Ionic Liquids in the Temperature Range 150-1500 K: Patterns and Problems

Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids: Never the Twain?

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-24

  Angell, C Austen ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Fuel cell electrolytes; Ionic liquids; Organic cations; Polymerised silicate liquids; Proton transfers

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886161577     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470947777.ch1     Document Type: Chapter

References (83)

1. Davy, H., Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Biggs and Cottle, Bristol, 1800.
2. Bockris, J. O., Tomlinson, J. W., and White, J. L., The structure of the liquid silicates- partial molar volumes and expansivities, Trans. Faraday Soc. 52, 299-310 (1956).
3. Tomlinson, J. W., Heynes, M. S. R., and Bockris, J. O., The structure of liquid silicates. 2. Molar volumes and expansivities, Trans. Faraday Soc. 54, 1822-1833 (1958).
4. Willis, G. M., Physical-chemistry of lead extraction, J. Metals 31, 28 (1979).
5. Davey, T. R. A., and Willis, G. M., Review of developments in extractive metallurgy of lead, zinc, and tin in 1978, J. Metals 31, 17 (1979).
6. Bloom, H., and Heymann, E., Proc. R. Soc. A188, 392, (1947).
7. Angelí, C. A., and Bockris, J. O., A technique for the measurement of diffusion coefficients in molten salts, J. Sei. Instrum. 35, 458-61 (1958).
8. Waiden, P., Z. Phy. Chem. 55, 207, 246 (1906).
9. Angell, C. A., Fast ion motion in glassy and amorphous materials, Solid State Ionics 9-10 (Dec), 3-16(1983).
10. Xu, W., Cooper, E. I., and Angelí, C. A., Ionic liquids: ion mobilities, glass temperatures, and fragilities, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 6170-6178 (2003).
11. Angelí, C. A., Xu, W., Yoshizawa, M., Hayashi, A., Belieres, J.-P,Lucas, P., and Videa, M., Physical chemistry of ionic liquids, inorganic and organic, protic and aprotic, in Electrochemical Aspects of Ionic Liquids, H. Ohno (Ed.), Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2005.
12. Hitch, B. F., and Baes, C. F., An electromotive force study of molten lithium fluoride-beryllium fluoride solutions, Inorg. Chem. 8, 201 (1969).
13. Robbins, G. D., and Braunstein, J., Electrical conductivity and mobility in molten LiF-BeF2 mixtures and a comparison with molten silicates, Phys. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. [Sept] 86(1970).
14. Vogel, W., Reiss, H., and Seifert, J., On the structure and properties of beryllium fluoride glasses containing CoF2, Glass Technol. 24, 133-138 (1983).
15. Vogel, W., Phase separation in glass, J. Non-Crystalline Solids 25, 170-214 (1977).
16. Easteal, A. J., and Angell, C. A., Phase equilibria, electrical conductance, and density in glass-forming system zinc chloride + pyridinium chloride-a detailed low-temperature analog of silicon dioxide + Sodium oxide system, J. Phys. Chem. 74, 3987 (1970).
17. Angelí, C. A., and Tomlinson, J. W., Diffusion and elecrical conductance measurements in solutions of cadmium dissolved in molten cadmium chloride, Discuss Faraday Soc. 32 (1962).
18. Gruen, D. M., Spectrophotometry of fused salts, Q. Rev. 19, 349, (1965).
19. Protsenko, I., Zh. Obshch. Khim. 20, 1365 (1950).
20. Thilo, E., Wieker, C, and Wieker, W., Silk. Tech. 15, 109 (1964).
21. Dietzel, A. and Poegel, H. J., in Proceedings III International Congress on Glass, A. Garzanti (Ed.), Nello Stabilimento Gráfico Di Roma Delia, Rome, Venezia, 1953, 1954, p. 219.
22. Mezei, F, Knaak, W., Farago, B., Neutron spin-echo study of dynamic correlations near the liquid-glass transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 571-574 (1987).
23. Bengtzelius, U., Götze, W., and Sjolander, A., Dynamics of supercooled liquids and the glass-transition, J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 17, 5915-5934 (1984).
24. Angelí, C. A., Success of free volume model for transport in fused salts, J. Phys. Chem. 68, 218 (1964).
25. Angelí, C. A., Free volume model for transport in fused salts-electrical conductance in glass-forming nitrate melts, J. Phys. Chem. 68, 1917 (1964).
26. Angelí, C. A., Viscous flow and electrical conductance, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 4673-4679 (1967).
27. Vogel, H., /. Phys. Z. 22, 645 (1921).
28. Fulcher, G. S., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 8, 339 (1925).
29. Tammann, G., and Hesse, W. Z., Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 156, 245 (1926).
