메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1, Issue , 2012, Pages 407-438

Catalysis in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells - An Overview

Author keywords

Anode catalysts; Catalyst characterization; Catalyst poisoning; Cathode catalysts; Electrocatalysis; Fuel processing; Hydrogen oxidation; Low temperature fuel cells; Methanol oxidation; Oxygen reduction; Support materials

Indexed keywords


EID: 84885812003     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527650248.ch15     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (6)

References (126)
  • 2
    • 77957260256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles and materials aspects of direct alkaline alcohol fuel cells
    • Yu, E.H., Krewer, U., and Scott, K. (2010) Principles and materials aspects of direct alkaline alcohol fuel cells. Energies, 3, 1499-1528.
    • (2010) Energies , vol.3 , pp. 1499-1528
    • Yu, E.H.1    Krewer, U.2    Scott, K.3
  • 3
    • 78651396331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anion exchange membrane fuel cells
    • Arges, C.G., Ramani, V., and Pintauro, P.N. (2010) Anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Interface, 19 (2), 31-35.
    • (2010) Interface , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 31-35
    • Arges, C.G.1    Ramani, V.2    Pintauro, P.N.3
  • 4
    • 11844288281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alkaline fuel cells
    • Gülzow, E. (2003) Alkaline fuel cells. Fuel Cells, 4 (4), 251-255.
    • (2003) Fuel Cells , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 251-255
    • Gülzow, E.1
  • 6
    • 13444252911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs
    • Gasteiger, H.A., Kocha, S.S., Sompalli, B., and Wagner, F.T. (2005) Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 56, 9-35.
    • (2005) Appl. Catal. B: Environ. , vol.56 , pp. 9-35
    • Gasteiger, H.A.1    Kocha, S.S.2    Sompalli, B.3    Wagner, F.T.4
  • 7
    • 77950987661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroreduction of dioxygen for fuel-cell applications: materials and challenges
    • Gewirth, A.A. and Thorum, M.S. (2010) Electroreduction of dioxygen for fuel-cell applications: materials and challenges. Inorg. Chem., 49, 3557-3566.
    • (2010) Inorg. Chem. , vol.49 , pp. 3557-3566
    • Gewirth, A.A.1    Thorum, M.S.2
  • 8
    • 0000916481 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the kinetic parameters of the oxygen reduction reaction using the rotating-disk electrode
    • Anastasijevic, N.A., Vesovic, V., and Adzic, R.R. (1987) Determination of the kinetic parameters of the oxygen reduction reaction using the rotating-disk electrode. Part I. Theory. J. Electroanal. Chem., 229, 305-316.
    • (1987) Part I. Theory. J. Electroanal. Chem. , vol.229 , pp. 305-316
    • Anastasijevic, N.A.1    Vesovic, V.2    Adzic, R.R.3
  • 11
    • 0347128325 scopus 로고
    • Electrocatalysis of aqueous dioxygen reduction
    • Appleby, A.J. (1993) Electrocatalysis of aqueous dioxygen reduction. J. Electroanal. Chem., 357, 117-179.
    • (1993) J. Electroanal. Chem. , vol.357 , pp. 117-179
    • Appleby, A.J.1
  • 12
    • 0025403259 scopus 로고
    • Particle size effects for oxygen reduction on highly dispersed platinum in acid electrolytes
    • Kinoshita, K. (1990) Particle size effects for oxygen reduction on highly dispersed platinum in acid electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 137 (3), 845-848.
    • (1990) J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol.137 , Issue.3 , pp. 845-848
    • Kinoshita, K.1
  • 13
    • 23844483895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of geometric and surface electronic properties of Pt-catalysts on the particle size effect in electrocatalysis
    • Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Blizanac, B.B., Arenz, M., Stamencovic, V.R., Ross, P.N., and Markovic, N.M. (2005) The impact of geometric and surface electronic properties of Pt-catalysts on the particle size effect in electrocatalysis. J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 14433-14440.
