination of propagation effects in rainfall on radar measurements at microwave frequencies, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 7, 829-840, doi:10.1175/1520- 0426(1990)0072.0.co;2, 1990.
14. Bringi, V. N., Burrows, D. A., and Menon, S. M.: Multiparameter radar and aircraft study of raindrop spectral evolution in warm-based clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 853-880, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1991)0302.0.co;2, 1991.
15. Byers, H. R., Roscoe, R., and Braham, J.: The Thunderstorm, report of the thunderstorm project, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 287 pp., 1949.
16. Chandrasekar, V. and Philips, B.: Dallas Fort Worth urban demonstration network, 7th European Conf. on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology, Toulouse, France, 2012.
17. Chandrasekar, V., Bringi, V. N., Balakrishnan, N., and Zrníc, D. S.: Error structure of multiparameter radar and surface measurements of rainfall, Part III: Specific differential phase, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 7, 621-629, 1990.
18. Cifelli, R., Chandrasekar, V., Lim, S., Kennedy, P. C.,Wang, Y., and Rutledge, S. A.: A new dual-polarization radar rainfall algorithm: Application in Colorado precipitation events, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 28, 352-364, doi:10.1175/2010jtecha1488.1, 2011.
19. Conway, J. W. and Zrníc, D. S.: A study of embryo production and hail growth using dual-doppler and multiparameter radars, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 2511-2528, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)1212.0.co;2, 1993. (Pubitemid 24398909)
20. Cressman, G. P.: An operational objective analysis system, Mon. Weather Rev., 87, 367-374, 1959.
21. Foote, G. B. and du Toit, P. S.: Terminal velocity of raindrops aloft, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 249-253, 1969.
22. Glickman, T. S.: Glossary of Meteorology, 2nd Edn., Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 855 pp., 2000.
23. Goddard, J.W. F., Tan, J., and Thurai, M.: Technique for calibration of meteorological radars using differential phase, Electron. Lett., 30, 166-167, 1994.
24. Golestani, Y., Chandrasekar, V., and Bringi, V. N.: Intercomparison of multiparameter radar measurements, Preprints of 24th Conf. on radar meteorology, Tallahassee, Florida, 1989.
25. Gorgucci, E., Scarchilli, G., and Chandrasekar, V.: A robust estimator of rainfall rate using differential reflectivity, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 11, 586-592, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1994)0112.0.co;2, 1994.
26. Gourley, J. J., Tabary, P., and Parent du Chatelet, J.: Data quality of the Meteo-France C-band polarimetric radar, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1340-1356, doi:10.1175/jtech1912.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 44660327)
27. Gourley, J. J., Illingworth, A. J., and Tabary, P.: Absolute calibration of radar reflectivity using redundancy of the polarization observations and implied constraints on drop shapes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 689-703, 10.1175/2008jtecha1152.1, 2009.
28. Greene, D. R. and Clark, R. A.: Vertically integrated liquid water-A new analysis tool, Mon. Weather Rev., 100, 548-552, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)1002. 3.co;2, 1972.
29. Gunn, R. and Kinzer, G. D.: The terminal velocity of fall for water drops in stagnant air, J. Meteorol., 6, 243-248, 1949.
30. Hitschfeld,W. and Bordan, J.: Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths, J. Meteorol., 11, 58-67, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1954)0112.0.co;2, 1954.
31. Hubbert, J. and Bringi, V. N.: An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequency radar measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 12, 643-648, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1995)0122.0.co;2, 1995.
32. Hubbert, J., Bringi, V. N., Carey, L. D., and Bolen, S.: CSUCHILL polarimetric radar measurements from a severe hail storm in eastern Colorado, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 749-775, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1998)0372.0.co;2, 1998.
33. Illingworth, A. J.: Improved precipitation rates and data quality by using polarimetric measurements, in: Weather radar: Principles and advanced applications, edited by: Meischner, P., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 337 pp., 2004.
34. Illingworth, A. J. and Blackman, T. M.: The need to represent raindrop size spectra as normalized gamma distributions for the interpretation of polarization radar observations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 286-297, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)0412.0.co;2, 2002. (Pubitemid 34834386)
35. Illingworth, A. J. and Thompson, R. J.: The estimation of moderate rain rates with operational polarisation radar, 32nd Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Albuquerque, 2005.
36. Jameson, A. R.: The effect of temperature on attenuation-correction schemes in rain using polarization propagation differential phase shift, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 1106-1118, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)0312.0.co;2, 1992. (Pubitemid 23378466)
37. JMA: Japan Meteorologocal Agency, Earthquake Early Warnings: http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/eew.html (last access: 15 March 2013), 2007.