30. Scherer, G. W., Editorial comments on a paper by Fulcher, /. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75, 1060-1062 (1992).
31. Angelí, C. A., and Bressel, R. D., Fluidity and conductance in aqueous-electrolyte solutions-approach from glassy state and high-concentration limit. 1. Ca(N03)2 solutions, J. Phys. Chem. 76 (22), 3244 (1972).
32. Angelí, C. A., Relaxation in liquids, polymers and plastic crystals-strong fragile patterns and problems, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 131, 13-31 (1991).
33. Richert, R., and Angelí, C. A., Dynamics of glass-forming liquids. V. On the link between molecular dynamics and configurational entropy, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 9016-9026 (1998).
34. Weiler, R., Bose, R., and Macedo, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 53, 1258 (1970).
35. Angelí, C. A., Spectroscopy, simulation, and the medium range order problem in glass, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 73, 1 (1985).
36. Angelí, C. A., Formation of glasses from liquids andbiopolymers, Science 267,1924-1935 (1995).
37. Belieres, J.-R, and Angelí, C. A., Ionic liquids: preparation and characterization of new protic ionic liquids, and the proton transfer energy level diagram, J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 4926-4937 (2007).
38. Uhlmann, D. R., Kinetics of crystallization, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 7, 337 (1972).
39. Goldstein, M, and Nakonecz, M., Volume relaxation in zinc chloride glass, Phys. Chem. Glasses 6, 126 (1965).
40. Easteal, A. J., and Angell, C. A., Viscosity of molten ZnCl2 and supercritical behavior in its binary-solutions, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 4231 (1972).
41. Angelí, C. A., and Wong, J., Structure and glass transition thermodynamics of liquid zinc chloride from far-infrared, Raman, and probe ion electronic and vibrational spectra, J. Chem. Phys. 53, 2053 (1970).
42. Wilson, M., and Madden, P. A., Voids, layers, and the first sharp diffraction peak in ZnCl2, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 532-535 (1998).
43. Wilson, M., and Madden, P. A., Short-range and intermediate-range order in Mcl2 melts- the importance of anionic polarization, J. Phys. Condensed Matter 5, 6833-6844 (1993).
44. Dupree, E., and Pettifer, R. F., Determination of the Si-O-Si bond angle distribution in vitreous silica by magic angle spinning NMR, Nature 308, 523-525 (1984).
45. Gruen, D. M., and McBeth, R. L., Tetrahedral NiCU2- ion in crystals and in fused salts- spectrophotometric study of chloro complexes of nickel(II) in fused salts, /. Phys. Chem. 63, 393-395 (1959).
46. Angelí, C. A., and Hodge, I. M., and Cheeseman, P. A., Molten salts, in International Conference on Molten Salts, J. P. Pemsler (Ed.), The Electrochemical Society, 1976, p. 138.
47. Sun, X. G., Xu, W., Zhang, S. S., and Angelí, C. A., Polyanionic electrolytes with high alkali ion conductivity, J. Phys. Condensed Matter 13, 8235-8243 (2001).
48. Boon, J. A., Carlin, R. T., Elias, A. M., and Wilkes, J. S., Dialkylimidazolium-sodium chloroaluminate ternary salt system-Phase-diagram and crystal-structure, J. Chem. Crystallogr. 25, 57-62 (1995).
49. Carlin, R. T., and Wilkes, J. S., Complexation of Cp2Mcl2 in a chloroaluminate moltensalt- Relevance to homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysis, J. Mol. Cat al. 63, 125-129 (1990).
50. Rogers, R. D., and Seddon, K. R., Ionic liquids-solvents of the future? Science 302, 792-793 (2003).
51. Wasserschied, P., and Keim, W., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39, 3773-3789 (2000).
52. Rogers, R. D. and Seddon, K. R. (Eds.), Ionic Liquids: Industrial Applications to Green Chemistry, ACS Symposium Series Vol. 818, American Chemical Society, 2002.
53. Angell, CA., Origin and control of low-melting behavior in salts, polysalts, salt solvates, and glassformers in Molten Salts: From Fundamentals to Application: NATO-ASI, M. Gaune-Escarde (Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Kas, Turkey, 2002, pp. 305-322.
54. Cooper, E. I., and O'Sullivan, E. J. M, New, stable, ambient-temperature molten salts, in Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Molten Salts, Electrochemical Society, 1992, pp. 386-396.
55. Wilkes, J. S., and Zaworotko, M. J., Air and water stable l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 965-967 (1992).
56. MacFarlane, D. R., Golding, J., Forsyth, S., Forsyth, M., and Deacon, G. B., Low viscosity ionic liquids based on organic salts of the dicyanamide anion, Chem. Commun. 1430-1431 (2001).