    • (2005) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.109 , pp. 14433-14440
    • Mayrhofer, K.J.J.1    Blizanac, B.B.2    Arenz, M.3    Stamencovic, V.R.4    Ross, P.N.5    Markovic, N.M.6
  • 14
    • 38549099072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: from Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts
    • Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Strmcnik, D., Blizanac, B.B., Stamenkovic, V., Arenz, M., and Markovic, N.M. (2008) Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: from Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts. Electrochim. Acta, 53, 3181-3188.
    • (2008) Electrochim. Acta , vol.53 , pp. 3181-3188
    • Mayrhofer, K.J.J.1    Strmcnik, D.2    Blizanac, B.B.3    Stamenkovic, V.4    Arenz, M.5    Markovic, N.M.6
  • 15
    • 0032066591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of particle size on the electrocatalysis by carbon-supported Pt electrocatalysts: an in situ XAS investigation
    • Mukerjee, S. and McBreen, J. (1998) Effect of particle size on the electrocatalysis by carbon-supported Pt electrocatalysts: an in situ XAS investigation. J. Electroanal. Chem., 448, 163-171.
    • (1998) J. Electroanal. Chem. , vol.448 , pp. 163-171
    • Mukerjee, S.1    McBreen, J.2
  • 16
    • 34447095322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the influence of Pt particle size in the PEMFC cathode performance
    • Wikander, K., Ekström, H., Palmqvist, A.E.C., and Lindbergh, G. (2007) On the influence of Pt particle size in the PEMFC cathode performance. Electrochim. Acta, 52, 6848-6855.
    • (2007) Electrochim. Acta , vol.52 , pp. 6848-6855
    • Wikander, K.1    Ekström, H.2    Palmqvist, A.E.C.3    Lindbergh, G.4
  • 18
    • 34447254977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells. Part I. Preparation methods and structural characteristics
    • Antolini, E. (2007) Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells. Part I. Preparation methods and structural characteristics. Appl. Catal. B, 74, 324-336.
    • (2007) Appl. Catal. B , vol.74 , pp. 324-336
    • Antolini, E.1
  • 19
    • 34447276452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells. Part II. Electrochemical properties
    • Antolini, E. (2007) Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells. Part II. Electrochemical properties. Appl. Catal. B, 74, 337-350.
    • (2007) Appl. Catal. B , vol.74 , pp. 337-350
    • Antolini, E.1
  • 20
    • 33745954143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of surface composition on electronic structure, stability, and electrocatalytic properties of Pt-transition metal alloys: Pt-skin versus Pt-skeleton surfaces
    • Stamenkovic, V.R., Mun, B.S., Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Poss, P.N., and Markovic, N.M. (2006) Effect of surface composition on electronic structure, stability, and electrocatalytic properties of Pt-transition metal alloys: Pt-skin versus Pt-skeleton surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 8813-8819.
    • (2006) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.128 , pp. 8813-8819
    • Stamenkovic, V.R.1    Mun, B.S.2    Mayrhofer, K.J.J.3    Poss, P.N.4    Markovic, N.M.5
  • 21
    • 33847683270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces
    • Stamenkovic, V.R., Mun, B.S., Arenz, M., Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Lucas, C.A., Wang, G. et al. (2007) Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces. Nat. Mater., 6, 241-247.
    • (2007) Nat. Mater. , vol.6 , pp. 241-247
    • Stamenkovic, V.R.1    Mun, B.S.2    Arenz, M.3    Mayrhofer, K.J.J.4    Lucas, C.A.5    Wang, G.6
  • 22
    • 0033355656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of the electroreduction of oxygen on Pt alloys with Fe, Ni, and Co
    • Toda, T., Igarashi, H., Uchida, H., and Watanabe, M. (1999) Enhancement of the electroreduction of oxygen on Pt alloys with Fe, Ni, and Co. J. Electrochem. Soc., 146 (10), 3750-3756.
