When the Narcissistic Ego Deflates, Narcissistic Aggression Inflates

The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 319-329

  Bushman, Brad J ^a,b   Thomaes, Sander ^c  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aggression; Ego threat; Narcissism; Self esteem; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885976807     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118093108.ch28     Document Type: Chapter

References (62)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450.
3. Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (1997). External validity of "trivial" experiments: The case of laboratory aggression. Review of General Psychology, 1, 19-41.
4. Anderson, C. A., Lindsay, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (1999). Research in the psychological laboratory: Truth or triviality? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 3-9.
5. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364-374.
6. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
7. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
8. Berkowitz, L. (1983). Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans. American Psychologist, 38, 1135-1144.
9. Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. (2007). Self-esteem and violence: Testing links between adolescent self-esteem and later hostility and violent behavior. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 881-891.
10. Bradshaw, C. P., & Hazan, C. (2006). Examining views of self in relation to views of others: Implications for research on aggression and self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 1209-1218.
11. Branden, N. (1984, August-September). In defense of self. Association for Humanistic Psychology, 12-13.
12. Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219-229.
13. Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Does selflove or self-hate lead to violence. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 543-545.
14. Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., Thomaes, S., Ryu, E., Begeer, S., & West, S. G. (2009). Looking again, and harder, for a link between low self-esteem and aggression. Journal of Personality, 77, 427-446.
15. Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., van Dijk, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Narcissism, sexual refusal, and aggression: Testing a narcissistic reactance model of sexual coercion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1027-1040.
16. Bushman, B. J., & Thomaes, S. (2008). Aggression. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.),Encyclopedia of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 20-25). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Carlson, K., & Gjerde, P. F. (2009). Preschool personality antecedents of narcissism in adolescence and young adulthood: A 20-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 570-578.
18. Čehajić, S., Brown, R., & González, R. (2009). What do I care? Perceived ingroup responsibility and dehumanization as predictors of empathy felt for the victim group. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(6), 715-729.
19. Damon, W. (1995). Greater expectations: Overcoming the culture of indulgence in our homes and schools. New York, NY: Free Press.
20. de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawic kreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1074-1096.
21. Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 188-207.
22. Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328-335.
23. D'Zurilla, T. J., Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2003). Selfesteem and social problem solving as predictors of aggression in college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 424-440.
24. Goldberg, B. R., Serper, M. R., Sheets, M. M. A., Beech, D., Dill, C., & Duffy, K. G. (2007). Predictors of aggression on the psychiatric impatient service: Self-esteem, narcissism, and theory of mind deficits. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 436-445.
25. Harter, S. (2006). The self. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.),Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 505-570). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
26. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive selfregard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
27. Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth. New York, NY: Norton.
28. Horton, R. S., Bleau G., & Drwecki, B. (2006). Parenting narcissus: Does parenting contribute to the development of narcissism? Journal of Personality, 74, 345-376.
29. Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York, NY: Basic Books.
30. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 85, 969-978.
31. Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
32. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
33. Kirkpatrick, L. A., Waugh, C. E., Valencia, A., & Webster, G. D. (2002). The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 756-767.
34. Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. Madison, WI: International Universities Press.
35. Konrath, S., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2006). Attenuating the link between threatened egotism and aggression. Psychological Science, 17, 995-1001.
36. Konrath, S., Meier, B. P., & Bushman, B. J. (under review). Development and validation of the singleitem narcissism scale (SINS).
37. Lawrence, C. (2006). Measuring individual responses to aggression-triggering events: Development of the situational triggers of aggressive responses (STAR) scale. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 241-252.
38. Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., & Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2006). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887-904.
39. Locke, K. D. (2009). Aggression, narcissism, self-esteem, and the attribution of desirable and humanizing traits to self versus others. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(1), 99-102.
40. Lord, M. (1999, Oct. 11). The violent kid profile: A controversial new technique for beating violence. U.S. News & World Report, 56-57.
41. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 20, 568-579.
42. Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. DSM-III: Axis II. New York, NY: Wiley.
43. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
44. Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
45. Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-102.
46. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T, D.. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
47. Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006). Narcissism and childhood recollections: A quantitative test of psychoanalytic predictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 104-116.
48. Perez, M., Vohs, K. D., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2005). Discrepancies between self-and other-esteem as correlates of aggression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 607-620.
49. Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., Foster, J. D., & Martinez, M. A. (2008). Effects of narcissistic entitlement and exploitativeness on human physical aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 865-875.
50. Robins, R. W., Donnellan, M. B., Widaman, K. F., & Conger, R. D. (2010). Evaluating the link between self-esteem and temperament in Mexican origin early adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33(3), 403-410.
51. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent selfimage. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
52. Ryan, R. M., & Kuczkowski, R. (1994). The imaginary audience, self-consciousness, and public individuation in adolescence. Journal of Personality, 62, 219-238.
53. Sandstrom, M. J., & Jordan, R. (2008). Defensive selfesteem and aggression in childhood. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 506-514.
54. Stucke, T. S., & Sporer, S. L. (2002). When a grandiose self-image is threatened: Narcissism and selfconcept clarity as predictors of negative emotions and aggression following ego-threat. Journal of Personality, 70, 509-532.
55. Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., Stegge, H., & Olthof, T. (2008). Trumping shame by blasts of noise: Narcissism, selfesteem, shame, and aggression in young adolescents. Child Development, 79, 1792-1801.
56. Thomaes, S., Stegge, H., Bushman, B. J., Olthof, T., & Denissen, J. (2008). Development and validation of the childhood narcissism scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 382-391.
57. Toch, H. (1993). Violent men: An inquiry into the psychology of violence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Original work published 1969)
58. Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., Moffitt, T. E., Robins, R. W., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2006). Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42, 381-390.
59. Twenge, J. M. (2006). Generation me: Why today's young Americans are more confident, assertive, entitled- and more miserable than ever before. New York, NY: Free Press.
60. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003). "Isn't it fun to get the respect that we're going to deserve?" Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 261-272.
61. Webster, G. D. (2007). Is the relationship between selfesteem and aggression necessarily U-shaped? Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 977-982.
62. Webster, G. D., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2006). Behavioral and self-reported aggression as a function of domain-specific self-esteem. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 17-27.