Dynamic Relationship between Subsidence, Sedimentation, and Unconformities in Mid-Cretaceous, Shallow-Marine Strata of the Western Canada Foreland Basin: Links to Cordilleran Tectonics

Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins: Recent Advances

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 480-507

  Plint, A Guy ^a   Tyagi, Aditya ^a   Mccausland, Phil ^a   Krawetz, Jessica R ^b   Zhang, Heng ^c   Roca, Xavier ^d   Varban, Bogdan L ^d   Hu, Y Greg ^e   Kreitner, Michael A ^f   Hay, Michael J ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b Canadian Natural Resources Limited   (Canada)

^c Imperial Oil Resources ^*  (Canada)

^d Imperial Oil Ltd Resources Limited   (Canada)

^e Loring Tarcore Labs Ltd   (Canada)

^f SUNCOR ENERGY INC   (Canada)

^g Talisman Energy Inc   (Canada)

Author keywords

Canada; Clastic sequences; Cretaceous; Flexural subsidence; Foreland basin

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ENGINEERING; FLOODS; SANDSTONE; SUBSIDENCE; TECTONICS;

CANADA; CLASTIC SEQUENCES; CLOCKWISE ROTATION; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; CORDILLERAN TECTONICS; CRETACEOUS; FORELAND BASIN; LOCALIZED LOADINGS;

LOADING;

EID: 84886115623     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444347166.ch24     Document Type: Chapter

References (105)