    • (1999) J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol.146 , Issue.10 , pp. 3750-3756
    • Toda, T.1    Igarashi, H.2    Uchida, H.3    Watanabe, M.4
  • 23
    • 72249106908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-alloy cathode catalyst degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: nanometer-scale compositional and morphological changes
    • J. Electrochem. Soc.
    • Chen, S., Gasteiger, H.A., Hayakawa, K., Tada, T., and Shao-Horn, Y. (2010) Platinum-alloy cathode catalyst degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: nanometer-scale compositional and morphological changes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, A82-A97.
    • (2010) , vol.157
    • Chen, S.1    Gasteiger, H.A.2    Hayakawa, K.3    Tada, T.4    Shao-Horn, Y.5
  • 24
    • 35548932066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrocatalysis on bimetallic surfaces: modifying catalytic reactivity for oxygen reduction by voltammetric surface dealloying
    • Koh, S. and Strasser, P. (2007) Electrocatalysis on bimetallic surfaces: modifying catalytic reactivity for oxygen reduction by voltammetric surface dealloying. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 12624-12625.
    • (2007) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.129 , pp. 12624-12625
    • Koh, S.1    Strasser, P.2
  • 25
    • 36849052571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient oxygen reduction fuel cell electrocatalysis on voltammetrically dealloyed Pt-Cu-Co nanoparticles
    • Srivastava, R., Mani, P., Hahn, N., and Strasser, P. (2007) Efficient oxygen reduction fuel cell electrocatalysis on voltammetrically dealloyed Pt-Cu-Co nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 8988-8991.
    • (2007) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , vol.46 , pp. 8988-8991
    • Srivastava, R.1    Mani, P.2    Hahn, N.3    Strasser, P.4
  • 26
    • 77956881779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dealloyed binary PtM3 (M = Cu, Co, Ni) and ternary PtNi3M (M = Cu, Co, Fe, Cr) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: performance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
    • Mani, P., Srivastava, R., and Strasser, P. (2011) Dealloyed binary PtM3 (M = Cu, Co, Ni) and ternary PtNi3M (M = Cu, Co, Fe, Cr) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: performance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources, 196 (2), 666-673.
    • (2011) J. Power Sources , vol.196 , Issue.2 , pp. 666-673
    • Mani, P.1    Srivastava, R.2    Strasser, P.3
  • 28
    • 55849136936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pd overlayers on carbon-supported gold particles in hydrogen electrooxidation
    • Ruvinsky, P.S., Pronkin, S.N., Zaikovskii, V.I., Bernhardt, P., and Savinova, E.R. (2008) On the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pd overlayers on carbon-supported gold particles in hydrogen electrooxidation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 6665-6676.
    • (2008) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , vol.10 , pp. 6665-6676
    • Ruvinsky, P.S.1    Pronkin, S.N.2    Zaikovskii, V.I.3    Bernhardt, P.4    Savinova, E.R.5
  • 29
    • 77956800822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrochemical synthesis of core-shell catalysts for electrocatalytic applications
    • Kulp, C., Chen, X., Puschhof, A., Schwamborn, S., Schuhmann, W., and Bron, M. (2010) Electrochemical synthesis of core-shell catalysts for electrocatalytic applications. ChemPhysChem, 11, 2854-2861.
    • (2010) ChemPhysChem , vol.11 , pp. 2854-2861
    • Kulp, C.1    Chen, X.2    Puschhof, A.3    Schwamborn, S.4    Schuhmann, W.5    Bron, M.6
  • 30
    • 28044463835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of water activation surface properties, and oxygen reduction reactivity of supported Pt-M/C bimetallic electrocatalysts using XAS
    • J. Electrochem. Soc.
    • Teliska, M., Murthi, V.S., Mukerjee, S., and Ramaker, D.E. (2005) Correlation of water activation, surface properties, and oxygen reduction reactivity of supported Pt-M/C bimetallic electrocatalysts using XAS. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (11), A2159-A2169.
