Imaging structural and functional brain networks in temporal lobe epilepsy

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue OCT, 2013, Pages

  Bernhardt, Boris C ^a,b   Hong, Seokjun ^a   Bernasconi, Andrea ^a   Bernasconi, Neda ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Connectivity; Connectome; Graph theory; MRI; TLE

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CORTICAL THICKNESS (BRAIN); DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DISEASE COURSE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; SEIZURE; TEMPORAL LOBE; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 84886423469     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00624     Document Type: Article

References (208)

1. Ahmadi, M. E., Hagler, D. J. Jr., Mcdonald, C. R., Tecoma, E. S., Iragui, V. J., Dale, A.M., et al. (2009). Side matters: diffusion tensor imaging tractography in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 30, 1740-1747. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1650
2. Alexander-Bloch, A., Giedd, J. N., and Bullmore, E. (2013). Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 322-336. doi: 10.1038/ nrn3465
3. Alexander-Bloch, A. F., Gogtay, N., Meunier, D., Birn, R., Clasen, L., Lalonde, F., et al. (2010). Disrupted modularity and local connectivity of brain functional networks in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 4:147. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2010.00147
4. Arfanakis, K., Hermann, B. P., Rogers, P., Carew, J. D., Seidenberg, M., and Meyerand, M. E. (2002). Diffusion tensor MRI in temporal lobe epilepsy. Magn. Reson. Imaging 20, 511-519. doi: 10.1016/S0730- 725X(02)00509-X
5. Avoli, M., and Gloor, P. (1982). Interaction of cortex and thalamus in spike and wave discharges of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. Exp. Neurol. 76, 196-217. doi: 10.1016/0014-4886(82)90112-1
6. Babb, T. L., and Brown, W. J. (1987). Pathological findings in epilepsy, in Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies, ed J. Engel Jr. (New York, NY: Raven), 511-540.
7. Babb, T. L., Kupfer, W. R., Pretorius, J. K., Crandall, P. H., and Levesque, M. F. (1991). Synaptic reorganization by mossy fibers in human epileptic fascia dentata. Neuroscience 42, 351-363. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90380-7
8. Bassett, D. S., Bullmore, E., Verchinski, A., Mattay, V. S., Weinberger, R., and Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia. J. Neurosci. 28, 9239-9248. doi: 10.1523/JNEUR0SCI.1929-08.2008
9. Bassett, D. S., and Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011). Understanding complexity in the human brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 200-209. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.006
10. Bassett, D. S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Achard, S., Duke, T., and Bullmore, E., (2006). Adaptive reconfiguration of fractal small-world human brain functional networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 19518-19523. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606005103
11. Bear, J., Fountain, N. B., and Lothman, W. (1996). Responses of the superficial entorhinal cortex in vitro in slices from naive and chronically epileptic rats. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 2928-2940.
12. Beaulieu, C. (2002). The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 435-455. doi: 10.1002/nbm.782
13. Behrens, T. E., Johansen-Berg, H., Woolrich, M. W., Smith, S. M., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A., Boulby, P. A., et al. (2003). Non-invasive mapping ofconnections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 750-757. doi: 10.1038/nn1075
14. Bernasconi, N., Andermann, F., Arnold, D. L., and Bernasconi, A. (2003a). Entorhinal cortex MRI assessment in temporal, extratemporal, and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 44, 1070-1074. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.64802.x
15. Bernasconi, N., Bernasconi, A., Caramanos, Z., Antel, S. B., Andermann, F., and Arnold, D. L. (2003b). Mesial temporal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy: a volumetric MRI study of the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal region. Brain 126, 462-469. doi: 10.1093/brain/ awg034
16. Bernasconi, N., Bernasconi, A., Caramanos, Z., Dubeau, F., Richardson, J., Andermann, F., et al. (2001). Entorhinal cortex atrophy in epilepsy patients exhibiting normal hippocampal volumes. Neurology 56, 1335-1339. doi: 10.1212/WNL.56.10.1335
17. Bernasconi, N., Duchesne, S., Janke, A., Lerch, J., Collins, D. L., and Bernasconi, A. (2004). Whole-brain voxel-based statistical analysis of gray matter and white matter in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage 23, 717-723. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.015
18. Bernhardt, B. C., Bernasconi, N., Concha, L., and Bernasconi, A. Cortical thickness analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy: reproducibility and relation to outcome. Neurology 74, 1776-1784. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e0f80a
19. Bernhardt, B. C., Bernasconi, N., Kim, H., and Bernasconi, A. (2012). Mapping thalamocortical network pathology in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 78, 129-136. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823efd0d
20. Bernhardt, B. C., Chen, Z., He, Y., Evans, A. C., and Bernasconi, N. (2011). Graph-theoretical analysis reveals disrupted small- world organization of cortical thickness correlation networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cereb. Cortex 21, 2147-2157. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq291
21. Bernhardt, B. C., Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., and Singer, T. (2013). Structural covariance networks of dorsal anterior insula predict females' individual differences in empathic responding. Cereb. Cortex doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht072. [Epub ahead of print].
22. Bernhardt, B. C., Kim, H., Bernasconi, N. (in press). Patterns of subregional disease progression in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology.
