Measuring slum severity in Mumbai and Kolkata: A household-based approach

Habitat International

Volumn 41, Issue , 2014, Pages 300-306

  Patel, Amit ^a   Koizumi, Naoru ^a   Crooks, Andrew ^b  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Definition; Deprivation; Housing; India; Slums

Indexed keywords

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY; HOUSING CONDITIONS; INFORMAL SETTLEMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS; SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATOR; URBAN AREA;

INDIA; KOLKATA; MAHARASHTRA; MUMBAI; WEST BENGAL;

EID: 84886264119     PISSN: 01973975     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Andersson R., Musterd R. Area-based policies: a critical appraisal. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 2005, 96(4):377-389.
2. Arimah B.C. Slums as expressions of social exclusion: Explaining the prevalence of slums in African countries 2001, UN-Habitat, Mimeo, Available at, Accessed on 16.07.2013. http://www1.oecd.org/development/pgd/46837274.pdf.
3. Atkinson R., Kintrea K. Disentangling area effects: evidence from deprived and non-deprived neighbourhoods. Urban Studies 2001, 38(12):2277-2298.
4. Bapat M., Agarwal I. Our needs, our priorities; women and men from the slums in Mumbai and Pune talk about their needs for water and sanitation. Environment and Urbanization 2003, 15(2):71-86.
5. Baud I.S., Pfeffer K., Sridharan N., Nainan N. Matching deprivation mapping to urban governance in three Indian mega-cities. Habitat International 2009, 33(4):365-377.
6. Begum H., Moinuddin G. Spatial dimension of social exclusion: an empirical investigation into the relationship of housing and social exclusion in the slums of Dhaka city. Management Research and Practice 2010, 2(3):314-328.
7. Census Dissemination Unit Deprivation scores Available at, Accessed on 14.02.13. http://cdu.mimas.ac.uk/related/deprivation.htm.
8. Census of India Metadata and brief highlights on slum population Available at, Accessed on 30.04.12. http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_Highlights_link/metadata_highlights.pdf.
9. Census of India Household schedule Available at, Accessed on 01.06.13. http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Schedule/Shedules/English_Household_schedule.pdf.
10. Chandrasekhar S., Mukhopadhyay A. Socioeconomic heterogeneity in urban India. New global frontier: Urbanization, poverty and environment in the 21st century 2008, Earthscan. G. Martine, G. McGranahan, M. Montgomery, R. Fernandez-Castilla (Eds.).
11. Choguill C.L. The future of planned urban development in the third world: new directions. Housing the urban poor: Policy and practice in developing countries 1995, Zed Books, London, England. B.C. Aldrich, R. Sandhu (Eds.).
12. Davis M. Planet of slums 2006, Verso, New York, NY.
13. Government of India The constitution (74th amendment) act 1992, Government of India, New Delhi, India, Available at, Accessed on 30.05.12. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm.
14. Gulyani S., Bassett E. The living conditions diamond: an analytical and theoretical framework for understanding slums. Environment and Planning A 2010, 42(9):2201-2219.
15. Gupta K., Arnold F., Lhungdim H. Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities. National family health survey (NFHS3), India, 2005-06 2009, International Institute for Population Sciences/ICF Macro, Mumbai, India/Calverton, MD.
16. IIPS, Macro International National family health survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06, India: Key findings 2007, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India, Available at, Accessed on 30.01.13. http://bit.ly/15DW1eE.
17. IPTEHR Bulldozing rights: A report on forced evictions and housing policies for the poor in Mumbai 2005, India: Indian People's Tribunal for Environment and Human Rights, Mumbai.
18. Jankowska M., Weeks J., Engstrom R. Do the most vulnerable people live in the worst slums? A spatial analysis of Accra, Ghana. Annals of GIS 2011, 17(4):221-235.
19. Kleinman M. There goes the neighbourhood: area policies and social exclusion. New Economy 1999, 6:188-192.
20. Kumar R. Dikshit Govt goes all-out to woo BPL slum dwellers. The Pioneer 2011, Available at, Accessed on 11.03.13. http://archive.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/42749-dikshit-govt-goes-all-out-to-woo-bpl-slum-dwellers.html.
21. Mahadevia D. Tenure security and urban social protection links: India. IDS Bulletin 2010, 41(4):52-62.
22. Martínez-Martin J., Mboup G., Sliuzas R., Stein A. Trends in urban and slum indicators across developing world cities: 1990-2003. Habitat International 2008, 32(1):86-108.
23. Mathur O.P. Anew deal for the urban poor: Slum-free cities 2009, The National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi, India, Available at, Accessed on 30.03.13. http://indiancities.berkeley.edu/2012/docs/Mathur-Final_Poverty_Rep.pdf.
24. McIntosh A., Yniguez C.E. Second water utilities data book 1997, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.
