Magnesium adjunctive therapy in atrial arrhythmias

PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology

Volumn 36, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 1308-1318

  Ganga, Harsha V ^a   Noyes, Adam ^b   White, Charles Michael ^b   Kluger, Jeffrey ^a  

^a HARTFORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

adjunctive; atrial fibrillation; magnesium

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; CALCIUM; CHLORIDE; CLOFILIUM; DIGOXIN; DIURETIC AGENT; DOFETILIDE; IBUTILIDE; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM; PROPRANOLOL; SODIUM; SOTALOL;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CARDIAC PATIENT; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDIOVERSION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY; DIRECT CURRENT; DRUG EFFICACY; FOLLOW UP; HEART ATRIUM ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM CONDUCTION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART PROARRHYTHMIA; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART SURGERY; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; MAGNESIUM BLOOD LEVEL; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MONOTHERAPY; POTASSIUM CELL LEVEL; PROPHYLAXIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SINUS NODE RECOVERY TIME; SINUS RHYTHM; SODIUM CELL LEVEL; SUPPLEMENTATION; SURGICAL PATIENT; TACHYCARDIA; THORAX SURGERY;

ADJUNCTIVE; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; MAGNESIUM;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; MAGNESIUM; TACHYCARDIA, ECTOPIC ATRIAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84886377236     PISSN: 01478389     EISSN: 15408159     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pace.12189     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Elin RJ,. Magnesium: The fifth but forgotten electrolyte. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 102: 616-622.
2. Shah SA, Clyne CA, Henyan N, Migeed M, Yarlagadda R, Silver BB, Kluger J, et al. Impact of magnesium sulfate on serum magnesium concentrations and intracellular electrolyte concentrations among patients undergoing radio frequency catheter ablation. Conn Med 2008; 72: 261-265.
3. Tercius AJ, Kluger J, Coleman CI, White CM,. Intravenous magnesium sulfate enhances the ability of intravenous ibutilide to successfully convert atrial fibrillation or flutter. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007; 30: 1331-1335.
4. Reinhart RA, Marx JJ Jr., Broste SK, Haas RG,. Myocardial magnesium: Relation to laboratory and clinical variables in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 651-656.
5. Rasmussen HS, Thomsen PE,. The electrophysiological effects of intravenous magnesium on human sinus node, atrioventricular node, atrium, and ventricle. Clin Cardiol 1989; 12: 85-90.
6. Stiles MK, Sanders P, Disney P, Brooks A, John B, Lau DH, Shashidhar, et al. Differential effects of intravenous magnesium on atrioventricular node conduction in supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 1249-1253.
7. Satoh Y, Sugiyama A, Tamura K, Hashimoto K,. Effect of magnesium sulfate on the haloperidol-induced QT prolongation assessed in the canine in vivo model under the monitoring of monophasic action potential. Jpn Circ J 2000; 64: 445-451.
8. Aupetit JF, Freysz M, Faucon G, Loufoua-Moundanga J, Coquelin H, Timour Q,. Magnesium-A profibrillatory or antifibrillatory drug depending on plasma concentration, heart rate and myocardial perfusion. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 516-523.
9. Christiansen EH, Frost L, Andreasen F, Mortensen P, Thomsen PE, Pedersen AK,. Dose-related cardiac electrophysiological effects of intravenous magnesium. A double-blind placebo-controlled dose-response study in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Europace 2000; 2: 320-326.
10. Ingemansson MP, Smideberg B, Olsson SB,. Intravenous MgSO4 alone and in combination with glucose, insulin and potassium prolong the atrial cycle length in chronic atrial fibrillation. Europace 2000; 2: 106-114.
11. Ince C, Schulman SP, Quigley JF, Berger RD, Kolasa M, Ferguson R, Silver B, et al. Usefulness of magnesium sulfate in stabilizing cardiac repolarization in heart failure secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 224-229.
12. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: e101-e198.
13. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB, Kellen JC, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1825-1833.
14. White CM, Xie J, Chow MS, Kluger J,. Prophylactic magnesium to decrease the arrhythmogenic potential of class III antiarrhythmic agents in a rabbit model. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19: 635-640.
15. Caron MF, Kluger J, Tsikouris JP, Ritvo A, Kalus JS, White CM,. Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on the QT interval in patients receiving ibutilide. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 296-300.