23. Bernhardt, B. C., Worsley, K. J., Besson, P., Concha, L., Lerch, J. P., Evans, C., et al. (2008). Mapping limbic network organization in temporal lobe epilepsy using mor- phometric correlations: insights on the relation between mesiotempo- ral connectivity and cortical atrophy. Neuroimage 42, 515-524. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.261
24. Bernhardt, B. C., Worsley, K. J., Kim, H, Evans, A. C., Bernasconi, A., and Bernasconi, N. (2009). Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of atrophy in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 72, 1747-1754. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl. 0000345969.57574.f5
25. Bertram, E. H. (1997). Functional anatomy of spontaneous seizures in a rat model of limbic epilepsy. Epilepsia 38, 95-105. doi: 10.1111/j. 1528-1157.1997.tb01083.x
26. Bertram, E. H., Mangan, P. S., Zhang, D., Scott, C. A., and Williamson, J. M. (2001). The midline thalamus: alterations and a potential role in limbic epilepsy. Epilepsia 42, 967-978. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157. 2001.042008967.x
27. Bettus, G., Guedj, E., Joyeux, F., Confort-Gouny, S., Soulier, E.,Laguitton, V., et al. (2009). Decreased basal fMRI functional connectivity in epileptogenic networks and contralateral compensatory mechanisms. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 1580-1591. doi: 10.1002/ hbm.20625
28. Bettus, G., Ranjeva, J. P., Wendling, F., Benar, C. G., Confort-Gouny, S., Regis, J., et al. (2011). Interictal functional connectivity of human epileptic networks assessed by intracerebral EEG and BOLD signal fluctuations. PLoS ONE 6:e20071. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020071
29. Biswal, B., Yetkin, F. Z., Haughton, V. M., and Hyde, J. S. (1995). Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 34, 537-541. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910340409
30. Biswal, B. B., Mennes, M., Zuo, X. N., Gohel, S., Kelly, C., Smith, S. M., et al. (2010). Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 4734-4739. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0911855107
31. Blanc, F., Martinian, L., Liagkouras, I., Catarino, C., Sisodiya, S. M., and Thom, M. (2011). Investigation of widespread neocortical pathology associated with hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a postmortem study. Epilepsia 52, 10-21. doi: 10.1111/j. 1528-1167.2010.02773.x
32. Blumcke, I., Thom, M., and Wiestler, O. (2002). Ammon's horn sclerosis: a maldevelopmental disorder associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. BrainPathol. 12, 199-211.
33. Bock, N. A., Hashim, E., Janik, R., Konyer, N. B., Weiss, M., Stanisz, G. J., et al. (2013). Optimizing T(1)-weighted imaging of cortical myelin content at 3.0T. Neuroimage 65, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.051
34. Bonilha, L., Nesland, T., Martz, G. U., Joseph, J. E., Spampinato, M. V., Edwards, J. C., et al. (2012). Medial temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with neuronal fibre loss and paradoxical increase in structural connectivity of limbic structures. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 83, 903-909. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012- 302476
35. Bonilha, L., Rorden, C., Castellano, G.,Pereira, F., Rio, P. A., Cendes, F., et al. (2004). Voxel-based morphometry reveals gray matter network atrophy in refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 61, 1379-1384. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.9.1379
36. Bonilha, L., Rorden, C., Halford, J. J., Eckert, M., Appenzeller, S., Cendes, F., et al. (2007a). Asymmetrical extra-hippocampal grey matter loss related to hippocampal atrophy in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 78, 286-294. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.103994
37. Bonilha, L., Yasuda, C. L., Rorden, C., Li, L. M., Tedeschi, H., De Oliveira, et al. (2007b). Does resection of the medial temporal lobe improve the outcome of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery? Epilepsia 571-578. doi: 10.1111/j.1528- 1167.2006.00958.x
38. Bothwell, S., Meredith, G. E., Phillips, J., Staunton, H., Doherty, C., Grigorenko, E., et al. (2001). Neuronal hypertrophy in the neocortex of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 21, 4789-4800.
39. Buckner, R. L., and Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004
40. Buckner, R. L., Sepulcre, J., Talukdar, T., Krienen, F. M., Liu, H., Hedden, T., et al. (2009). Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 29, 1860-1873. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5062-08.2009
41. Bullmore, E., and Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 186-198. doi: 10.1038/nrn2575
42. Bullmore, E., and Sporns, O. (2012). The economy of brain network organization. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 336-349. doi: 10.1038/nrn3214
43. Bullmore, E. T., and Bassett, D. S. (2011). Brain graphs: graphical models of the human brain con- nectome. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 113-140. doi: 10.1146/annurev- clinpsy-040510-143934
44. Bullmore, E. T., Woodruff, P. W., Wright, I. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Howard, R. J., Shuriquie, N., et al. (1998). Does dysplasia cause anatomical dyscon- nectivity in schizophrenia? Schizophr. Res. 30, 127-135. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00141-2
45. Cascino, G. D. (2009). Temporal lobe epilepsy is a progressive neurologic disorder: time means neurons! Neurology 72, 1718-1719. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a4e465
46. Cascino, G. D., Jack, C. R. Jr., Parisi, J., Sharbrough, F. W., Hirschorn, K. A., Meyer, F. B., et al. (1991). Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations. Ann. Neurol. 30, 31-36. doi: 10.1002/ana.410300107
47. Cassidy, R. M., and Gale, K. (1998). Mediodorsal thalamus plays a critical role in the development of limbic motor seizures. J. Neurosci. 18, 9002-9009.