25. Mehta M., Mehta D. Capturing spatial aspects of slums in global monitoring Working Group on Equity and Non-Description of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme post-2015 water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) platform. Available at, Accessed on 30.03.12. http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Note-on-spatial-aspects-of-slums-April-30-2012--sent-mm_4.pdf.
26. MHUPA Provision of basic services to urban poor: ULB level reform 2009, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, New Delhi, India, Available at, Accessed on 11.04.13. http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Mandatory_Primer_6-PBSUP.pdf.
27. MHUPA Report on Committee of Slum Statistics/Census 2010, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, New Delhi, India, Available at, Accessed on 13.04.13. http://mhupa.gov.in/W_new/Slum_Report_NBO.pdf.
28. MHUPA Status note on Rajiv Awas Yojana 2011, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, New Delhi, India, Available at. http://mhupa.gov.in/W_new/NOTE_RAJIV_AWAS_YOJANA.pdf.
29. Montgomery M.R. Urban poverty and health in developing countries. Population Bulletin 2009, 64(2):1-20. Available at, Accessed on 15.01.13. http://www.prb.org/pdf09/64.2urbanization.pdf.
30. Montgomery M.R., Hewett P.C. Urban poverty and health in developing countries: household and neighborhood effects. Demography 2005, 42(3):397-425.
31. Montgomery M.R., Stren R., Cohen B., Reed H. Cities transformed: Demographic change and its implications in the developing world 2003, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
32. Mundu G.B., Bhagat R.B. Slum conditions in Mumbai with reference to the access of civic amenities. IIPS Mumbai ENVIS Center 2008, 5(1):3. Available at, Accessed on 01.06.13. http://www.iipsenvis.nic.in/newsletters/vol5no1/page_3.htm.
33. Nandi S., Gamkhar S. Urban challenges in India: a review of recent policy measures. Habitat International 2013, 39(1):55-61.
34. National Sample Survey Office Housing condition and amenities in India 2008-09 2010, Report number 535, National Sample Survey Office, New Delhi, India, Available at. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Housing%20Condition%20and%20Amenities.pdf.
35. Noble M., Wright G., Smith G., Dibben C. Measuring multiple deprivation at the small-area level. Environment and Planning A 2006, 38(1):169-185.
36. PIU Reaching out: The role of central government at the regional and local level 2000, Performance and Innovation Unit, London.
37. Planning Commission of India Eleventh five year plan 2007-12 2008, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India.
38. Pryer J. Poverty and vulnerability in Dhaka slums: The urban livelihood study 2003, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, England.
39. Risbud N. Typology of slums and land tenure in Indian cities. National workshop on land tenure issues in slum free city planning 2010, Center for Urban Equity, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India, Available at. http://www.spa.ac.in/NRC/SPA%27sPresentationSlumTypologyGrading.pdf.
40. Sandhu R.S. The city and its slums: A sociological study 1989, Guru Nanak Dev University Press, Amritsar, India.
41. Satterthwaite D. The millennium development goals and urban poverty reduction: great expectations and nonsense statistics. Environment & Urbanization 2003, 15(2):181-190.
42. Seeley J.R. The slum: its nature, use, and users. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 1959, 25(1):7-14.
43. Sen S., Hobson J., Joshi P. The Pune slum census: creating a socio-economic and spatial information base on a GIS for integrated and inclusive city development. Habitat International 2003, 27(4):595-611.
44. Sengupta C. Dynamics of community environmental management in Howrah slums. Economic and Political Weekly 22 May, 1999, 1290-1296.
45. Smith G. Area-based initiatives: The rationale and options for area-targeting 1999, CASE paper 25, London School of Economics, London, England.
46. Stokes C.J. Atheory of slums. Land Economics 1962, 38(3):187-197.
47. UN-Habitat Defining slums: Towards an operational definition for measuring slums 2002, Background paper 2. Expert group meeting on slum indicators, UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya.
48. UN-Habitat The challenge of slums 2003, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Sterling, VA.
49. UN-Habitat The state of the world cities 2006/7 feature 2006, Available at, Accessed on 06.06.13. http://www.unhabitat.org/documents/media_centre/sowcr2006/SOWCR%205.pdf.
50. UN-Habitat The state of the world's cities report 2006/7 2006, UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya.
51. UN-Habitat The state of the world cities 2008/9: Harmonious cities 2009, Available at, Accessed on 06.06.13. http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2562.
52. USAID Measure DHS: Demographic and health surveys 2012, Available at, Accessed on 06.06.13. http://www.measuredhs.com/.
53. Van Vliet W. Housing in the third world. Environment and Behavior 1987, 19(3):267-285.
54. Weeks J.R., Hill A., Stow D., Getis A., Fugate D. Can we spot a neighborhood from the air? Defining neighborhood structure in Accra, Ghana. GeoJournal 2007, 69(1):9-22.
55. WHO, UNICEF Core questions on drinking-water and sanitation for household surveys 2006, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.