16. McBride BF, Min B, Kluger J, Guertin D, Henyan NN, Coleman CI, Silver BB, et al. An evaluation of the impact of oral magnesium lactate on the corrected QT interval of patients receiving sotalol or dofetilide to prevent atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia recurrence. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2006; 11: 163-169.
17. Kalus JS, Spencer AP, Tsikouris JP, Chung JO, Kenyon KW, Ziska M, Kluger J, et al. Impact of prophylactic i.v. magnesium on the efficacy of ibutilide for conversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003; 60: 2308-2312.
18. Patsilinakos S, Christou A, Kafkas N, Nikolaou N, Antonatos D, Katsanos S, Spanodimos S, et al. Effect of high doses of magnesium on converting ibutilide to a safe and more effective agent. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 673-676.
19. Steinwender C, Honig S, Kypta A, Kammler J, Schmitt B, Leisch F, Hofmann R,. Pre-injection of magnesium sulfate enhances the efficacy of ibutilide for the conversion of typical but not of atypical persistent atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol 2010; 141: 260-265.
20. Saoudi N, Cosio F, Waldo A, Chen SA, Iesaka Y, Lesh M, Saksena S, et al. A classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiological mechanisms and anatomical bases; a Statement from a Joint Expert Group from The Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1162-1182.
21. Coleman CI, Sood N, Chawla D, Talati R, Ghatak A, Kluger J,. Intravenous magnesium sulfate enhances the ability of dofetilide to successfully cardiovert atrial fibrillation or flutter: Results of the Dofetilide and Intravenous Magnesium Evaluation. Europace 2009; 11: 892-895.
22. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ, Paterson T,. Use of intravenous magnesium to treat acute onset atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis. Heart 2007; 93: 1433-1440.
23. Cybulski J, Budaj A, Danielewicz H, Maciejewicz J, Ceremuzynski L,. A new-onset atrial fibrillation: The incidence of potassium and magnesium deficiency. The efficacy of intravenous potassium/magnesium supplementation in cardioversion to sinus rhythm. Kardiol Pol 2004; 60: 578-581.
24. Kiziltepe U, Eyileten ZB, Sirlak M, Tasoz R, Aral A, Eren NT, Uysalel A, et al. Antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium sulfate after open heart surgery: Effect of blood levels. Int J Cardiol 2003; 89: 153-158.
25. Sleeswijk ME, Tulleken JE, Van Noord T, Meertens JH, Ligtenberg JJ, Zijlstra JG,. Efficacy of magnesium-amiodarone step-up scheme in critically ill patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation: A prospective observational study. J Intensive Care Med 2008; 23: 61-66.
26. Sultan A, Steven D, Rostock T, Hoffmann B, Mullerleile K, Servatius H, Drewitz I, et al. Intravenous administration of magnesium and potassium solution lowers energy levels and increases success rates electrically cardioverting atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23: 54-59.
27. Coleman CI, Kalus JS, White CM, Spencer AP, Tsikouris JP, Chung JO, Kenyon KW, et al. Cost effectiveness of ibutilide with prophylactic magnesium in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Pharmacoeconomics 2004; 22: 877-883.
28. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2011.
29. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, VanderVliet M, Collins JJ Jr., et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. Current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation 1996; 94: 390-397.
30. Mitchell LB,. Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010: Prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Can J Cardiol 2011; 27: 91-97.
31. Maisel WH, Rawn JD, Stevenson WG,. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 1061-1073.
32. Helgadottir S, Sigurdsson MI, Ingvarsdottir IL, Arnar DO, Gudbjartsson T,. Atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: Risk analysis and long-term survival. J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 7: 87.
33. Banach M, Rysz J, Drozdz JA, Okonski P, Misztal M, Barylski M, Irzmanski R, et al. Risk factors of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting: A preliminary report. Circ J 2006; 70: 438-441.
34. Hogue CW Jr., Hyder ML,. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac operation: Risks, mechanisms, and treatment. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 300-306.
35. Olshansky B,. Management of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 27-34.
36. Singh RB, Manmohan MD, Dube KP, Singh VP,. Serum magnesium concentrations in atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 1976; 31: 221-226.
37. DeCarli C, Sprouse G, LaRosa JC,. Serum magnesium levels in symptomatic atrial fibrillation and their relation to rhythm control by intravenous digoxin. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 956-959.
38. Piotrowski AA, Kalus JS,. Magnesium for the treatment and prevention of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24: 879-895.
39. Aglio LS, Stanford GG, Maddi R, Boyd JL 3rd, Nussbaum S, Chernow B,. Hypomagnesemia is common following cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1991; 5: 201-208.