48. Cavalheiro, E. A., Leite, J. P., Bortolotto, Z. A., Turski, W. A., Ikonomidou, C., and Turski, L. (1991). Longterm effects of pilocarpine in rats: structural damage of the brain triggers kindling and spontaneous recurrent seizures. Epilepsia 32, 778-782. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05533.x
49. Cavanagh, J. B., and Meyer, A. (1956). Aetiological aspects of Ammon's horn sclerosis associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 2, 1403-1407. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5006.1403
50. Cavazos, J. E., Zhang, P., Qazi, R., and Sutula, T. P. (2003). Ultrastructural features of sprouted mossy fiber synapses in kindled and kainic acid-treated rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 458, 272-292. doi: 10.1002/cne. 10581
51. Cendes, F., Andermann, F., Gloor, P., Evans, A., Jones-Gotman, M., Watson, C., et al. (1993a). MRI volumetric measurement of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 43, 719-725. doi: 10.1212/WNL.43.4.719
52. Cendes, F., Andermann, F., Gloor, P., Lopes-Cendes, I., Andermann, E., Melanson, D., et al. (1993b). Atrophy of mesial structures in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: cause or consequence of repeated seizures? Ann. Neurol. 34, 795-801. doi: 10.1002/ana. 410340607
53. Chen, Z. J., He, Y., Rosa-Neto, P., Germann, J., and Evans, A. C. Revealing modular architecture of human brain structural networks by using cortical thickness from MRI. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2374-2381. doi: 10.1093/cercor/ bhn003
54. Choi, D., Na, D. G., Byun, H. S., Suh, Y. L., Kim, S. E., Ro, D. W., et al. (1999). White-matter change in mesial temporal sclerosis: correlation of MRI with PET, pathology, and clinical features. Epilepsia 40, 1634-1641. doi: 10.1111/j.1528- 1157.1999.tb02050.x
55. Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J., Smith, R., Schooler, J. W., (2009). Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 8719-8724. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0900234106
56. Clifford, D. B., Olney, J. W., Maniotis, A., Collins, R. C., and Zorumski, F. (1987). The functional anatomy and pathology of lithium-pilocarpine and high- dose pilocarpine seizures. Neuroscience 23, 953-968. doi: 10.1016/0306- 4522(87)90171-0
57. Coan, A. C., and Cendes, F. (2013). Epilepsy as progressive disorders: what is the evidence that can guide our clinical decisions and how can neuroimaging help? Epilepsy Behav. 26, 313-321. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh. 2012.09.027
58. Concha, L., Beaulieu, C., Collins, D. L., and Gross, D. W. (2008). White matter diffusion abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without mesial temporal sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 80, 312-319. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007. 139287
59. Concha, L., Beaulieu, C., and Gross, D. W. (2005). Bilateral limbic diffusion abnormalities in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 57, 196. doi: 10.1002/ana.20334
60. Concha, L., Kim, H., Bernasconi, A., Bernhardt, B. C., and Bernasconi, N. (2012). Spatial patterns of water diffusion along white matter tracts in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 79, 455-462. doi: 10.1212/WNL. 0b013e31826170b6
61. Concha, L., Livy, D. J., Beaulieu, C., Wheatley, B. M., and Gross, D. W. (2010). In vivo diffusion tensor imaging and histopathology of the fimbria-fornix in temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 30, 996-1002. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1619-09. 2010
62. Damoiseaux, J. S., Rombouts, S. A., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., Stam, J., Smith, S. M., et al. (2006). Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 13848-13853. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601417103
63. Dauguet, J., Peled, S., Berezovskii, V., Delzescaux, T., Warfield, S. K., Born, R., et al. (2007). Comparison of fiber tracts derived from in- vivo DTI tractography with 3D histological neural tract tracer reconstruction on a macaque brain. Neuroimage 37, 530-538. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.067
64. De Lanerolle, N. C., Kim, J. H., Robbins, R. J., and Spencer, D. (1989). Hippocampal interneuron loss and plasticity in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res. 495, 387-395. doi: 10.1016/0006- 8993(89)90234-5
65. De Pasquale, F., Della Penna, S., Snyder, A. Z., Lewis, C., Mantini, D.,Marzetti, L., et al. (2010). Temporal dynamics of spontaneous MEG activity in brain networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 6040-6045. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913863107
66. Desikan, R. S., Segonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B., Blacker, D., et al. (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage 31, 968-980. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006. 01.021
67. Diehl, B., Busch, R. M., Duncan, J. S., Piao, Z., Tkach, J., and Luders, H. O. (2008). Abnormalities in diffusion tensor imaging of the uncinate fasciculus relate to reduced memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 1409-1418. doi: 10.1111/j.1528- 1167.2008.01596.x
68. Dreifuss, S., Vingerhoets, F. J., Lazeyras, F., Andino, S. G., Spinelli, L., Delavelle, J., et al. (2001). Volumetric measurements of subcortical nuclei in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 57, 1636-1641. doi: 10.1212/WNL.57.9.1636
69. Du, F., Eid, T., Lothman, E. W., Kohler, C., and Schwarcz, R. (1995). Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex in rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 15, 6301-6313.
70. Du, F., Whetsell, W. O., Abou-Khalil, B., and Blumenkopf, B. (1993). Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the entorhinal cortex in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 16, 223-233. doi: 10.1016/0920-1211(93)90083-J
71. Elsharkawy, A. E., Alabbasi, A. H., Pannek, H., Oppel, F., Schulz, R., Hoppe, M., et al. (2009). Long-term outcome after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in 434 consecutive adult patients. J. Neurosurg. 110, 1135-1146. doi: 10.3171/2008.6.JNS17613
72. Engel, J. Jr., Thompson, P. M., Stern, J. M., Staba, R. J., Bragin, A., and Mody, I. (2013). Connectomics and epilepsy. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 26, 186-194. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32835ee5b8
73. Eriksson, S. H., Rydenhag, B., Uvebrant, P., Malmgren, K., and Nordborg, C. (2002). Widespread microdysgenesis in therapy- resistant epilepsy-a case report on post-mortem findings. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 103, 74-77. doi: 10.1007/s004010100426
74. Falconer, M. A., Serafetinides, E. A., and Corsellis, J.A.N. (1964). Etiology and pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 10, 233-248. doi: 10.1001/arch- neur.1964.00460150003001
75. Feinberg, D. A., Moeller, S., Smith, S. M., Auerbach, E., Ramanna, S., Gunther, M., et al. (2010). Multiplexed echo planar imaging for sub-second whole brain FMRI and fast diffusion imaging. PLoS ONE 5:e15710. doi: 10.1371/jour- nal.pone.0015710
76. Felleman, D. J., and Van Essen, D. (1991). Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1, 1-47. doi: 10.1093/cercor/1.1.1