57. MacFarlane, D. R., Forsyth, S. A., Golding, J., and Deacon, G. B., Ionic liquids based on imidazolium, ammonium and pyrrolidinium salts of the dicyanamide anion, Green Chem. 4, 444-448 (2002).
58. Forsyth, S. A., Batten, S. R., Dai, Q., and MacFarlane, D. R., Ionic liquids based on imidazolium and pyrrolidinium salts of the tricyanomethanide anion, Aust. J. Chem. 57, 121-124 (2004).
59. Xu, W., and Angell, C. A., Solvent-free electrolytes with aqueous solution - like conductivities, Science 302 (5644), 422-125 (2003).
60. Brynestad, J., and Smith, G. P., Evidence for a 3-coordinate complex of nickel(II), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92,3198(1970).
61. Smith, G. P., Dworkin, A. S., Pagni, R. M., and Zingg, S. P., Bronsted superacidity of HC1 in a liquid chloroaluminate-AlCl3-l-ethyl-3-methyl-'H-imidazolium chloride, J. Am. Chem. Soc. III, 525-530 (1989).
62. Angelí, C. A., and Abkemeier, M. L., Diamond cell study of pressure-induced coordination change for Ni(II) in liquid chloride solvents, Inorg. Chem. 12, 1462-1464 (1973).
63. Martinez, L.-M., and Angell, C. A., Physica 314, 548-559 (2002).
64. Cicerone, M. T., and Ediger, M. D., Relaxation of spatially heterogeneous dynamic domains in supercooled ortho-terphenyl, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 5684 (1995).
65. Blackburn, F. R., Wang, C. Y., and Ediger, M. D., Translational and rotational motion of probes in supercooled l,3,5-tris(naphthyl)benzene, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 18249 (1996).
66. Angelí, C. A., and Shuppert, J. W., NMR studies of the Lewis acid-base reactions between pyridinium chloride and the acids, ZnCl2 and A1C13I J. Phys. Chem. 84, 538-542 (1980).
67. Belieres, J.-P., Byrne, N., Cherry, B. R., Holland, G. P., Yarger, J. L., and Angell, C. A., On the use of proton NMR to classify the strength of acids and superacids, J. Am. Chem. Soc, submitted for publication.
68. Byrne, N., and Angell, C. A., Protein unfolding, and the "tuning in" of reversible intermediate states, in protic ionic liquid media, J. Mol. Biol. 378, 707-714 (2008).
69. Yoshizawa, M, Ogihara, W., and Ohno, H., Design of new ionic liquids by neutralization of imidazole derivatives with imide-type acids, Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 4, E25-E27 (2001).
70. Yoshizawa, M., Xu, W., and Angelí, C. A., Ionic liquids by proton transfer: vapor pressure, conductivity, and the relevance of ApKa from aqueous solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 15411-15419(2003).
71. Gurney, R. W., Ionic Processes in Solution, Dover Publications, New York, 1962.
72. Waiden, P., Bull. Acad. Imper. Sei. (St. Petersburg), 405-422 (1914).
73. Sutter, E. J., Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer Interactions in Hydrazine-Based Binary Liquids and Related Systems, Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, 1970.
74. Sutter, E. J., and Angell, C. A., Glass transitions in molecular liquids. I. Influence of proton transfer processes in hydrazine-based solutions, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 1826-1831 (1971).
75. Susan, M. A. B. H., Noda, A., Mitsushima, S., and Watanabe, M., Bronsted acid-base ionic liquids and their use as new materials for anhydrous proton conductors, Chem. Commun., 938-939 (2003).
76. Angell, CA., Xu, W., Belieres, J.-P., and Yoshizawa, M., International Patent WO 2004114445(2004).
77. Belieres, J.-P., Gervasio, D., and Angell, C, A., Binary inorganic salt mixtures as high conductivity electrolytes for >100°C fuel cells, Chem. Commun. (Cambridge), 4799-801 (2006).
78. Wu, Y., and Voth, G. A., A computer simulation study of the hydrated proton in a synthetic proton channel, Biophys J. 85, 864-875 (2003).
79. Fujita, K., MacFarlane, D. R., and Forsyth, M, Chem. Commun. 4034, (2005).
80. Byrne, N., Belieres, J.-P, and Angell, C. A., Reversible folding-unfolding, aggregation protection, multi-year stabilization in high concentration protein solutions, Chem. Commun., {Eth}ÉÁ-{Eth}16 (2007).
81. Belieres, J.-P., and Angell, C. A., Protic ionic liquids: preparation, characterization, and proton free energy level representation, J. Phys. Chem. B, 111, 4926-4937 (2007).
82. Belieres, J.-P, Gervasio, D., and Angell, C. A., Binary inorganic salt mixtures as high conductivity electrolytes for >100°C fuel cells, Chem. Commun. 4799-801 (2006).
83. Belieres, J.-P, Xu, W., Markusson, H., Gervasio, D., and Angell, C. A., Protic ionic liquids: a new class of fuel cell electrolytes addressing oxygen over-voltage and water electro-osmosis problems, to be published.