38. Johnson, J. T., MacKeen, P. L., Witt, A., Mitchell, E. D. W., Stumpf, G. J., Eilts, M. D., and Thomas, K. W.: The storm cell identification and tracking algorithm: An enhanced WSR-88D algorithm, Weather Forecast., 13, 263-276, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1998)0132.0.co;2, 1998. (Pubitemid 29120682)
39. Joss, J. andWaldvogel, D.: Raindrop size distributions and Doppler velocities, 14th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Tucson, AZ, 153-156, 1970.
40. Kawabata, T., Kuroda, T., Seko, H., and Saito, K.: A cloudresolving 4DVAR assimilation experiment for a local heavy rainfall event in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 1911-1931, doi:10.1175/2011mwr3428.1, 2011.
41. Knight, C. A.: Very early formation of big, liquid drops revealed by ZDR in continental cumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1939-1953, doi:10.1175/jas3721.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 44184035)
42. Kobayashi, T. and Adachi, A.: Measurements of raindrop breakup by using UHF wind profilers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4071-4047, 2001.
43. Kumjian, M. R., Ryzhkov, A. V., Melnikov, V. M., and Schuur, T. J.: Rapid-scan super-resolution observations of a cyclic supercell with a dual-polarization WSR-88D, Mon.Weather Rev., 138, 3762-3786, doi:10.1175/2010mwr3322.1, 2010.
44. Lakshmanan, V., Smith, T., Hondl, K., Stumpf, G. J., and Witt, A.: A real-time, three-dimensional, rapidly updating, heterogeneous radar merger technique for reflectivity, velocity, and derived products, Weather Forecast., 21, 802-823, doi:10.1175/waf942.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 44660379)
45. Lanza, L., Leroy, M., van der Meulen, J., and Ondras, M.: The WMO laboratory intercomparison of rainfall intensity gauges, Instruments and observing methods, WMO, Geneva, 139 pp., 2006.
46. Li, L., Schmid, W., and Joss, J.: Nowcasting of motion and growth of precipitation with radar over a complex orography, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 1286-1300, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1995)0342.0.co;2, 1995. (Pubitemid 26440847)
47. Liguori, S. and Rico-Ramirez, M. A.: Quantitative assessment of short-term rainfall forecasts from radar nowcasts and MM5 forecasts, Hydrol. Process., 26, 3842-3857, doi:10.1002/hyp.8415, 2012.
48. Löffler-Mang, M., and Joss, J.: An optical disdrometer for measuring size and velocity of hydrometeors, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 130-139, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)0172.0.co;2, 2000. (Pubitemid 30244819)
49. Loney, M. L., Zrníc, D. S., Straka, J. M., and Ryzhkov, A. V.: Enhanced polarimetric radar signatures above the melting level in a supercell storm, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 1179-1194, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)0412.0. co;2, 2002. (Pubitemid 36128994)
50. Maki, M., Misumi, R., Suzuki, S., Kobayashi, T., Adachi, A., Nakamura, I., and TOMAX members,: Tokyo metropolitan area convection study for extreme weather resilient cities (TOMACS), 7th European Conf. on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology, Toulouse, France, 2012.
51. Mishchenko, M. I. and Travis, L. D.: T-matrix computations of light scattering by large spheroidal particles, Opt. Commun., 109, 16-21, 1994.
52. Nemeth, K.: OTT Pluvio2: Weighing precipitation gauge and advances in precipitation measurement technology, TECO-2008-WMO Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation (TECO-2008), Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 2008.
53. Picca, J. and Ryzhkov, A.: A dual-wavelength polarimetric analysis of the 16 May 2010 Oklahoma city extreme hailstorm, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 1385-1403, doi:10.1175/mwr-d-11-00112.1, 2011.
54. Rutledge, S. A. and Hobbs, P. V.: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in Midlatitude cyclones, XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949-2972, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)0412.0. co;2, 1984.
55. Ruzanski, E. and Chandrasekar, V.: An investigation of the shortterm predictability of precipitation using high-resolution composite radar observations, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 912-925, doi:10.1175/jamc-d-11-069. 1, 2012.
56. Ruzanski, E., Chandrasekar, V., and Wang, Y.: The CASA nowcasting system, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 28, 640-655, doi:10.1175/2011jtecha1496.1, 2011.
57. Ryzhkov, A. V., Schuur, T. J., Burgess, D. W., and Zrníc, D. S.: Polarimetric tornado detection, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 557-570, doi:10.1175/jam2235.1, 2005. (Pubitemid 41030138)
58. Ryzhkov, A. V., Giangrande, S., Khain, A., Pinsky, M., and Pokrovsky, A.: Polarimetric characteristics of melting hail at S and C bands, available online at: http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/155571.pdf, Proc. 34th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Williamsburg, 2009.