77. Focke, N. K., Yogarajah, M., Bonelli, S. B., Bartlett, P. A., Symms, M. R., and Duncan, J. S. (2008). Voxel- based diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage 40, 728-737. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.031
78. Fox, M. D., and Greicius, M. (2010). Clinical applications of resting state functional connectivity. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 4:19. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2010.00019
79. Frings, L., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Spreer, J., and Wagner, K. (2009). Remote effects of hippocampal damage on default network connectivity in the human brain. J. Neurol. 256, 2021-2029. doi: 10.1007/s00415-009-5233-0
80. Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Fletcher, P., Liddle, P. F., and Frackowiak, R. S. (1996). Functional topography: multidimensional scaling and functional connectivity in the brain. Cereb. Cortex 6, 156-164. doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.2.156
81. Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Liddle, P., and Frackowiak, R. S. (1993). Functional connectivity: the principal-component analysis of large (PET) data sets. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 5-14. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.1993.4
82. Geyer, S., Weiss, M., Reimann, K., Lohmann, G., and Turner, R. (2011). Microstructural parcella- tion of the human cerebral cortex - from Brodmann's post-mortem map to in vivo mapping with high- field magnetic resonance imaging. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5:19. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00019
83. Glasser, M. F., and Van Essen, D. C. (2011). Mapping human cortical areas in vivo based on myelin content as revealed by T1- and T2-weighted MRI. J. Neurosci. 31, 11597-11616. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2180-11.2011
84. Gong, G., He, Y., Concha, L., Lebel, C., Gross, D. W., Evans, A. C., et al. (2009). Mapping anatomical connectivity patterns of human cerebral cortex using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractogra- phy. Cereb. Cortex 19, 524-536. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn102
85. Gotman, J., Kobayashi, E., Bagshaw, A. P., Benar, C. G., and Dubeau, F., (2006). Combining EEG and fMRI: a multimodal tool for epilepsy research. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 23, 906-920. doi: 10.1002/jmri.20577
86. Greicius, M. (2008). Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 21, 424-430. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e328306f2c5
87. Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., and Menon, V. (2003). Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 253-258. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0135058100
88. Gross, D. W., Concha, L., and Beaulieu, C. (2006). Extratemporal white matter abnormalities in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated with diffusion tensor imaging. Epilepsia 47, 1360-1363. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00603.x
89. Guye, M., Bettus, G., Bartolomei, F., and Cozzone, P. J. (2010). Graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional connectivity MRI in normal and pathological brain networks. MAGMA 23, 409-421. doi: 10.1007/s10334-010-0205-z
90. Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Meuli, R., Honey, C. J., Wedeen, V. J., et al. (2008). Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol. 6:e159. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159
91. Hagmann, P., Kurant, M., Gigandet, X., Thiran, P., Wedeen, V. J., Meuli, R., et al. (2007). Mapping human whole-brain structural networks with diffusion MRI. PLoS ONE 2:e597. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0000597
92. Harriger, L., Van Den Heuvel, M. P., and Sporns, O. (2012). Rich club organization of macaque cerebral cortex and its role in network communication. PLoS ONE 7:e46497. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046497
93. He, Y., Chen, Z. J., and Evans, A. (2007). Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2407-2419. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhl149
94. He, Y., Wang, J., Wang, L., Chen, Z. J., Yan, C., Yang, H., et al. (2009). Uncovering intrinsic modular organization of spontaneous brain activity in humans. PLoS ONE 4:e5226. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005226
95. Hetherington, H. P., Kuzniecky, R., Vives, K., Devinsky, O., Pacia, S., Luciano, D., et al. (2007). A subcortical network of dysfunction in TLE measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology 69, 2256-2265. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl. 0000286945.21270.6d
96. Hogan, R. E., Wang, L., Bertrand, M., Willmore, L. J., Bucholz, R. D., Nassif, A. S., et al. (2004). MRI- based high-dimensional hippocampal mapping in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 127, 1731-1740. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh197
97. Holmes, G. L. (2002). Seizure- induced neuronal injury: animal data. Neurology 59, S3-S6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.59.9_suppl_5.S3
98. Honey, C. J., Sporns, O., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Thiran, J. P., Meuli, R., et al. (2009). Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 2035-2040. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811168106
99. Houser, C. R., Swartz, B. E., Walsh, O., and Delgado-Escueta, A. V. (1992). "Granule cell disorganization in the dentate gyrus: possible alterations ofneuronal migration in human temporal lobe epilepsy," in Molecular Neurobiology of Epilepsy, eds J. Engel Jr., C. Wasterlain, E. Cavalheiro, U. Heinemann, and Avanzini (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science), 41-47.
100. Iturria-Medina, Y., Canales-Rodriguez, J., Melie-Garcia, L., Valdes- Hernandez, P. A., Martinez-Montes, E., Aleman-Gomez, Y., et al. (2007). Characterizing brain anatomical connections using diffusion weighted MRI and graph theory. Neuroimage 36, 645-660. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007. 02.012
101. Jann, K., Kottlow, M., Dierks, T., Boesch, C., and Koenig, T. (2010). Topographic electrophysiological signatures of FMRI Resting State Networks. PLoS ONE 5:e12945. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012945
102. Jbabdi, S., and Johansen-Berg, H., Tractography: where do we go from here? Brain Connect. 1, 169-183. doi: 10.1089/brain.2011. 0033
103. Johansen-Berg, H., and Behrens, T. (2006). Just pretty pictures? What diffusion tractography can add in clinical neuroscience. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 19, 379-385. doi: 10.1097/01.wco.0000236618. 82086.01
104. Jones, D. K., Knosche, T. R., and Turner, R. (2012). White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: the do's and don'ts of diffusion MRI. Neuroimage 73, 239-254. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081
105. Jutila, L., Ylinen, A., Partanen, K., Alafuzoff, I., Mervaala, E., Partanen, J., et al. (2001). MR volumetry of the entorhinal, perirhinal, and temporopolar cortices in drug- refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 22, 1490-1501.
