Cardiovascular disease risk reduction in rural China: A clustered randomized controlled trial in Zhejiang

Trials

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Wei, Xiaolin ^a   Zou, Guanyang ^b   Gong, Weiwei ^c   Yin, Jia ^b   Yu, Yunxian ^d   Walley, John ^b   Zhang, Zhitong ^b   King, Rebecca ^b   Chen, Kun ^d   Chong, Marc Ka C ^a   Zee, Benny Chung Y ^a   Liu, Su ^a   Tang, Jinling ^a   Griffiths, Sian ^a   Yu, Min ^c  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Prevention and Control   (China)

^d ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Events; Primary care; Randomized controlled trial; Risk

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; EDIBLE OIL; GLUCOSE; SIMVASTATIN; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHINA; CHINESE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONSULTATION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COUNSELING; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; FOLLOW UP; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; OPEN STUDY; PATIENT MONITORING; PRESCRIPTION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK REDUCTION; RURAL AREA; SCALE UP; SMOKING CESSATION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE;

AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHINA; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; RURAL HEALTH SERVICES; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84886230213     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17456215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-354     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Report on Cardiovascular Diseases in China, 2008-09 2010, Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases.
2. The World Bank Toward a Healthy and Harmonious Life in China: Stemming the Rising Tide of Non-communicable Diseases 2011, East Asia and Pacific Region: The World Bank, The World Bank.
3. Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, Shan Z, Liu J. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med 2010, 362(25):2425-2426.
4. Moran A, Gu D, Zhao D, Coxson P, Wang YC, Chen CS, Liu J, Cheng J, Bibbins-Domingo K, Shen YM, He J, Goldman L. Future cardiovascular disease in china: markov model and risk factor scenario projections from the coronary heart disease policy model-china. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010, 3(3):243-252.
5. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, Anna V, Xie G, Yao C, Woodward M, Li X, Chalmers J, Gao R, Kong L, Yang X, China NNHS Steering Committee; China NNHS Working Group Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation 2008, 118(25):2679-2686. China NNHS Steering Committee; China NNHS Working Group.
6. Li H, Meng Q, Sun X, Salter A, Briggs NE, Hiller JE. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural China: results from Shandong Province. J Hypertens 2010, 28(3):432-438.
7. Wei X, Zou G, Yin J, Walley J, Zhou B, Yu Y, Tian L, Chen K. Characteristics of high risk people with cardiovascular disease in Chinese rural areas: clinical indictors, disease patterns and drug treatment. PLoS One 2013, 8(1):e54169.
8. Manuel DG, Lim J, Tanuseputro P, Anderson GM, Alter DA, Laupacis A, Mustard CA. Revisiting Rose: strategies for reducing coronary heart disease. BMJ 2006, 332(7542):659-662.
9. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003, 326(7404):1427.
10. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003, 326(7404):1423.
11. Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003, 326(7404):1419.
12. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Buring J, Hennekens C, Kearney P, Meade T, Patrono C, Roncaglioni MC, Zanchetti A, Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009, 337(9678):1849-1860. Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration.
13. Yusuf S, Pais P, Afzal R, Xavier D, Teo K, Eikelboom J, Sigamani A, Mohan V, Gupta R, Thomas N. Effects of a polypill (Polycap) on risk factors in middle-aged individuals without cardiovascular disease (TIPS): a phase II, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet 2009, 373(9672):1341-1351.
14. Malekzadeh F, Marshall T, Pourshams A, Gharravi M, Aslani A, Nateghi A, Rastegarpanah M, Khoshnia M, Semnani S, Salahi R, Thomas GN, Larijani B, Cheng KK, Malekzadeh R. A pilot double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effects of fixed-dose combination therapy ('polypill') on cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Clin Pract 2010, 64(9):1220-1227.
15. Wei X, Barnsley J, Zakus D, Cockerill R, Glazier R, Sun X. Evaluation of a diabetes management program in China demonstrated association of improved continuity of care with clinical outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 2008, 61(9):932-939.
16. Gluckman TJ, Baranowski B, Ashen MD, Henrikson CA, McAllister M, Braunstein JB, Blumenthal RS. A practical and evidence-based approach to cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164(14):1490-1500.
17. Zhou B, Chen K, Yu YX, Wang H, Zhang SS, Zheng WJ. Individualized health intervention: behavioral change and quality of life in an older rural Chinese population. Educ Gerontol 2010, 36(10):919-939.
18. Murray CJ, Lauer JA, Hutubessy RC, Niessen L, Tomijima N, Rodgers A, Lawes CM, Evans DB. Effectiveness and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis on reduction of cardiovascular-disease risk. Lancet 2003, 361(9359):717-725.
19. Kaczorowski J, Chambers LW, Dolovich L, Paterson JM, Karwalajtys T, Gierman T, Farrell B, McDonough B, Thabane L, Tu K, Zagorski B, Goeree R, Levitt CA, Hogg W, Laryea S, Carter MA, Cross D, Sabaldt RJ. Improving cardiovascular health at population level: 39 community cluster randomised trial of Cardiovascular Health Awareness Program (CHAP). BMJ 2011, 342:d442.
20. Liu M, Wu B, Wang WZ, Lee LM, Zhang SH, Kong LZ. Stroke in China: epidemiology, prevention, and management strategies. Lancet Neurol 2007, 6(5):456-464.
21. Cappuccio FP, Capewell S, Lincoln P, McPherson K. Policy options to reduce population salt intake. BMJ 2011, 343:1-8.
22. The China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial. J Hypertens 2007, 25(10):2011-2018. The China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group.
23. Lindström J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemiö K, Hämäläinen H, Härkönen P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006, 368(9548):1673-1679. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group.
24. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, Gregg EW, Yang W, Gong Q, Li H, Li H, Jiang Y, An Y, Shuai Y, Zhang B, Zhang J, Thompson TJ, Gerzoff RB, Roglic G, Hu Y, Bennett PH. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet 2008, 371(9626):1783-1789.
25. The Oxford Health Alliance, Community Interventions for Health http://www.oxha.org/initiatives/cih.
26. Flagship Program of the China Rural Health Initiative http://www.georgeinstitute.org.cn/projects/lifeseeds-the-china-rural-health-initiative-crhi.
27. Sun X, Jackson S, Carmichael GA, Sleigh AC. Prescribing behaviour of village doctors under China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme. Soc Sci Med 2009, 68(10):1775-1779.
28. Wagstaff A, Lindelow M, Wang S, Zhang S. Reforming China's Rural Health System 2009, Washington DC: The World Bank.
29. Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ZJCDC) Report on the Cardiovascular Disease in Zhejiang Province 2011, Hangzhou: ZJCDC, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ZJCDC).
30. Barzi F, Patel A, Gu D, Sritara P, Lam TH, Rodgers A, Woodward M. Cardiovascular risk prediction tools for populations in Asia. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007, 61(2):115-121.
31. Liu J, Hong Y, D'Agostino R, Wu Z, Sun J-Y, Wilson P, Kannel W, Zhao D. Predictive value for the Chinese population of the Framingham CHD risk assessment tool compared with the Chinese multi-provincial cohort study. JAMA 2004, 291(21):2591-2599.
32. Wu Y, Liu X, Li X, Li Y, Zhao L, Chen Z, Li Y, Rao X, Zhou B, Detrano R, Liu K, USA-PRC Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group; China Multicenter Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group Estimation of 10-year risk of fatal and nonfatal ischemic cardiovascular diseases in Chinese adults. Circulation 2006, 114(21):2217-2225. USA-PRC Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group; China Multicenter Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group.
33. Cooper A, Nherera L, Calvert N, O'Flynn N, Turnbull N, Robson J, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Rule C, Browne N, Ritchie G, Stokes T, Mannan R, Brindle P, Gill P, Gujral R, Hogg M, Marshall T, Minhas R, Pavitt L, Reckless J, Rutherford A, Thorogood M, Wood D. Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Review for Lipid Modification: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 2008, London: National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care and Royal College of General Practitioners.
34. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing Safety Review of High-dose Zocor (simvastatin) and Increased Risk of Muscle Injury http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm204882.htm.
35. Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F, Pangrazzi I, Tognoni G, Brown DL. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006, 295(3):306-313.
36. Gaziano TA. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world and its cost-effective management. Circulation 2005, 112(23):3547-3553.
37. Wang X, Qin X, Demirtas H, Li J, Mao G, Huo Y, Sun N, Liu L, Xu X. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007, 369(9576):1876-1882.
38. Wei X, Walley J, Liang X, Liu F, Zhang X, Li R. Adapting a generic tuberculosis control operational guideline and scaling it up in China: a qualitative case study. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:260.
39. Kunutsor S, Walley J, Muchuro S, Katabira E, Balidawa H, Namagala E, Ikoona E. Improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan African HIV-positive populations: an enhanced adherence package. AIDS Care 2012, 24(10):1308-1315.
40. Mao G, Hong X, Xing H, Liu P, Liu H, Yu Y, Zhang S, Jiang S, Wang X, Xu X. Efficacy of folic acid and enalapril combined therapy on reduction of blood pressure and plasma glucose: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, clinical trial. Nutrition 2008, 24(11-12):1088-1096.
41. Hayes RJ, Bennett S. Simple sample size calculation for cluster-randomized trials. Int J Epidemiol 1999, 28(2):319-326.
42. Hayes R, Moulton L. Cluster Randomised Trials 2009, London: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
43. Kaczorowski J, Chambers LW, Karwalajtys T, Dolovich L, Farrell B, McDonough B, Sebaldt R, Levitt C, Hogg W, Thabane L, Tu K, Goeree R, Paterson JM, Shubair M, Gierman T, Sullivan S, Carter M. Cardiovascular Health Awareness Program (CHAP): A community cluster-randomised trial among elderly Canadians. Prev Med 2008, 46(6):537-544.
44. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360(9326):7-22. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group.
45. Kerry SM, Bland JM. The intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomisation. BMJ 1998, 316:1455.
46. National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Cholesterol Education Program. 2009 2009, Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, National Institutes of Health (NIH).
47. Liu L, Wang W, Yao C, China MH. China hypertension prevention and control guideline: for primary care. Chinese J Hypertens 2009, 18(1):11-30.
48. Sonnenberg F, Beck J. Markov models in medical decision making: a practical guide. Med Decis Making 1993, 13:322-338.
49. Hansson L, Hedner T, Dahlf B. Prospective randomized open blinded end-point (PROBE) study: A novel design for intervention trials. Blood Press 1992, 1(2):113-119.
50. Walley J, Graham K, Wei X, Kain K, Weston R. Getting research into practice: primary care management of noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2012, 90(6):402.
51. Starfield B. Primary Care: Balancing Health Needs, Services and Technology 1998, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2.
52. World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low Resource Settings 2010, Geneva: WHO, World Health Organization (WHO).
53. Tang JL, Hu YH. Drugs for preventing cardiovascular disease in China. BMJ 2005, 330(7492):610-611.
54. Zhejiang Provincial Government Implementing the Public Health Service Package in Rural Zhejiang 2006, 1-17. Zhejiang: Zhejiang Provincial Government, Zhejiang Provincial Government.
55. Tang JL, Wang WZ, An JG, Hu YH, Cheng SH, Griffiths S. How willing are the public to pay for anti-hypertensive drugs for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a survey in a Chinese city. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39(1):244-254.