Cognitive Therapy

Acceptance and Mindfulness in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Understanding and Applying the New Therapies

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 26-56

  Dozois, David J A ^a   Beck, Aaron T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Acceptance; Cognitive behavior therapy; Cognitive therapy; Cognitive vulnerability; Mindfulness; Psychotherapy; Treatment outcome

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886157790     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118001851.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Abela, J. R., & D'Alessandro, D. U. (2002). Beck's cognitive theory of depression: A test of the diathesisstress and causal mediation components. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 111-128.
2. Alford, B. A., & Beck, A. T. (1997). Th e integrative power of cognitive therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
3. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Panzarella, C., & Rose, D. T. (2006). Prospective incidence of first onsets and recurrences of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 145-156.
4. Amir, N., Beard, C., Burns, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009). Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 28-33.
5. Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2008). Acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: Different treatments, similar mechanisms?. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 263-279.
6. Ball, S. A. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral and schema-based models for the treatment of substance use disorders. In L. P. Riso, P. L. duToit, D. J. Stein, & J. (Eds.), Cognitive schemas and core beliefs in psychological problems: A scientist-practitioner guide (pp. 111-138). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7. Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 97-126.
8. Basco, M. R., & Rush, A. J. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9. Beck, A. T. (1963). Th inking and depression: 1. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9, 324-333.
10. Beck, A. T. (1964). Th inking and depression: 2. Th eory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561-571.
11. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
12. Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York, NY: International University Press.
13. Beck, A. T. (1988). Love is never enough. New York: Harper and Row.
14. Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1-25). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
15. Beck, A. T. (2005). Th e current state of cognitive therapy: A 40-year retrospective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 953-959.
16. Beck, A. T. (2008). Th e evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 969-977.
17. Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Steer, R. A., Eidelson J. I., & Riskind, J. H. (1987). Differentiating anxiety and depression: A test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96, 179-183
18. Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 35, 49-58.
19. Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York, NY: Basic Books.
20. Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., Davis, D. D., & Associates (2004). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21. Beck, A. T., Rector, N. A., Stolar, N., & Grant, P. (2008). Schizophrenia: Cognitive theory, research, and therapy. New York: Guilford.
22. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
23. Beck, A. T., Wenzel, A., Riskind, J. H., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (2006). Specificity of hopelessness about resolving life problems: Another test of the cognitive model of depression. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 30, 773-781.
24. Beck, A. T., Wright, F. D., Newman, C. F., & Liese, B. S. (1993). Cognitive therapy of substance abuse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
25. Beck, R., Benedict, B., & Winkler, A. (2003). Depression and anxiety: Integrating tripartite and cognitive content-specificity assessment models. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25, 251-256.
26. Beck, R., & Perkins, T. S. (2001). Cognitive content-specificity for anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 25, 651-663.
27. Beevers, C. G. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 975-1002.
28. Beevers, C. G., & Miller, I. W. (2005). Unlinking negative cognition and symptoms of depression: Evidence of a specific treatment effect for cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73, 68-77.
29. Beevers, C. G., Scott, W. D., McGeary, C., & McGeary, J. E. (2009). Negative cognitive response to a sad mood induction: Associations with polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) gene. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 726-738.
30. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). Th e empirical status of cognitivebehavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17-31.
31. Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685-716.
32. Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY: Wiley.
33. Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Stewart, B. (1990). Cognitive specificity and positive-negative affectivity: Complementary or contradictory views on anxiety and depression? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 148-155.
34. Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 645-654.
35. Clark, D. M. (1996). Panic disorder: From theory to therapy. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 318-344). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
36. Coyne, J. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (1983). Th e role of cognition in depression: A critical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 472-505.
37. Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 73-101.
38. Dalai Lama, & Beck, A. T. (2005, June). A meeting of the minds: A discussion between his holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and Dr. Aaron Beck. International Congress of Cognitive Psychotherapy, Göteborg, Sweden.