106. Kaiser, M., and Hilgetag, C. C. (2010). Optimal hierarchical modular topologies for producing limited sustained activation of neural networks. Front. Neuroinform. 4:8. doi: 10.3389/fninf.2010.00008
107. Keller, S. S., and Roberts, N. (2008). Voxel-based morphometry of temporal lobe epilepsy: an introduction and review of the literature. Epilepsia 49, 741-757. doi: 10.1111/ j.1528-1167.2007.01485.x
108. Kelly, C., Biswal, B. B., Craddock, R., Castellanos, F. X., and Milham, M. P. (2012). Characterizing variation in the functional con- nectome: promise and pitfalls. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 181-188. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.001
109. Kemmotsu, N., Girard, H. M., Bernhardt, B. C., Bonilha, L., Lin, J. J., Tecoma, E. S., et al. MRI analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy: cortical thinning and white matter disruptions are related to side of seizure onset. Epilepsia 52, 2257-2266. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03278.x
110. Khundrakpam, B. S., Reid, A., Brauer, J., Carbonell, F., Lewis, J., Ameis, S., et al. (2012). Developmental changes in organization of structural brain networks. Cereb. Cortex 23, 2072-2085. doi: 10.1093/cercor/ bhs187
111. Kim, H., Besson, P., Colliot, O., Bernasconi, A., and Bernasconi, N. (2008). Surface-based vector analysis using heat equation interpolation: a new approach to quantify local hippocampal volume changes. Med. Image. Comput. Comput. Assist. Interv. 11, 1008-1015. doi: 10.1007/978-3- 540-85988-8_120
112. Kobayashi, E., Bagshaw, A. P., Benar, G., Aghakhani, Y., Andermann, Dubeau, F., et al. (2006). Temporal and extratemporal BOLD responses to temporal lobe interictal spikes. Epilepsia 47, 343-354. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167. 2006.00427.x
113. Kramer, M. A., Kolaczyk, E. D., and Kirsch, H. E. (2008). Emergent network topology at seizure onset in humans. Epilepsy Res. 79, 173-186. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008. 02.002
114. Kuzniecky, R. I., De La Sayette, V., Ethier, R., Melanson, D., Andermann, F., Berkovic, S. F., et al. (1987). Magnetic resonance imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations. Ann. Neurol. 22, 341-347. doi: 10.1002/ ana.410220310
115. Lachaux, J. P., Rodriguez, E., Martinerie, J., and Varela, F. J. (1999). Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals. Hum. Brain Mapp. 194-208. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<194::AID-HBM 4>3.0.C0;2-C
116. Laird, A. R., Fox, P. M., Eickhoff, S., Turner, J. A., Ray, K. L., Mckay, R., et al. (2011). Behavioral interpretations of intrinsic connectivity networks. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 4022-4037. doi: 10.1162/jocn_ a_00077
117. Laufs, H., Hamandi, K., Salek-Haddadi, A., Kleinschmidt, A. K., Duncan, J. S., and Lemieux, L. (2007). Temporal lobe interictal epileptic discharges affect cerebral activity in "default mode" brain regions. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 1023-1032. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20323
118. Le Bihan, D., Breton, E., Lallemand, D., Grenier, P., Cabanis, E., and Laval-Jeantet, M. (1986). MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 161, 401-407.
119. Le Bihan, D., Turner, R., Douek, P., and Patronas, N. (1996). Diffusion MR imaging: clinical application. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 159, 591-599.
120. Lemieux, L., Daunizeau, J., and Walker, M. C. (2011). Concepts of connectivity and human epileptic activity. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 5:12. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00012
121. Leonardi, M., and Ustun, T. B. (2002). The global burden of epilepsy. Epilepsia 43(Suppl. 6), 21-25. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.6.11.x
122. Lerch, J. P., Worsley, K., Shaw, W. P., Greenstein, D. K., Lenroot, R. K., Giedd, J., et al. (2006). Mapping anatomical correlations across cerebral cortex (MACACC) using cortical thickness from MRI. Neuroimage 31, 993-1003. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.042
123. Liao, W., Zhang, Z., Pan, Z., Mantini, D.,Ding, J., Duan, X., et al. (2010). Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS ONE 5:e8525. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008525
124. Lieb, J. P., Dasheiff, R. M., and Engel, J. Jr. (1991). Role of the frontal lobes in the propagation of mesial temporal lobe seizures. Epilepsia 32, 822-837. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05539.x
125. Lieb, J. P., Hoque, K., Skomer, C., and Song, X. W. (1987). Inter-hemispheric propagation of human mesial temporal lobe seizures: a coherence/phase analysis. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 67, 101-119. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(87)90033-2
126. Lin, J. J., Riley, J. D., Juranek, J., and Cramer, S. C. (2008). Vulnerability of the frontal-temporal connections in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 82, 162-170. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.07.020
127. Lin, J. J., Salamon, N., Lee, A. D., Dutton, R. A., Geaga, J. A., Hayashi, K. M., et al. (2007). Reduced neo- cortical thickness and complexity mapped in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2007-2018. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhl109
128. Lohmann, G., Margulies, D. S., Horstmann, A., Pleger, B., Lepsien, J., Goldhahn, D., et al. (2010). Eigenvector centrality mapping for analyzing connectivity patterns in fMRI data of the human brain. PLoS ONE 5:e10232. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010232
129. Lopes Da Silva, F., Pijn, J. P., and Boeijinga, P. (1989). Interdependence of EEG signals: linear vs. nonlinear associations and the significance of time delays and phase shifts. Brain Topogr. 2, 9-18. doi: 10.1007/BF01128839
130. Mantini, D., Gerits, A., Nelissen, K., Durand, J. B., Joly, O., Simone, L., et al. (2011). Default mode of brain function in monkeys. J. Neurosci. 31, 12954-12962. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2318-11.2011