    • (2005) , vol.152 , Issue.11
    • Teliska, M.1    Murthi, V.S.2    Mukerjee, S.3    Ramaker, D.E.4
  • 31
    • 0037153302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface composition effects in electrocatalysis: kinetics of oxygen reduction on well-defined Pt3Ni and Pt3Co alloy surfaces
    • Stamenkovic, V., Schmidt, T.J., Ross, P.N., and Markovic, N.M. (2002) Surface composition effects in electrocatalysis: kinetics of oxygen reduction on well-defined Pt3Ni and Pt3Co alloy surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 11970-11979.
    • (2002) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.106 , pp. 11970-11979
    • Stamenkovic, V.1    Schmidt, T.J.2    Ross, P.N.3    Markovic, N.M.4
  • 32
    • 0036530274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface science studies of model fuel cell electrocatalysts
    • Markovic, N.M. and Ross, P.N. Jr. (2002) Surface science studies of model fuel cell electrocatalysts. Surf. Sci. Rep., 45, 117-229.
    • (2002) Surf. Sci. Rep. , vol.45 , pp. 117-229
    • Markovic, N.M.1    Jr Ross, P.N.2
  • 33
    • 61349161079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum metal catalysts of high-index surfaces: from single-crystal planes to electrochemically shape-controlled nanoparticles
    • Tian, N., Zhou, Z.-Y., and Sun, S.-G. (2008) Platinum metal catalysts of high-index surfaces: from single-crystal planes to electrochemically shape-controlled nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C, 112, 19801-19817.
    • (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.112 , pp. 19801-19817
    • Tian, N.1    Zhou, Z.-Y.2    Sun, S.-G.3
  • 34
    • 28144443225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent development of non-platinum catalysts or oxygen reduction reaction
    • Wang, B. (2005) Recent development of non-platinum catalysts or oxygen reduction reaction. J. Power Sources, 152, 1-15.
    • (2005) J. Power Sources , vol.152 , pp. 1-15
    • Wang, B.1
  • 35
    • 78650516235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chalcogenide metal centers for oxygen reduction reaction: activity and tolerance
    • Feng, Y., Gago, A., Timperman, L., and Alonso-Vante, N. (2011) Chalcogenide metal centers for oxygen reduction reaction: activity and tolerance. Electrochim. Acta, 56 (3), 1009-1022.
    • (2011) Electrochim. Acta , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 1009-1022
    • Feng, Y.1    Gago, A.2    Timperman, L.3    Alonso-Vante, N.4
  • 36
    • 34547631248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ruthenium-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction -a review
    • Lee, J.W. and Popov, B.N. (2007) Ruthenium-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction -a review. J. Solid-State Electrochem., 11, 1355-1364.
    • (2007) J. Solid-State Electrochem. , vol.11 , pp. 1355-1364
    • Lee, J.W.1    Popov, B.N.2
  • 37
    • 33748333281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbonyl tailored electrocatalysts
    • Alonso-Vante, N. (2006) Carbonyl tailored electrocatalysts. Fuel Cells, 6, 182-189.
    • (2006) Fuel Cells , vol.6 , pp. 182-189
    • Alonso-Vante, N.1
  • 38
    • 33646830942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in preparation of non-noble electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell reactions
    • Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Wilkinson, D.P., and Wang, H. (2006) Progress in preparation of non-noble electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell reactions. J. Power Sources, 156, 171-182.
    • (2006) J. Power Sources , vol.156 , pp. 171-182
    • Zhang, L.1    Zhang, J.2    Wilkinson, D.P.3    Wang, H.4
  • 39
    • 34249908045 scopus 로고
    • Energy conversion catalysis using semiconducting transition metal cluster compounds
    • Alonso-Vante, N. and Tributsch, H. (1986) Energy conversion catalysis using semiconducting transition metal cluster compounds. Nature, 323, 431-432.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.323 , pp. 431-432
    • Alonso-Vante, N.1    Tributsch, H.2
  • 40
    • 84892114320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cell conditions: heat-treated non-precious metal-N4 macrocycles and beyond in N4-Macrocyclic Metal Complexes
    • (eds. J.H. Zagal F. Bedioui and J.-P. Dodelet) Springer New York
    • Dodelet, J.P. (2006) Oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cell conditions: heat-treated non-precious metal-N4 macrocycles and beyond, in N4-Macrocyclic Metal Complexes (eds. J.H. Zagal, F. Bedioui, and J.-P. Dodelet), Springer, New York, pp. 83-147.