1. Bally, A.W., Gordy, P.L., and Stewart, G.A. (1966) Structure, seismic data, and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 14, 337-381.
2. Barker, I., Moser, D., Kamo, S., and Plint, A.G. (2011) High-precision ID-TIMS U-Pb Zircon dating of two transcontinental bentonites: Cenomanian Stage, Western Canada Foreland Basin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48, 543-556.
3. Beaumont, C. (1981) Foreland basins. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 65, 337-381.
4. Beaumont, C., Quinlan, G.M. and Stockmal, G.S. (1993) The evolution of the Western Interior Basin: Causes, consequences and unsolved problems. In: Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kauffman, E.G., eds., Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39, 97-117.
5. Bhattacharya, J.P. and Walker, R.G. (1991) Allostratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan, Shaftesbury and Kaskapau formations in the northwestern Alberta subsurface. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 39, 145-164.
6. Bhattacharya, J.P. and MacEachern, J.M. (2009) Hyperpyc-nal rivers and prodeltaic shelves in the Cretaceous seaway of North America. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 79, 184-209.
7. Bloch, J., Schröder-Adams, C., Leckie, D.A., McIntyre, D.J., Craig, J. and Staniland, M. (1993) Revised stratigraphy of the lower Colorado Group (Albian to Turonian), Western Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 41, 325-348.
8. Butler, R.F., Gehrels, G.E. and Kodama, K.P. (2001) A moderate translation alternative to the Baja British Columbia hypothesis. GSA Today, 11, 4-10.
9. Cant, D.J. and Stockmal, G.S. (1989) The Alberta foreland basin: relationship between stratigraphy and Cordilleran terrane-accretion events. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, 1964-1975.
10. Chen, D. and Bergman, K.M. (1999) Stratal reorientation, depositional processes, and sequence evolution of the Cretaceous in the Peace River Arch region of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 47, 594-620.
11. Colpron, M., Nelson, J.L. and Murphy, D.C. (2007) Northern Cordilleran terranes and their interactions through time. GSA Today 17, 4B10.
12. Cook, F.A. and Erdmer, P. (2005) An 1800 km cross section of the lithosphere through the northwestern North American plate: lessons from 4.0 billion years of Earth"s history. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 1295-1311.
13. DeCelles, P.G. (2004) Late Jurassic to Eocene evolution of the Cordilleran thrust belt and foreland basin system, western U.S.A. American Journal of Science, 304, 105-168.
14. DeCelles, P. G and Mitra, G. (1995) History of the Sevier orogenic wedge in terms of critical taper models, northeast Utah and southeast Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 107, 454-462.
15. Donaldson, W.S., Plint, A.G. and Longstaffe, F.J. (1998) Basement tectonic control on distribution of shallow marine Bad Heart Formation: Peace River Arch area, NW Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 46, 576-598.
16. Donaldson, W.S., Plint, A.G. and Longstaffe, F.J. (1999) Tectonic and eustatic control on deposition and preservation of Cretaceous ooidal ironstone and associated facies: Peace River Arch area, NW Alberta, Canada. Sedimentology, 46, 1159-1182.
17. Engebretson, D.C., Cox, A. and Gordon, R.G. (1985) Relative motions between oceanic and continental plates in the Pacific Basin. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 206, 59 p.
18. Enkin, R.J. (2006) Paleomagnetism and the case for Baja British Columbia. In: Haggart, J.W., Enkin, R.J. and Monger, J.W.H., eds., Paleogeography of the North American Cordillera: Evidence for and against large-scale displacements. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 46, 233-253.
19. Enkin, R.J., Mahoney, J.B. and Baker, J. (2006) Paleo-magnetic signature of the Silverquick/Powell Creek succession, south-central British Columbia: Reaffirmation of Late Cretaceous large-scale terrane translation. In: Haggart, J.W., Enkin, R.J. and Monger, J.W.H., eds., Paleogeography of the North American Cordillera: Evidence for and against large-scale displacements. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 46, 201-220.
20. Evenchick, C.A. (1991) Geometry, evolution and tectonic framework of the Skeena Fold Belt, north central British Columbia. Tectonics, 10, 527-546.
21. Evenchick, C.A., McMechan, M.E., McNichol, V.J. and Carr, S.D. (2007) A synthesis of the Jurassic-Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the central and southeastern Canadian Cordillera: Exploring links across the orogen. In: Sears, J.W., Harms, T.A. and Evenchick, C.A., eds., Whence the mountains? Inquiries into the evolution of orogenic systems: A volume in honor of Raymond A. Price. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 433, 117-145.