131. Margerison, J. H., and Corsellis, J. A. (1966). Epilepsy and the temporal lobes. A clinical, electroen- cephalographic and neuropatholog- ical study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to the temporal lobes. Brain 89, 499-530. doi: 10.1093/brain/89.3.499
132. Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M., Uddin, L. Q., Biswal, B. B., Castellanos, X., and Milham, M. P. (2007). Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 37, 579-588. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.019
133. Mars, R. B., Jbabdi, S., Sallet, J., O'Reilly, J. X., Croxson, P. L., Olivier, E., et al. (2011). Diffusion-weighted imaging tractography-based parcellation of the human parietal cortex and comparison with human and macaque resting-state functional connectivity. J. Neurosci. 31, 4087-4100. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5102-10.2011
134. Mcdonald, C. R., Ahmadi, M. E., Hagler, D. J., Tecoma, E. S., Iragui, V. J., Gharapetian, L., et al. (2008a). Diffusion tensor imaging correlates of memory and language impairments in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 71, 1869-1876. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327824. 05348.3b
135. Mcdonald, C. R., Hagler, D. J. Jr., Ahmadi, M. E., Tecoma, E., Iragui, V., Dale, A. M., et al. (2008b). Subcortical and cerebellar atrophy in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy revealed by automatic segmentation. Epilepsy Res. 79, 130-138. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.01.006
136. Mcdonald, C. R., Hagler, D. J. Jr., Ahmadi, M. E., Tecoma, E., Iragui, V., Gharapetian, L., et al. (2008c). Regional neocortical thinning in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 49, 794-803. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01539.x
137. Mcintosh, A. M., Kalnins, R. M., Mitchell, L. A., Fabinyi, G. C., Briellmann, R. S., and Berkovic, S. F. (2004). Temporal lobectomy: long-term seizure outcome, late recurrence and risks for seizure recurrence. Brain 127, 2018-2030. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh221
138. Mechelli, A., Friston, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S., and Price, J. (2005). Structural covariance in the human cortex. J. Neurosci. 25, 8303-8310. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0357-05.2005
139. Meiners, L. C., Witkamp, T. D., De Kort, G. A., Van Huffelen, A. C., Van Der, G. Y., Jansen, G. H., et al. (1999). Relevance of temporal lobe white matter changes in hippocampal sclerosis. Magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Invest. Radiol. 34, 38-45. doi: 10.1097/0000 4424-199901000-00006
140. Meunier, D., Lambiotte, R., and Bullmore, E. T. (2010). Modular and hierarchically modular organization of brain networks. Front. Neurosci. 4:200. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00200
141. Mitchell, L. A., Jackson, G. D., Kalnins, R. M., Saling, M. M., Fitt, G. J., Ashpole, R. D., et al. (1999). Anterior temporal abnormality in temporal lobe epilepsy: a quantitative MRI and histopathologic study. Neurology 52, 327-336. doi: 10.1212/WNL.52.2.327
142. Modha, D. S., and Singh, R. (2010). Network architecture of the long-distance pathways in the macaque brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 13485-13490. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008054107
143. Moran, N. F., Lemieux, L., Kitchen, N. D., Fish, D. R., and Shorvon, S. (2001). Extrahippocampal temporal lobe atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis. Brain 124, 167-175. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.1.167
144. Mori, S., Crain, B. J., Chacko, V. P., and Van Zijl, P. C. (1999). Threedimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann. Neurol. 45, 265-269. doi: 10.1002/1531- 8249(199902)45:2 <265::AID-ANA 21>3.0.CO;2-3
145. Mueller, S. G., Laxer, K. D., Barakos, J., Cheong, I., Finlay, D., Garcia, P., et al. (2009a). Involvement of the thalamocortical network in TLE with and without mesiotem- poral sclerosis. Epilepsia. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02413.x
146. Mueller, S. G., Laxer, K. D., Barakos, J., Ian, C., Garcia, P., and Weiner, M. W. (2009b). Widespread neocortical abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without mesial sclerosis. Neuroimage 46, 353-359. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.020
147. Musso, F., Brinkmeyer, J., Mobascher, A., Warbrick, T., and Winterer, G., (2010). Spontaneous brain activity and EEG microstates. A novel EEG/fMRI analysis approach to explore resting-state networks. Neuroimage 52, 1149-1161. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.093
148. Natsume, J., Bernasconi, N., Andermann, F., and Bernasconi, A. (2003). MRI volumetry of the thalamus in temporal, extratemporal, and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology 60, 1296-1300. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000058764. 34968.C2
149. Parker, G. J., Stephan, K. E., Barker, J., Rowe, J. B., Macmanus, G., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A., et al. (2002). Initial demonstration of in vivo tracing of axonal projections in the macaque brain and comparison with the human brain using diffusion tensor imaging and fast marching tractogra- phy. Neuroimage 15, 797-809. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0994
150. Ponten, S. C., Bartolomei, F., and Stam, C. J. (2007). Small-world networks and epilepsy: graph theoretical analysis of intracerebrally recorded mesial temporal lobe seizures. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 918-927. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.12.002
151. Ponten, S. C., Douw, L., Bartolomei, F.,Reijneveld, J. C., and Stam, C. J. (2009). Indications for network regularization during absence seizures: weighted and unweighted graph theoretical analyses. Exp. Neurol. 217, 197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.02.001
152. Pugliatti, M., Beghi, E., Forsgren, L., Ekman, M., and Sobocki, P. (2007). Estimating the cost of epilepsy in Europe: a review with economic modeling. Epilepsia 48, 2224-2233.