40. Wilkes NJ, Mallett SV, Peachey T, Di Salvo C, Walesby R,. Correction of ionized plasma magnesium during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces the risk of postoperative cardiac arrhythmia. Anesth Analg 2002; 95: 828-834, table of contents.
41. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: The Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2369-2429.
42. Kalman JM, Munawar M, Howes LG, Louis WJ, Buxton BF, Gutteridge G, Tonkin AM,. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with sympathetic activation. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 1709-1715.
43. Kaplan M, Kut MS, Icer UA, Demirtas MM,. Intravenous magnesium sulfate prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125: 344-352.
44. Toraman F, Karabulut EH, Alhan HC, Dagdelen S, Tarcan S,. Magnesium infusion dramatically decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72: 1256-1261; discussion 1261-1252.
45. England MR, Gordon G, Salem M, Chernow B,. Magnesium administration and dysrhythmias after cardiac surgery. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 1992; 268: 2395-2402.
46. Sahin V, Kaplan M, Bilsel S, Filizcan U, Cetemen S, Bayserke O, Bilgic Alkaya D, et al. The relation between blood and tissue magnesium levels and development of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2010; 10: 446-451.
47. Fanning WJ, Thomas CS Jr., Roach A, Tomichek R, Alford WC, Stoney WS Jr,. Prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation with magnesium sulfate after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 529-533.
48. Solomon AJ, Berger AK, Trivedi KK, Hannan RL, Katz NM,. The combination of propranolol and magnesium does not prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 126-129.
49. Cook RC, Yamashita MH, Kearns M, Ramanathan K, Gin K, Humphries KH,. Prophylactic magnesium does not prevent atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95: 533-541.
50. De Oliveira GS Jr., Knautz JS, Sherwani S, McCarthy RJ,. Systemic magnesium to reduce postoperative arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 26: 643-650.
51. Gu WJ, Wu ZJ, Wang PF, Aung LH, Yin RX,. Intravenous magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: A meta-analysis of 7 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. Trials 2012; 13: 41.
52. Shepherd J, Jones J, Frampton GK, Tanajewski L, Turner D, Price A,. Intravenous magnesium sulphate and sotalol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: A systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2008; 12: ii-iv, ix-95.
53. Burgess DC, Kilborn MJ, Keech AC,. Interventions for prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation and its complications after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2846-2857.
54. Henyan NN, Gillespie EL, White CM, Kluger J, Coleman CI,. Impact of intravenous magnesium on post-cardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation and length of hospital stay: A meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80: 2402-2406.
55. Miller S, Crystal E, Garfinkle M, Lau C, Lashevsky I, Connolly SJ,. Effects of magnesium on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis. Heart 2005; 91: 618-623.
56. Alghamdi AA, Al-Radi OO, Latter DA,. Intravenous magnesium for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Surg 2005; 20: 293-299.
57. Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Ogawa R,. Magnesium prophylaxis for arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004; 117: 325-333.
58. Abdel-Massih TE, Sarkis A, Sleilaty G, El Rassi I, Chamandi C, Karam N, Haddad F, et al. Myocardial extraction of intracellular magnesium and atrial fibrillation after coronary surgery. Int J Cardiol 2012; 160: 114-118.
59. Nurozler F, Tokgozoglu L, Pasaoglu I, Boke E, Ersoy U, Bozer AY,. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: Predictors and the role of MgSO4 replacement. J Card Surg 1996; 11: 421-427.
60. Cook RC, Humphries KH, Gin K, Janusz MT, Slavik RS, Bernstein V, Tholin M, et al. Prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulphate in addition to oral {beta}-blockade does not prevent atrial arrhythmias after coronary artery or valvular heart surgery: A randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2009; 120: S163-S169.
61. Geertman H, van der Starre PJ, Sie HT, Beukema WP, van Rooyen-Butijn M,. Magnesium in addition to sotalol does not influence the incidence of postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2004; 18: 309-312.
62. Treggiari-Venzi MM, Waeber JL, Perneger TV, Suter PM, Adamec R, Romand JA,. Intravenous amiodarone or magnesium sulphate is not cost-beneficial prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 690-695.
63. Bert AA, Reinert SE, Singh AK,. A beta-blocker, not magnesium, is effective prophylaxis for atrial tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001; 15: 204-209.
64. Touyz RM,. Magnesium in clinical medicine. Front Biosci 2004; 9: 1278-1293.
65. Forlani S, De Paulis R, de Notaris S, Nardi P, Tomai F, Proietti I, Ghini AS, et al. Combination of sotalol and magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 74: 720-725; discussion 725-726.