22. Gabrielse, H., Murphy, D.C. and Mortensen, J.K. (2006) Cretaceous and Cenozoic dextral orogen-parallel displacements, magmatism, and paleogeography, north-central Canadian Cordillera. In: Haggart, J.W., Enkin, R.J. and Monger, J.W.H., eds., Paleogeography of the North American Cordillera: Evidence for and against large-scale displacements. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 46, 255-276.
23. Haeussler, P.J., Bradley, D.C., Wells, R.E. and Miller, M.L. (2003) Life and death of the Resurrection plate: Evidence for its existence and subduction in the northeastern Pacific in Paleocene-Eocene time: GSA Bulletin, 115, 867-880.
24. Hart, B.S. and Plint, A.G. (1993) Tectonic influence on deposition and erosion in a ramp setting: Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation, Alberta foreland basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 2092-2107.
25. Hart, B.S. and Plint, A.G. (2003) Stratigraphy and sedimen-tology of shoreface and fluvial conglomerates: insights from the Cardium Formation in NW Alberta and adjacent British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 51, 437-464.
26. Hay, M.J. (2006) Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoge-ography of the upper Dunvegan Formation, mid-Ceno-manian, Alberta, Canada: interactions between deltaic sedimentation, flexural tectonics and eustasy. MSc thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 197 p.
27. Hay, M.J. and Plint, A.G. (2009) An allostratigraphic framework for a retrogradational delta complex: the uppermost Dunvegan Formation (Cenomanian) in subsurface and outcrop, Alberta and British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 57, 323-349.
28. Hayes, B.J.R., Christopher, J.E., Rosenthal, L., Los, G., McKercher, B., Minken, D., Tremblay, Y.M. and Fennell, J. (1994) Chapter 19, Cretaceous Mannville Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Mossop, G. and Shetsen, I., eds., Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Calgary, 317-334.
29. Heller, P.L. and Paola, C. (1992) The large-scale dynamics of grain-size variation in alluvial basins, 2: Application to syntectonic conglomerate. Basin Research, 4, 91-102.
30. Hu, Y.G. (1997) High-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Upper Cretaceous Puskwaskau Formation of west-central Alberta and adjacent B.C.: outcrop and subsurface. PhD thesis, University of Western Ontario, 309 p.
31. Hu, Y.G. and Plint, A.G. (2009) An allostratigraphic correlation of a mudstone-dominated syn-tectonic wedge: The Puskwaskau Formation (Santonian-Campanian) in outcrop and subsurface, Western Canada foreland basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 57, 1-33.
32. Irving, E., Wynne, P.J., Thorkelson, D.J. and Schiarizza, P. (1996). Large (1000 to 4000 km) northward movements of tectonic domains in the northern Cordillera, 83 to 45 Ma. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 17901-17916.
33. Johnston, S.T. (2001) The Great Alaskan Terrane Wreck: reconciliation of paleomagnetic and geological data in the northern Cordillera. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 193, 259-272.
34. Johnston, S.T. (2008) The Cordilleran ribbon continent of North America. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 36, 495-530.
35. Jordan, T.E. (1981) Thrust loads and foreland basin evolution, Cretaceous, western United States. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 65, 2506-2520.
36. Jordan, T.E. and Flemings, P.F. (1991) Large-scale strati-graphic architecture, eustatic variation, and unsteady tectonism: A theoretical evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96B4, 6681-6699.
37. Jowett, D.M.S. and Schröder-Adams, C.J. (2005) Paleoenvir-onments and regional stratigraphic framework of the Middle-Upper Albian Lepine Formation in the Liard Basin, northern Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 53, 25-50.
38. Kauffman, E.G., and Caldwell, W.G.E. (1993) The Western Interior Basin in space and time. In: Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kauffman, E.G., eds., Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39, 1-30.
39. Kreitner, M.A. and Plint, A.G. (2006) Allostratigraphy and paleogeography of the Upper Cenomanian, Lower Kas-kapau Formation in subsurface and outcrop, Alberta and British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 54, 147-174.
40. Larson, K.P., Price, R.A. and Archibald, D.A. (2006) Tectonic implications of _sup_40_/sup_Ar/_sup_39_/sup_Ar muscovite dates from the Mt. Haley stock and Lussier River stock, near Fort Steele, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 43, 1673-1684.
41. Lawton, T.F. (1994) Tectonic setting of Mesozoic sedimentary basins, Rocky Mountain region, United States. In: Caputo, M.V., Peterson, J.A. and Franczyk, K.J., eds., Mesozoic systems of the Rocky Mountain region, USA. Rocky Mountain section of SEPM, Denver, Colorado, 1-25.
42. Lawton, T.F., Boyer, S.E. and Schmitt, J.G. (1994) Influence of inherited taper on structural variability and conglomerate distribution, Cordilleran fold and thrust belt, western United States. Geology, 22, 339-342.