39. Dattilio, F. M., & Freeman, A. (Eds.). (1994). Cognitive-behavioral strategies in crisis intervention. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
40. DeRubeis, R. J., & Crits-Christoph, P. (1998). Empirically supported individual and group psychological treatments for adult mental disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 37-52.
41. DeRubeis, R. J., Evans, M. D., Hollon, S. D., Garvey, M. J., Grove, W. M., & Tuason, V. B. (1990). How does cognitive therapy work? Cognitive change and symptom change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 58, 862-869.
42. DeRubeis, R. J., Gelfand, L. A., Tang, T. Z., & Simons, A. (1999). Medications versus cognitive behavioral therapy for severely depressed outpatients: Mega-analysis of four randomized comparisons. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1007-1013.
43. DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Young, P. R., Salomon, R. M.,... Gallop, R. (2005). Cognitive therapy vs medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 409-416.
44. DeRubeis, R. J., Siegle, G. J., & Hollon, S. D. (2008). Cognitive therapy versus medication for depression: Treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 788-796.
45. DeRubeis, R. J., Webb, C. A., Tang, T. Z., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive therapy. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (3rd ed., pp. 277-316). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
46. Dimidjian, S., Hollon, S. D., Dobson, K. S., Kohlenberg, R. J., Gallop, R., Markley, D. K.,... Jacobson, N. S. (2006). Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 658-670.
47. Dobson, D., & Dobson, K. S. (2009). Evidence-based practice of cognitive-behavioral therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
48. Dobson, K. S., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2004). Attentional biases in eating disorders: A meta-analytic review of Stroop performance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1001-1022.
49. Dobson, K. S., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2010). Historical and philosophical bases of the cognitive-behavioral therapies. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (3rd ed., pp. 3-38). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
50. Dobson, K. S., Hollon, S. D., Dimidjian, S., Schmaling, K. B., Kohlenberg, R. J., Gallop, R. J.,... Jacobson, N. S. (2008). Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the prevention of relapse and recurrence in major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 468-477.
51. Dozois, D. J. A. (2007). Stability of negative self-structures: A longitudinal comparison of depressed, remitted, and nonpsychiatric controls. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 319-338.
52. Dozois, D. J. A., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive schemas, beliefs and assumptions. In K. S. Dobson & D. J. A. Dozois (Eds.), Risk factors in depression (pp. 121-143). Oxford, England: Elsevier/Academic Press.
53. Dozois, D. J. A., Bieling, P. J., Patelis-Siotis, I., Hoar, L., Chudzik, S., McCabe, K.,... Westra, H. A. (2009). Changes in self-schema structure in cognitive therapy for major depressive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 1078-1088.
54. Dozois, D. J. A., & Dobson, K. S. (2001a). A longitudinal investigation of information processing and cognitive organization in clinical depression: Stability of schematic interconnectedness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 914-925.
55. Dozois, D. J. A., & Dobson, K. S. (2001b). Information processing and cognitive organization in unipolar depression: Specificity and comorbidity issues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 236-246.
56. Dozois, D. J. A., & Frewen, P. A. (2006). Specificity of cognitive structure in depression and social phobia: A comparison of interpersonal and achievement content. Journal of Affective Disorders, 90, 101-109.
57. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 38, 319-345.
58. Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Lyle Stuart.
59. Epp, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2010). Th e evidence base for cognitive-behavioral therapy. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Th erapies (3rd ed., 39-73). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
60. Evans, J., Heron, J., Lewis, G., Araya, R., & Wolke, D. (2005). Negative self-schemas and the onset of depression in women: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 302-307.
61. Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 313-322.
62. Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D., & Geller, P. A. (2007). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior Modification, 31, 772-779.
63. Frewen, P. A., Dozois, D. J. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2008). Neuroimaging studies of psychological interventions for mood and anxiety disorders: Empirical and methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 228-246.
64. Garratt, G., Ingram, R. E., Rand, K. L., & Sawalani, G. (2007). Cognitive processes in cognitive therapy: Evaluation of the mechanisms of change in the treatment of depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 224-239.