66. Aerra V, Kuduvalli M, Moloto AN, Srinivasan AK, Grayson AD, Fabri BM, Oo AY,. Does prophylactic sotalol and magnesium decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery: A propensity-matched analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2006; 1: 6.
67. Behmanesh S, Tossios P, Homedan H, Hekmat K, Hellmich M, Muller-Ehmsen J, Schwinger RH, et al. Effect of prophylactic bisoprolol plus magnesium on the incidence of atrial fibrillation after coronary bypass surgery: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22: 1443-1450.
68. Cagli K, Ozeke O, Ergun K, Budak B, Demirtas E, Birincioglu CL, Pac M,. Effect of low-dose amiodarone and magnesium combination on atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. J Card Surg 2006; 21: 458-464.
69. Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, Ramsay J, Duke P, Mazer CD, Barash PG, et al. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 291: 1720-1729.
70. Bakhsh M,. Role of magnesium in reducing post-operative atrial fibrilation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009; 21: 27-29.
71. Misialek JR, Lopez FL, Lutsey PL, Huxley RR, Peacock JM, Chen LY, Soliman EZ, et al. Serum and dietary magnesium and incidence of atrial fibrillation in Whites and in African Americans. Circ J 2012; 77: 323-329
72. Khan AM, Lubitz SA, Sullivan LM, Sun JX, Levy D, Vasan RS, Magnani JW, et al. Low serum magnesium and the development of atrial fibrillation in the community: The Framingham heart study. Circulation 2013 127: 33-38
73. Bakhsh M, Abbas S, Hussain RM, Ali Khan S, Naqvi SM,. Role of magnesium in preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009; 21: 27-29.
74. Svagzdiene M, Sirvinskas E, Benetis R, Raliene L, Simatoniene V,. Atrial fibrillation and changes in serum and urinary electrolyte levels after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Medicina (Kaunas) 2009; 45: 960-970.
75. Hamid M, Kamal RS, Sami SA, Atiq F, Shafquat A, Naqvi HI, Khan FH,. Effect of single dose magnesium on arrhythmias in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Pak Med Assoc 2008; 58: 22-27.
76. Najafi M, Haghighat B, Tafti HA,. Relationship between serum magnesium level and arrythmias following post-coronary artery bypass grafting. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2007; 19: 661-672.
77. Bhudia SK, Cosgrove DM, Naugle RI, Rajeswaran J, Lam BK, Walton E, Petrich J, et al. Magnesium as a neuroprotectant in cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131: 853-861.
78. Zangrillo A, Landoni G, Sparicio D, Pappalardo F, Bove T, Cerchierini E, Sottocorna O, et al. Perioperative magnesium supplementation to prevent atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery surgery: A randomized controlled study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005; 19: 723-728.
79. Hazelrigg SR, Boley TM, Cetindag IB, Moulton KP, Trammell GL, Polancic JE, Shawgo TS, et al. The efficacy of supplemental magnesium in reducing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 824-830.
80. Yeatman M, Caputo M, Narayan P, Lotto AA, Ascione R, Bryan AJ, Angelini GD,. Magnesium-supplemented warm blood cardioplegia in patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 112-118.
81. Dagdelen S, Toraman F, Karabulut H, Alhan C,. The value of P dispersion on predicting atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: Effect of magnesium on P dispersion. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2002; 7: 211-218.
82. Speziale G, Ruvolo G, Fattouch K, Macrina F, Tonelli E, Donnetti M, Marino B,. Arrhythmia prophylaxis after coronary artery bypass grafting: Regimens of magnesium sulfate administration. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 48: 22-26.
83. Jensen BM, Alstrup P, Klitgard NA,. Magnesium substitution and postoperative arrhythmias in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Scand Cardiovasc J 1997; 31: 265-269.
84. Shakerinia T, Ali IM, Sullivan JA,. Magnesium in cardioplegia: Is it necessary? Can J Surg 1996; 39: 397-400.
85. Caspi J, Rudis E, Bar I, Safadi T, Saute M,. Effects of magnesium on myocardial function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 942-947.
86. Karmy-Jones R, Hamilton A, Dzavik V, Allegreto M, Finegan BA, Koshal A,. Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 502-507.
87. Colquhoun IW, Berg GA, el-Fiky M, Hurle A, Fell GS, Wheatley DJ,. Arrhythmia prophylaxis after coronary artery surgery. A randomised controlled trial of intravenous magnesium chloride. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1993; 7: 520-523.
88. Schwieger IM, Kopel ME, Finlayson DC,. Magnesium and postoperative dysrhythmias in patients after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989; 3: 18.
89. Harris MN, Crowther A, Jupp RA, Aps C,. Magnesium and coronary revascularization. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60: 779-783.
90. Holden MP,. Value of magnesium supplements during open heart surgery: A double blind trial., Naito HK, (ed): Nutrition and Heart Disease. Jamaica NY, Spectrum Publications, Inc., 1982, pp. 273-283.