    • (2006) , pp. 83-147
    • Dodelet, J.P.1
  • 41
    • 33847635216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalytic activity-d-band center correlation for the O2 reduction reaction on platinum in alkaline solution
    • Lima, F.H.B., Zhang, J., Shao, M.H., Sasaki, K., Vukmirovic, M.B., Ticianelli, E.A., and Adzic, R.R. (2007) Catalytic activity-d-band center correlation for the O2 reduction reaction on platinum in alkaline solution. J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 404-410.
    • (2007) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.111 , pp. 404-410
    • Lima, F.H.B.1    Zhang, J.2    Shao, M.H.3    Sasaki, K.4    Vukmirovic, M.B.5    Ticianelli, E.A.6    Adzic, R.R.7
  • 42
    • 56949099138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen reduction at carbon black supported gold catalysts
    • Bron, M. (2008) Oxygen reduction at carbon black supported gold catalysts. J. Electroanal. Chem., 624, 64-68.
    • (2008) J. Electroanal. Chem. , vol.624 , pp. 64-68
    • Bron, M.1
  • 43
    • 11844276006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic guidelines for the design of bimetallic catalysts for oxygen electroreduction and rapid screening by scanning electrochemical microscopy
    • M-Co (M: Pd Ag Au)
    • Fernández, J.L., Walsh, D.A., and Bard, A.J. (2005a) Thermodynamic guidelines for the design of bimetallic catalysts for oxygen electroreduction and rapid screening by scanning electrochemical microscopy.M-Co (M: Pd, Ag, Au). J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 357-365.
    • (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.127 , pp. 357-365
    • Fernández, J.L.1    Walsh, D.A.2    Bard, A.J.3
  • 44
    • 25444529257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pd-Ti and Pd-Co-Au electrocatalysts as a replacement for platinum for oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
    • Fernández, J.L., Raghuveer, V., Manthiram, A., and Bard, A.J. (2005c) Pd-Ti and Pd-Co-Au electrocatalysts as a replacement for platinum for oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 13100-13101.
    • (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.127 , pp. 13100-13101
    • Fernández, J.L.1    Raghuveer, V.2    Manthiram, A.3    Bard, A.J.4
  • 45
    • 33845975636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization and theory of electrocatalysts based on scanning electrochemical microscopy screening methods
    • Fernández, J.L., White, J.M., Sun, Y., Tang, W., Henkelman, G., and Bard, A.J. (2006) Characterization and theory of electrocatalysts based on scanning electrochemical microscopy screening methods. Langmuir, 22, 10426-10431.
    • (2006) Langmuir , vol.22 , pp. 10426-10431
    • Fernández, J.L.1    White, J.M.2    Sun, Y.3    Tang, W.4    Henkelman, G.5    Bard, A.J.6
  • 46
    • 0000246469 scopus 로고
    • A new fuel cell cathode catalyst
    • Jasinski, R. (1964) A new fuel cell cathode catalyst. Nature, 201, 1212-1213.
    • (1964) Nature , vol.201 , pp. 1212-1213
    • Jasinski, R.1
  • 47
    • 0016907118 scopus 로고
    • Organic dyestuffs as catalysts for fuel cells
    • Jahnke, H., Schönborn, M., and Zimmermann, G. (1976) Organic dyestuffs as catalysts for fuel cells. Top. Curr. Chem., 61, 133-181.