43. Leckie, D.A., Staniland, M.R. and Hayes, B.J. (1990) Regional maps of the Albian Peace River and lower Shaftesbury formations on the Peace River Arch, northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 38A, 176-189.
44. Leckie, D.A., Bhattacharya, J.P., Bloch, J., Gilboy, C.F. and Norris, B. (1994) Chapter 20, Cretaceous Colorado/Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Mossop, G. and Shetsen, I., eds., Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Calgary, 335-352.
45. Leckie, D.A., Schröder-Adams, C.J. and Bloch, J. (2000) The effect of paleotopography on the Late Albian and Cen-omanian sea-level record of the Canadian Cretaceous interior seaway. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 112, 1179-1198.
46. Liu, S. and Nummedal, D. (2004) Late Cretaceous subsidence in Wyoming: Quantifying the dynamic component. Geology, 32, 397-400.
47. Lumsdon-West, M.P. and Plint, A.G. (2005) Changing alluvial style in response to changing accommodation rate in a proximal foreland basin setting: Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation, NE British Columbia, Canada. In: Blum, M.D., Marriott, S.B. and Leclair, S., eds., Fluvial Sedimentology VII, International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 35, 493-515.
48. McCarthy, P.J. and Plint, A.G. (1998) Recognition of interfluve sequence boundaries: integrating paleopedology and sequence stratigraphy. Geology, 26, 387-390.
49. McCarthy, P.J. and Plint, A.G. (2003) Spatial variability of palaeosols across Cretaceous interfluves in the Dunve-gan Formation, NE British Columbia, Canada: palaeohy-drologic, palaeogeomorphologic and stratigraphic implications Sedimentology, 50, 1187-1220.
50. McCarthy, P.J., Faccini, U.F. and Plint, A.G. (1999) Evolution of an ancient floodplain: palaeosols and alluvial architecture in a sequence stratigraphic framework, Cen-omanian Dunvegan Formation, NE British Columbia, Canada. Sedimentology, 46, 861-891.
51. McCausland, P.J.A., Symons, D.T.A., Hart, C.J.R. and Blackburn, W.H. (2006) Assembly of the northern Cordillera: New paleomagnetic evidence for coherent, moderate Jurassic to Eocene motion of the Intermontane belt and Yukon-Tananaterranes. In: Haggart, J.W., Enkin, R.J. and Monger, J.W.H., eds., Paleogeography of the North American Cordillera: Evidence for and against large-scale displacements. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 46, 147-170.
52. McMechan, M.E. and Thompson, R.I. (1993) The Canadian Cordilleran fold and thrust belt south of 66° N and its influence on the Western Interior Basin. In: Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kauffman, E.G., eds., Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39, 73-90.
53. Miall, A.D., Catuneanu, O., Vakarelov, B.K. and Post, R. (2008) Chapter 9, The Western Interior Basin. In: Miall, A.D. (ed.), Sedimentary Basins of the World, Vol. 5, The sedimentary basins of the United States and Canada, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 329-362.
54. Mitrovica, J.X., Beaumont, C. and Jarvis, G.T. (1989) Tilting of continental interiors by the dynamical effects of subduction. Tectonics, 8, 1079-1094.
55. Monger, J.W.H. (1993) Cretaceous tectonics of the North American Cordillera. In: Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kauffman, E.G., eds., Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39, 31-47.
56. Monger, J.W.H. (1997) Plate tectonics and northern Cordil-leran geology: An unfinished revolution. Geoscience Canada, 24, 189-198.
57. Monger, J.W.H. and Price, R.A. (2002) The Canadian Cordillera: Geology and tectonic evolution. Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Recorder, 17, 18-36.
58. Mortensen, J.K. (1992). Pre-mid-Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Yukon and Alaska. Tectonics, 11, 836-853.
59. Murphy, D.C., Colpron, M., Roots, C.F., Gordey, S.P. and Abbott, J.G., 2002, Finlayson Lake targeted geoscience initiative (southeastern Yukon), part 1: bedrock geology: Yukon Exploration and Geology, 2001, p. 189-207.
60. Nielsen, K.S., Schröder-Adams, C.J. and Leckie, D.A. (2003) A new stratigraphic framework for the Upper Colorado Group (Cretaceous) in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 51, 304-346.
61. O'Connell, S. (1994) Geological history of the Peace River Arch. In: Mossop, G. and Shetsen, I., eds., Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, p. 431-437.
62. Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G. and Gradstein, F.M. (2009) The concise Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, 177 p.
63. Pang, M. and Nummedal, D. (1995) Flexural subsidence and basement tectonics of the Cretaceous Western Interior Basin, United States. Geology, 23, 173-176.
64. Pattison, S.A.J. and Walker, R.G. (1994) Incision and filling of a lowstand valley: late Albian Viking Formation at Crystal Field, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 365-379.
65. Plint, A.G. (1990) An allostratigraphic correlation of the Muskiki and Marshybank formations (Coniacian-Santo-nian) in the Foothills and subsurface of the Alberta Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 38, 288-306.