153. Raichle, M. E., Macleod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., and Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 676-682. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98. 2.676
154. Raznahan, A., Lerch, J. P., Lee, N., Greenstein, D., Wallace, G. L., Stockman, M., et al. (2011). Patterns of coordinated anatomical change in human cortical development: a longitudinal neuroimaging study of maturational coupling. Neuron 72, 873-884. doi: 10.1016/j. neuron.2011.09.028
155. Rodrigo, S., Oppenheim, C., Chassoux, F.,Golestani, N., Cointepas, Y., Poupon, C., et al. (2007). Uncinate fasciculus fiber tracking in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Initial findings. Eur. Radiol. 17, 1663-1668. doi: 10.1007/s00330-006-0558-x
156. Rosenberg, D. S., Mauguiere, F., Demarquay, G., Ryvlin, P., Isnard, J., Fischer, C., et al. (2006). Involvement of medial pulvinar thalamic nucleus in human temporal lobe seizures. Epilepsia 47,107. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167. 2006.00375.x
157. Ryvlin, P. (2003). Beyond pharmacotherapy: surgical management. Epilepsia 44(Suppl. 5), 23-28. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.44.s.5.4.x
158. Salvador, R., Suckling, J., Schwarzbauer, and Bullmore, E. (2005). Undirected graphs of frequency- dependent functional connectivity in whole brain networks. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360, 946.doi: 10.1098/rstb.2005. 1645
159. Sanabria, E. R., Da Silva, A. V., Spreafico, R., and Cavalheiro, E. A. (2002). Damage, reorganization, and abnormal neocortical hyperexcitability in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 43(Suppl. 5), 96-106.doi: 10.1046/ j.1528-1157.43.s.5.31.x
160. Sankar, T., Bernasconi, N., Kim, H., and Bernasconi, A. (2008). Temporal lobe epilepsy: differential pattern of damage in temporopolar cortex and white matter. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29, 931-944.doi: 10.1002/hbm.20437
161. Scannell, J. W., Blakemore, C., and Young, M. P. (1995). Analysis of connectivity in the cat cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 15, 1463-1483.
162. Scharfman, H. E. (2007). The neurobiology of epilepsy. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 7, 348-354.doi: 10.1007/s11910-007-0053-z
163. Schindler, K. A., Bialonski, S., Horstmann, M. T., Elger, C. E., and Lehnertz, K. (2008). Evolving functional network properties and synchronizability during human epileptic seizures. Chaos 18, 033119.doi: 10.1063/1.2966112
164. Scott, R. C., King, M. D., Gadian, D., Neville, B. G., and Connelly, A. Prolonged febrile seizures are associated with hippocampal vasogenic edema and developmental changes. Epilepsia 47, 1493-1498.doi: 10.1111/j.1528- 1167.2006.00621.x
165. Shen, K., Bezgin, G., Hutchison, R. M., Gati, J. S., Menon, R. S., Everling, S., et al. (2012). Information processing architecture of functionally defined clusters in the macaque cortex. J. Neurosci. 32, 17465-17476.doi: 10.1523/JNEUR0SCI.2709-12. 2012
166. Sloan, D. M., and Bertram, E. H. 3rd. (2009). Changes in midline thalamic recruiting responses in the prefrontal cortex of the rat during the development of chronic limbic seizures. Epilepsia 50, 556-565.doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167. 2008.01790.x
167. Smith, S. M. (2012). The future of FMRI connectivity. Neuroimage 62, 1257-1266.doi: 10.1016/j. neuroimage.2012.01.022
168. Smith, S. M., Fox, P. T., Miller, K. L., Glahn, D. C., Fox, P. M., Mackay, E., et al. (2009). Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 13040-13045.doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0905267106
169. Smith, S. M., Miller, K. L., Moeller, S., Xu, J., Auerbach, E. J., Woolrich, M. W., et al. (2012). Temporally- independent functional modes of spontaneous brain activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 3131-3136.doi: 10.1073/pnas. 1121329109
170. Sommer, W. (1880). Erkrankung des ammonshorns als aetiologis- ches moment der epilepsie. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 10, 631-675.doi: 10.1007/BF02224538
171. Spencer, S. S. (2002). Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 43, 219-227.doi: 10.1046/j.1528- 1157.2002.26901.x
172. Sporns, O. (2011). The human con- nectome: a complex network. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1224, 109-125.doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05888.x
173. Sporns, O., Chialvo, D. R., Kaiser, M., and Hilgetag, C. C. (2004). Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 418-425.doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.008
174. Sporns, O., Honey, C. J., and Kotter, R. Identification and classification of hubs in brain networks. PLoS ONE 2:e1049.doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0001049
175. Sporns, O., Tononi, G., and Kotter, R. (2005). The human connectome: a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput. Biol. 1:e42.doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010042
176. Stam, C. J. (2004). Functional connectivity patterns of human magnetoencephalographic recordings: a 'small-world' network? Neurosci. Lett. 355, 25-28.doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.063
177. Stephan, K. E., Hilgetag, C. C., Burns, A., O'neill, M. A., Young, M. P., and Kotter, R. (2000). Computational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 355, 111-126.doi: 10.1098/rstb.2000. 0552
178. Stone, J. V., and Kotter, R. (2002). Making connections about brain connectivity. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 327-328.doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613 (02)01943-5
179. Sutula, T., He, X. X., Cavazos, J., and Scott, G. (1988). Synaptic reorganization in the hippocampus induced by abnormal functional activity. Science 239, 1147-1150.doi: 10.1126/science.2449733
180. Tellez-Zenteno, J. F., Dhar, R., Hernandez-Ronquillo, L., and Wiebe, S. (2007). Long-term outcomes in epilepsy surgery: antiepileptic drugs, mortality, cognitive and psychosocial aspects. Brain 130, 334-345.doi: 10.1093/ brain/awl316
181. Thom, M., Eriksson, S., Martinian, L., Caboclo, L. O., Mcevoy, A. W., Duncan, J. S., et al. (2009). Temporal lobe sclerosis associated with hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: neuropatholog- ical features. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 68, 928-938.doi: 10.1097/ NEN.0b013e3181b05d67