65. Gibb, B. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2004). Emotional maltreatment from parents, verbal victimization, and cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 28, 1-21.
66. Gloaguen, V., Cottraux, J., Cucherat, M., & Blackburn, I. (1998). A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 49, 59-72.
67. Goldapple, K., Segal, Z., Garson, C., Lau, M., Bieling, P., Kennedy, S., & Mayberg, H. (2004). Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression: Treatment-specific effects of cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 34-41.
68. Gortner, E. T., Gollan, J. K., Dobson, K. S., & Jacobson, N. S. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression: Relapse prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 377-384.
69. Greenberger, D., & Padesky, C.A. (1995). Mind over mood: Change how you feel by changing the way you think. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
70. Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Miller, N., & Haeffel, G. J. (2004). Cognitive vulnerability-stress theories of depression: Examining affective specificity in the prediction of depression versus anxiety in three prospective studies. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 28, 309-345.
71. Hankin, B. L., Fraley, C., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Daily depression and cognitions about stress: Evidence for a trait-like depressogenic cognitive style and the prediction of depressive symptoms in a prospective daily diary study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 673-685.
72. Hayes, S. C. (2008). Climbing our hills: A beginning conversation on the comparison of acceptance and commitment therapy and traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Clinical Psychololgy: Science and Practice, 15, 286-295.
73. Hayes, S. C., Follette, V. M., & Linehan, M. M. (Eds.). (2004). Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
74. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford.
75. Hedlund, S., & Rude, S. S. (1995). Evidence of latent depressive schemas in formerly depressed individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 517-525.
76. Hofmann, S. G. (2008a). Acceptance and commitment therapy: New wave or Morita therapy? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 280-285.
77. Hofmann, S. G. (2008b). Common misconceptions about cognitive mediation of treatment change: A commentary to Longmore and Worrell (2007). Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 67-70.
78. Hofmann, S. G., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2008). Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: New wave or old hat? Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1-16.
79. Hofmann, S. G., Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Suvak, M. K., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M.,... Woods, S. W. (2007). Preliminary evidence for cognitive mediation during cognitive-behavioral therapy of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 374-379.
80. Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., Shelton, R. C., Amsterdam, J. D., Salomon, R. M., O'Reardon, J. P.,... Gallop, R. (2005). Prevention of relapse following cognitive therapy vs. medications in moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 417-422.
81. Hollon, S. D., Th ase, M. E., & Markowitz, J. C. (2002). Treatment and prevention of depression. Psychological Science, 39-77.
82. Ingram, R.E. (2003). Origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Th erapy & Research, 27, 77-88.
83. Ingram, R. E., Bernet, C. Z., & McLaughlin, S. C. (1994). Attentional allocation processes in individuals at risk for depression. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 18, 317-332.
84. Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
85. Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K.,... Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295-304.
86. Jarrett, R. B., Vittengl, J. R., Doyle, K., & Clark, L. A. (2007). Changes in cognitive content during and following cognitive therapy for recurrent depression: Substantial and enduring but not predictive of change in depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 432-446.
87. Joiner, T. E., Jr., Metalsky, G.I., Lew, A., & Klocek, J. (1999). Testing the causal mediation component of Beck's theory of depression: Evidence for specific mediation. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 23, 401-412
88. Kant, I. (1929). Critique of pure reason. (N. K. Smith, Trans.). London, England: Macmillan. (Original work published 1781).
89. Kazdin, A. E. (1978). History of behavior modification: Experimental foundations of contemporary research. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
90. Kelly, G. (1955). Th e psychology of personal constructs. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
91. Kelly, G. A. (1963). A theory of personality. New York: W. W. Norton.
92. Kingdon, D. (2010). Over-simplification and exclusion of non-conforming studies can demonstrate absence of effect: A lynching party? Psychological Medicine, 40, 25-27.
93. Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 525-533.