66. Plint, A.G. (2000) Sequence stratigraphy and paleogeography of a Cenomanian deltaic complex: The Dunvegan and lower Kaskapau formations in subsurface and outcrop, Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 47, 43-79.
67. Plint, A.G. (2002) Paleo-valley systems in the Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation, Alberta and British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 50, 277-296.
68. Plint, A.G. (2003) Clastic sediment partitioning in a Cretaceous delta system, western Canada: Responses to tectonic and sea-level controls. Geologia Croatica, 56, 39-68.
69. Plint, A.G. (n.d.) Unpublished data, University of Western Ontario, London.
70. Plint, A.G. and Norris, B. (1991) Anatomy of a ramp margin sequence: Facies successions, paleogeography and sediment dispersal patterns in the Muskiki and Marshybank formations, Alberta Foreland Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 39, 18-42.
71. Plint, A.G. and Kreitner, M.A. (2007) Extensive, thin sequences spanning Cretaceous foredeep suggest high-frequency eustatic control: Late Cenomanian, Western Canada foreland basin. Geology, 35, 735-738.
72. Plint, A.G. and Wadsworth, J.A. (2003) Sedimentology and palaeogeomorphology of four large valley systems incising delta plains, Western Canada Foreland Basin: implications for mid-Cretaceous sea-level changes. Sedimentology, 50, 1147-1186.
73. Plint, A.G. and Wadsworth, J.A. (2006) Delta plain paleo-drainage patterns reflect small-scale fault movement and subtle forebulge uplift: Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation, Western Canada Foreland Basin. In: Dalrymple, R.W., Leckie, D.A., and Tillman, R.W., eds., Incised Valley Systems in Time and Space. SEPM Special Publication 85, 219-237.
74. Plint, A.G., Walker, R.G. and Bergman, K.M. (1986) Cardium Formation 6. Stratigraphic framework of the Cardium in subsurface. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 34, 213-225.
75. Plint, A.G., Tyagi, A., Hay, M.J., Varban, B.L., Zhang, H. and Roca, X. (2009) Clinoforms, paleobathymetry, and mud dispersal across the Western Canada Cretaceous foreland basin: evidence from the Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation and contiguous strata. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 79, 144-161.
76. Poulton, T.P., Christopher, J.E., Hayes, B.J.R., Losert, J., Tittemore, J. and Gilchrist, R.D. (1994) Chapter 18: Jurassic and Lowermost Cretaceous strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Mossop, G. and Shetsen, I., eds., Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, p. 297-316.
77. Posamentier, H.W. and Chamberlain, C.J. (1993) Sequence-stratigraphic analysis of Viking Formation lowstand beach deposits at Joarcam Field, Alberta, Canada. In: Posamentier, H.W., Summerhayes, C.P., Haq, B.U. and Allen, G.P., eds., Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Associations, International Association of Sedimentol-ogists, Special Publication 18, 469-485.
78. Price, R.A. (1973) Large-scale gravitational flow of supra-crustal rocks, southern Canadian Rockies. In: De Jong, K. E. and Scholten, R., eds., Gravity and tectonics. John Wiley, New York, 491-502.
79. Price, R.A. (1994) Chapter 2: Cordilleran tectonics and the evolution of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Mossop, G. and Shetsen, I., eds., Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, p. 13-24.
80. Price, R.A. and Carmichael, D.M. (1986) Geometric test for Late Cretaceous-Paleogene intracontinental transform faulting in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology, 14, 568-471.
81. Price, R.A. and Sears, J.W. (2000) Preliminary palinspastic map of the Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Supergroup, Canada and USA: Implications for the plate tectonic setting and structural evolution of the Purcell anticlinorium and the Sullivan Deposit. In: Lydon, J.W., Höy, T., Slack, J.F. and Knapp, M.E., eds., The geological environment of the Sullivan Deposit, British Columbia. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication 1, 61-81.
82. Roca, X. (2007) Tectonic and eustatic controls on the allos-tratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lower Colorado Group (Upper Albian), Central Foothills and adjacent Plains of Alberta, Western Canada foreland basin. PhD thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 323 p.
83. Roca, X., Rylaarsdam, J.R., Zhang, H., Varban, B.L., Sisulak, C.F., Bastedo, K. and Plint, A.G. (2008) An allostrati-graphic correlation of the Lower Colorado Group (Albian) and equivalent strata in Alberta and British Columbia, and Cenomanian rocks of the Upper Colorado Group in southern Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 56, 259-299.
84. Rudkin, R.A. (1964) Chapter 11, Lower Cretaceous. In: McCrossan, R.G. and Glaister, R.P., eds., Geological History of Western Canada. Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 156-168.