59. Sachidananda, M. and Zrníc, D. S.: ZDR measurement considerations for a fast scan capability radar, Radio Sci., 20, 907-922, 1985.
60. Sachidananda, M. and Zrníc, D. S.: Rain rate estimates from differential polarization measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 4, 588-598, 1987.
61. Sánchez, J. R.: Multi-sensor measurements of raindrop size distribution at NASA Wallops Flight Facility, in: Study of the variability of the rainfall microstructure: a comparision using multisensor measurements, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers de Camins, Canals i Ports de Barcelona, 22-48, 2006.
62. Scharfenberg, K. A., Miller, D. J., Schuur, T. J., Schlatter, P. T., Giangrande, S. E., Melnikov, V. M., Burgess, D. W., Andra, D. L., Foster, M. P., and Krause, J. M.: The Joint Polarization Experiment: Polarimetric radar in forecasting and warning decision making, Weather Forecast., 20, 775-788, doi:10.1175/waf881.1, 2005. (Pubitemid 41694305)
63. Seed, A.W.: STEPS: an empirical treatment of forecast uncertainty, in: Hydrometeorological Applications of Weather and Climate Modelling: extended abstracts of presentations at the seventeenth annual BMRC Modelling Workshop, 3-6 October 2005, BMRC Research report, edited by: Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Australia, 131-137, 2005.
64. Sugier, J., Tabary, P., Gourley, J., and Fredrich, K.: Evaluation of dual-polarisation technology at C-band for operational weather radar network, OPERA 2, Work Packages 1.4 and 1.5, Deliverable b, http://www.knmi.nl/opera/ opera2/OPERA200605Evaluationofdualpolarizationtechnology.pdf, last access: 15 March 2013, 44 pp., 2006.
65. Tapiador, F. J., Checa, R., and de Castro, M.: An experiment to measure the spatial variability of rain drop size distribution using sixteen laser disdrometers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16803, doi:10.1029/2010gl044120, 2010.
66. Thurai, M., Petersen, W. A., Tokay, A., Schultz, C., and Gatlin, P.: Drop size distribution comparisons between Parsivel and 2-D video disdrometers, Adv. Geosci., 30, 3-9, doi:10.5194/adgeo-30-3-2011, 2011.
67. Thurai, M., Bringi, V. N., Carey, L. D., Gatlin, P., Schultz, E., and Petersen, W. A.: Estimating the accuracy of polarimetric radar-based retrievals of drop-size distribution parameters and rain rate: An application of error variance separation using radar-derived spatial correlations, J. Hydrol., 13, 1066-1079, 10.1175/jhm-d-11-070.1, 2012.
68. Tokay, A., Petersen, W. A., Gatlin, P., and Wingo, M.: Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 1672-1690, doi:10.1175/jtech-d-12-00163.1, 2013.
69. Vulpiani, G., Montopoli, M., Passeri, L. D., Gioia, A. G., Giordano, P., and Marzano, F. S.: On the use of dual-polarized C-band radar for operational rainfall retrieval in mountainous areas, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 405-425, doi:10.1175/jamc-d-10-05024.1, 2012.
70. White, A. B., Gottas, D. J., Strem, E. T., Ralph, M., and Neiman, P. J.: An automated brightband height detection algorithm for use with Doppler radar spectral moments, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 687-697, 2002. (Pubitemid 34657940)
71. Wilson, J. W., Ebert, E. E., Saxen, T. R., Roberts, R. D., Mueller, C. K., Sleigh, M., Pierce, C. E., and Seed, A.: Sydney 2000 forecast demonstration project: Convective storm nowcasting, Weather Forecast., 19, 131-150, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)0192.0.co;2, 2004. (Pubitemid 38371162)
72. Yamauchi, H., Adachi, A., Kobayashi, T., Inoue, H., Onogi, S., Yamada, A., and Iizuka, H.: Validation of optical disdrometers by comparing with weighing precipitation gauge and tipping bucket rain gauge, Autumn meeting of Meteor. Soc. of Japan, Fukuoka, 2009.
73. Yamauchi, H., Adachi, A., Suzuki, O., and Kobayashi, T.: Precipitation estimate of a heavy rain event using a C-band solid-state polarimetric radar, 7th European Conf. on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology, Toulouse, France, 2012.
74. Zrníc, D. S., Keenan, T. D., Carey, L. D., and May, P.: Sensitivity analysis of polarimetric variables at a 5-cm wavelength in rain, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1514-1526, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2000)0392.0.co;2, 2000.