94. Kuiper, N. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1986). Dysfunctional attitudes and a self-worth contingency model of depression. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5, pp. 115-142). New York, NY: Academic.
95. Kuyken, W., Padesky, C. A., & Dudley, R. (2009). Collaborative case conceptualization: Working effectively with clients in cognitive-behavioral therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
96. Kwon, S.-M., & Oei, T. P. S. (1992). Differential causal roles of dysfunctional attitudes and automatic thoughts in depression. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 16, 309-328.
97. Lavy, E., van den Hout, M., & Arntz, A. (1993). Attentional bias and spider phobia: Conceptual and clinical issues. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 31, 17-24.
98. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
99. Lewinsohn, P. M., Joiner, T. E., & Rohde, P. (2001). Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 203-215.
100. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
101. Longmore, R. J., & Worrell, M. (2007). Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behaviour therapy? Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 173-187.
102. Lumley, M. N., & Harkness, K. L. (2009). Childhood maltreatment and depressotypic cognitive organization. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 33, 511-522.
103. Lynch, D., Law, K. R., & McKenna, P. J. (2010). Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: Does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychological Medicine, 40, 9-24.
104. MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 107-123.
105. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 3, 331-354.
106. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167-195.
107. Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Eysenck, M. (1995). Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 33, 293-303.
108. Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., & Hope, D. A. (1993). Th e revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 31, 305-313.
109. Miranda, J., Gross, J. J., Persons, J. B., & Hahn, J. (1998). Mood matters: Negative mood induction activates dysfunctional attitudes in women vulnerable to depression. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 22, 363-376.
110. Miranda, J., & Persons, J. B. (1988). Dysfunctional attitudes are mood-state dependent. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 76-79.
111. Miranda, J., Persons, J. B., & Byers, C. N. (1990). Endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs depends on current mood state. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 237-241.
112. Moore, R. G., & Blackburn, I. M. (1996). Th e stability of sociotropy and autonomy in depressed patients undergoing treatment. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 20, 69-80.
113. Nevid, J. S. (2007). Kant, cognitive psychotherapy, and the hardening of the categories. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Th eory, Research and Practice, 80, 605-615.
114. Oei, T. P. S., & Sullivan, L. M. (1999). Cognitive changes following recovery from depression in a group cognitive-behaviour therapy program. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 407-415.
115. Ohrt, T., Sjödin, I., & Thorell, L. (1999). Cognitive distortions in panic disorder and major depression: Specificity for depressed mood. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 459-464.
116. Olson, J. M., Roese, N. J., & Zanna, M. P. (1996). Expectancies. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 211-238). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
117. Öst, L. (2008). Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 46, 296-321.
118. Otto, M. W., Teachman, B. A., Cohen, L. S., Soares, C. N., Vitonis, A. F., & Harlow, B. L. (2007). Dysfunctional attitudes and episodes of major depression: Predictive validity and temporal stability in neverdepressed, depressed, and recovered women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 475-483.
119. Ouimet, A. J., Gawronski, B., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2009). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety: A review and an integrative model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 259-270.
120. Persons, J. B., & Miranda, J. (1992). Cognitive theories of vulnerability to depression-Reconciling negative evidence. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 16, 485-502.
121. Piaget, J. (1950). Psychology of intelligence (M. Piercy and D. E. Berlyne, Trans.) New York, NY: Harcourt Brace. (Original work published in 1947).
122. Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Segal, Z. V., Joffe, R. T., & Levitt, A. (2000). Self-criticism and dependency in depressed patients treated with cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 24, 571-584.
123. Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2009). Mindfulness-and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
124. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
125. Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677-688.
126. Rush, A. J., Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., Weissenburger, J., & Hollon, S. D. (1982). Comparison of the effects of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy on hopelessness and self-concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 862-866.
127. Scher, C. D., Ingram, R. E., & Segal, Z. V. (2005). Cognitive reactivity and vulnerability: Empirical evaluation of construct activation and cognitive diatheses in unipolar depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 487-510.