85. Ryer, T.A. (1993) Speculations on the origins of mid-Cretaceous clastic wedges, central Rocky Mountain region, United States. In: Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kauffman, E.G., eds., Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39, 189-198.
86. Rylaarsdam, J.R. (2006) The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Upper Albian Paddy Member of the Peace River Formation, and the Walton Creek Member of the Boulder Creek Formation, NW Alberta and adjacent British Columbia. MSc thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 187 p.
87. Scheiber, J., Southard, J. and Thaisen, K. (2007) Accretion of mudstone beds from migrating floccule ripples. Science, 318, 1760-1762.
88. Schröder-Adams, C.J. and Pedersen, P.K. 2003, Litho- and biofacies analysis of the Buckinghorse Formation: The Albian Western Interior Sea in northeastern British Columbia (Canada). Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 51, 234-252.
89. Schwartz, R.K. and DeCelles, P.G. (1988)Cordilleranforeland basin evolution in response to interactive Cretaceous thrusting and foreland partitioning, southwestern Montana. In: Schmidt, C.J. and Perry, W.J., eds., Interaction of the Rocky Mountain foreland and the Cordilleran thrust belt. GeologicalSociety of America, Memoir 171, 489-513.
90. Stott, D.F. (1982) Lower Cretaceous Fort St. John Group and Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation of the Foothills and Plains of Alberta, British Columbia, District of Mackenzie and Yukon Territory. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 328, 124 p.
91. Symons, D.T.A., Kawasaki, K. and McCausland, P.J.A. (2009) The Yukon-Tanana terrane: Part of North America at ~215Ma from paleomagnetism of the Taylor Mountain batholith, Alaska. Tectonophysics, 465, 60-74.
92. Tyagi, A. (2009) Sedimentology and high-resolution stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous (Late Albian to Middle Turonian) Blackstone Formation, Western Interior Basin, Alberta, Canada. PhD thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 699 p.
93. Tyagi, A., Plint, A.G. and McNeil, D.H. (2007) Correlation of physical surfaces, bentonites, and biozones in the Colorado Group from the Alberta Foothills to south-western Saskatchewan, and a revision of the Belle Fourche/Second White Specks formational boundary. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, 871-888.
94. Underschultz, J.R. (1991) Tectonic loading, sedimentation, and sea-level changes in the foreland basin of north-west Alberta and north-east British Columbia, Canada. Basin Research, 3, 165-174.
95. Varban, B.L. (2004) Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Cenomanian-Turonian Kaskapau Formation, northeast British Columbia and northwest Alberta.PhD thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 452 p.
96. Varban, B.L. and Plint, A.G. (2005) Allostratigraphy of the Kaskapau Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian) in subsurface and outcrop: NE British Columbia and NW Alberta, Western Canada Foreland Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 53, 357-389.
97. Varban, B.L. and Plint, A.G. (2008a) Palaeoenvironments, palaeogeography, and physiography of a large, shallow, muddy ramp: Late Cenomanian-Turonian Kaskapau Formation, Western Canada foreland basin. Sedimentology, 55, 201-233.
98. Varban, B.L. and Plint, A.G. (2008b) Sequence stacking patterns in the Western Canada foredeep: influence of tectonics, sediment loading and eustasy on deposition of the Upper Cretaceous Kaskapau and Cardium formations. Sedimentology, 55, 395-421.
99. Walker, R.G. (1995) Sedimentary and tectonic origin of a transgressive surface of erosion: Viking Formation, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 65, 209-221.
100. Wheeler, J.O. and McFeely, P. (1991) Tectonic assemblage map of the Canadian Cordilleran and adjacent parts of the United States of America: Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1712A, scale 1:2, 000, 000.
101. Williams, G.D and Burk, C.F. (1964) Chapter 12, Upper Cretaceous. In: McCrossan, R.G. and Glaister, R.P., eds., Geological History of Western Canada. Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 169-185.
102. Yang, Y. and Miall, A.D. (2008) Marine transgressions in the mid-Cretaceous of the Cordilleran foreland basin reinterpreted as orogenic unloading deposits. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 56, 179-198.
103. Yang, Y. and Miall, A.D. (2009) Evolution of the northern Cordilleran foreland basin during the middle Cretaceous. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 121, 483-501.
104. Zhang, H. (2006) Allostratigraphy of the Shaftesbury Formation, northern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia: Responses to tectonic and eustatic controls. MSc thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 237 p.
105. Zonneveld, J-P., Kjarsgaard, B.A., Harvey, S.E., Heaman, L. M., McNeil, D.H. and Marcia, K.Y. (2004) Sedimentologie and stratigraphic constraints on emplacement of the Star Kimberlite, east-central Saskatchewan. Lithos, 76, 115-138.