182. Tohka, J., He, Y., and Evans, A. C. The impact of sampling density upon cortical network analysis: regions or points. Magn. Reson. Imaging 30, 978-992.doi: 10.1016/j. mri.2012.02.029
183. Tomasi, D., and Volkow, N. D. (2011). Functional connectivity hubs in the human brain. Neuroimage 57, 908-917.doi: 10.1016/j. neuroimage.2011.05.024
184. Tononi, G., Sporns, O., and Edelman, M. (1994). A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 5033-5037.doi: 10.1073/ pnas.91.11.5033
185. Turski, W. A., Cavalheiro, E. A., Schwarz, M., Czuczwar, S. J., Kleinrok, Z., and Turski, L. (1983). Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioural, electroencephalographic and neu- ropathological study. Behav. Brain Res. 9, 315-335.doi: 10.1016/0166- 4328(83)90136-5
186. Vaessen, M. J., Braakman, H. M., Heerink, J. S., Jansen, J. F., Debeij- Van Hall, M. H., Hofman, P. A., et al. (2012a). Abnormal modular organization of functional networks in cognitively impaired children with frontal lobe epilepsy. Cereb. Cortex 23, 1997-2006.doi: 10.1093/cercor/ bhs186
187. Vaessen, M. J., Jansen, J. F., Vlooswijk, M. C., Hofman, P. A., Majoie, H. J., Aldenkamp, A. P., et al. (2012b). White matter network abnormalities are associated with cognitive decline in chronic epilepsy. Cereb. Cortex 22, 2139-2147.doi: 10.1093/ cercor/bhr298
188. Van Den Heuvel, M. P., and Sporns, O. Rich-club organization of the human connectome. J. Neurosci. 31, 15775-15786.doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.3539-11.2011
189. Van Essen, D. C. (2005). A Population- Average, Landmark- and Surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex. Neuroimage 28, 635-662.doi: 10.1016/j. neuroimage.2005.06.058
190. Van Essen, D. C., Glasser, M. F., Dierker, D. L., and Harwell, J.,Cortical parcellations of the macaque monkey analyzed on surface-based atlases. Cereb. Cortex 22, 2227-2240.doi: 10.1093/cercor/ bhr290
191. Vlooswijk, M. C., Vaessen, M. J., Jansen, J. F., De Krom, M. C., Majoie, H. J., Hofman, P. A., et al. (2011). Loss of network efficiency associated with cognitive decline in chronic epilepsy. Neurology 77, 944.doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013 e31822cfc2f
192. Voets, N. L., Beckmann, C. F., Cole, D. M., Hong, S., Bernasconi, A., and Bernasconi, N. (2012). Structural substrates for resting network disruption in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws137
193. Voets, N. L., Bernhardt, B. C., Kim, Yoon, U., and Bernasconi, N.,Increased temporolimbic cortical folding complexity in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 76, 138-144.doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013 e318205d521
194. Waites, A. B., Briellmann, R. S., Saling, M. M., Abbott, D. F., and Jackson, G. (2006). Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 59, 335-343.doi: 10.1002/ana.20733
195. Watts, D. J., and Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. Nature 393, 440-442.doi: 10.1038/30918
196. Wiebe, S., Blume, W. T., Girvin, J. P., and Eliasziw, M. (2001). A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 311-318.doi: 10.1056/ NEJM200108023450501
197. Worsley, K. J., Taylor, J. E., Carbonell, Chung, M. K., Duerden, E., Bernhardt, B., et al. (2009). SurfStat: a matlab toolbox for the statistical analysis of univariate and multivariate surface and volumetric data using linear mixed effects models and random field theory. Neuroimage 47, S102.doi: 10.1016/ S1053-8119(09)70882-1
198. Xia, M., and He, Y. (2011). Magnetic resonance imaging and graph theoretical analysis of complex brain networks in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Connect. 1, 349-365.doi: 10.1089/brain.2011.0062
199. Yilmazer-Hanke, D. M., Wolf, H. K., Schramm, J., Elger, C. E., Wiestler, O. D., and Blumcke, I. (2000). Subregional pathology of the amygdala complex and entorhinal region in surgical specimens from patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59, 907-920.
200. Yogarajah, M., and Duncan, J. S. Diffusion-based magnetic resonance imaging and tractog- raphy in epilepsy. Epilepsia 49, 200.doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167. 2007.01378.x
201. Yu, J. T., and Tan, L. (2008). Diffusion- weighted magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates parenchymal pathophysiological changes in epilepsy. Brain Res. Rev. 59, 34-41.doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008. 04.008
202. Yu, Q., Plis, S. M., Erhardt, E. B., Allen, A., Sui, J., Kiehl, K. A., et al. (2011a). Modular organization of functional network connectivity in healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia during the resting state. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 5:103.doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2011. 00103
203. Yu, Q., Sui, J., Rachakonda, S., He, Gruner, W., Pearlson, G., et al. (2011b). Altered topological properties of functional network connectivity in schizophrenia during resting state: a small-world brain network study. PLoS ONE 6:e25423.doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0025423
204. Yu, Q., Sui, J., Liu, J., Plis, S. M., Kiehl, K. A., Pearlson, G., et al. (2013). Disrupted correlation between low frequency power and connectivity strength of resting state brain networks in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 143, 165-171.doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.001
205. Yuan, H., Zotev, V., Phillips, R., Drevets, W. C., and Bodurka, J. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the brain at rest-exploring EEG microstates as electro- physiological signatures of BOLD resting state networks. Neuroimage 60, 2062-2072.doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.031
206. Zhang, Z., Lu, G., Zhong, Y., Tan, Q., Liao, W., Wang, Z., et al. (2010). Altered spontaneous neuronal activity of the default-mode network in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res. 1323, 152-160.doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.042
207. Zielinski, B. A., Gennatas, E. D., Zhou, J., and Seeley, W. W. (2010). Network-level structural covariance in the developing brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 18191-18196.doi: 10.1073/pnas. 1003109107
208. Zuo, X. N., Ehmke, R., Mennes, M., Imperati, D., Castellanos, F. X., Sporns, O., et al. (2012). Network centrality in the human functional connectome. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1862-1875.doi: 10.1093/cer- cor/bhr269