128. Schniering, C. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2004). Th e relationship between automatic thoughts and negative emotions in children and adolescents: A test of the content-specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psycholology, 113, 464-470.
129. Schwartz, R. M., & Garamoni, G. L. (1986). A structural model of positive and negative states of mind: Asymmetry in the internal dialogue. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5, pp. 1-62). New York, NY: Academic Press.
130. Segal, Z. V. (1988). Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 147-162.
131. Segal, Z. V., & Gemar, M. (1997). Changes in cognitive organization for negative self-referent material following cognitive behavior therapy for depression: A primed Stroop study. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 501-516.
132. Segal, Z. V., Gemar, M., Truchon, C., Guirguis, M., & Horowitz, L. M. (1995). A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 205-213.
133. Segal, Z.V., Gemar, M., & Williams, S. (1999). Differential cognitive response to a mood challenge following successful cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy for unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 3-10.
134. Segal, Z. V., Kennedy, S., Gemar, M., Hood, K., Pedersen, R., & Buis, T. (2006). Cognitive reactivity to sad mood provocation and the prediction of depressive relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 749-755.
135. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford.
136. Simons, A. D., Garfield, S. L., & Murphy, G. E. (1984). Th e process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression: Changes in mood and cognition. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 45-51.
137. Solomon, A., Haaga, D. A. F., Brody, C., Kirk, L., & Friedman, D. G. (1998). Priming irrational beliefs in recovered-depressed people. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 440-449.
138. Steer, R. A., Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Ranieri, W. F. (1995). Common and specific dimensions of selfreported anxiety and depression: A replication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 542-545.
139. Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). Th e self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 371-394.
140. Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999). Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 894-904.
141. Teasdale, J. D. (1996). Clinically relevant theory: Integrating clinical insight with cognitive science. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 26-47). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
142. Teasdale, J. D., & Barnard, P. J. (1993). Affect, cognition, & change: Re-modeling depressive thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
143. Teasdale, J. D., & Dent, J. (1987). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: An investigation of two hypotheses. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 113-126.
144. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 33, 25-39.
145. Tversky, M., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
146. Wampold, B. E., Minami, T., Baskin. T. W., & Tierney, S. C. (2002). A meta-(re)analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy versus "other therapies" for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 68, 159-165.
147. Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. New York, NY: Wiley.
148. Wells, A. (2002). Worry, metacognition, and GAD: Nature, consequences, and treatment. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherpy: An International Quarterly, 16, 179-192.
149. Wells, A. (2008). Metacognitive therapy: Cognition applied to regulating emotion. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 651-658.
150. Westen, D., & Morrison, K. (2001). A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 875-899.
151. Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J. A., & Boardman, C. (2002). Predictors of treatment change and engagement in cognitive-behavioural group therapy for depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 16, 227-241.
152. Westra, H. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (1997). Cognitive content specificity in selective attention across four domains of maladjustment. Behavior Research and Th erapy, 35, 349-365.
153. Whisman, M. A. (1993). Mediators and moderators of change in cognitive therapy of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 248-265.
154. Whisman, M. A., Miller, I. W., Norman, W. H., & Keitner, G. I. (1991). Cognitive therapy with depressed inpatients: Specific effects on dysfunctional cognitions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 282-288.
155. Williams, J. M., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). Th e emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 3-24.
156. Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. M. (1997). Cognitive psychology and the emotional disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.
157. Williams, M., Teasdale, J., Segal, Z., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2007). Th e mindful way through depression: Freeing yourself from chronic unhappiness. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
158. Woody, S.R., Taylor, S., McLean, P.D., & Koch, W. J. (1998). Cognitive specificity in panic and depression: Implications for comorbidity. Cognitive Th erapy & Research, 22, 427-443.
159. Young, J. E., & Beck, A. T. (1980). Cognitive Th erapy Scale rating manual. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
160. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weshaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
161. Young, J. E., Rygh, J. L., Weinberger, A. D., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive therapy for depression. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (4th ed., pp. 250-305). New York, NY: Guilford Press.