    • (1976) Top. Curr. Chem. , vol.61 , pp. 133-181
    • Jahnke, H.1    Schönborn, M.2    Zimmermann, G.3
  • 48
    • 0001558182 scopus 로고
    • N4-chelates as electrocatalysts for cathodic oxygen reduction
    • Wiesener, K. (1986) N4-chelates as electrocatalysts for cathodic oxygen reduction. Electrochim. Acta, 31 (8), 1073-1078.
    • (1986) Electrochim. Acta , vol.31 , Issue.8 , pp. 1073-1078
    • Wiesener, K.1
  • 50
    • 0031370553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is nitrogen important in the formulation of Fe-based catalysts for oxygen reduction in solid polymer fuel cells? Electrochim
    • Lalande, G., Côté, R., Guay, D., Dodelet, J.P., Weng, L.T., and Bertrand, P. (1997) Is nitrogen important in the formulation of Fe-based catalysts for oxygen reduction in solid polymer fuel cells? Electrochim. Acta, 42, 1379-1388.
    • (1997) Acta , vol.42 , pp. 1379-1388
    • Lalande, G.1    Côté, R.2    Guay, D.3    Dodelet, J.P.4    Weng, L.T.5    Bertrand, P.6
  • 51
    • 79955405239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt
    • Wu, G., More, K.L., Johnston, C.M., and Zelenay, P. (2011) High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt. Science, 332(6028), 443-447.
    • (2011) Science , vol.332 , Issue.6028 , pp. 443-447
    • Wu, G.1    More, K.L.2    Johnston, C.M.3    Zelenay, P.4
  • 52
    • 77953277008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal-free and electrocatalytically active nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes synthesized by coating with polyaniline
    • Jin, C., Nagaiah, T.C., Xia, W., Spliethoff, B., Wang, S., Bron, M., Schuhmann, W., and Muhler, M. (2010) Metal-free and electrocatalytically active nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes synthesized by coating with polyaniline. Nanoscale, 2, 981-987.
    • (2010) Nanoscale , vol.2 , pp. 981-987
    • Jin, C.1    Nagaiah, T.C.2    Xia, W.3    Spliethoff, B.4    Wang, S.5    Bron, M.6    Schuhmann, W.7    Muhler, M.8
  • 53
    • 0032586097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen reduction catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells from the pyrolysis of FeII acetate adsorbed on 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
    • Faubert, G., Côté, R., Dodelet, J.P., Lef'evre, M., and Bertrand, P. (1999) Oxygen reduction catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells from the pyrolysis of FeII acetate adsorbed on 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride. Electrochim. Acta, 44, 2589-2603.
    • (1999) Electrochim. Acta , vol.44 , pp. 2589-2603
    • Faubert, G.1    Côté, R.2    Dodelet, J.P.3    Lef'evre, M.4    Bertrand, P.5
  • 54
    • 0032312971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity and characterization of Fe-based catalysts for the reduction of oxygen in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
    • Faubert, G., Côté, R., Guay, D., Dodelet, J.P., Dén' es, G., Poleunis, C., and Bertrand, P. (1998) Activity and characterization of Fe-based catalysts for the reduction of oxygen in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta, 43, 1969-1984.
    • (1998) Electrochim. Acta , vol.43 , pp. 1969-1984
    • Faubert, G.1    Côté, R.2    Guay, D.3    Dodelet, J.P.4    Dén'es, G.5    Poleunis, C.6    Bertrand, P.7
  • 55
    • 0036476839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalysts for oxygen reduction from heat treated, carbon supported iron phenanthroline complexes
    • Bron, M., Fiechter, S., Hilgendorff, M., and Bogdanoff, P. (2002) Catalysts for oxygen reduction from heat treated, carbon supported iron phenanthroline complexes. J. Appl. Electrochem., 32, 211-216.
    • (2002) J. Appl. Electrochem. , vol.32 , pp. 211-216
    • Bron, M.1    Fiechter, S.2    Hilgendorff, M.3    Bogdanoff, P.4
  • 57
    • 64249099084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron-based catalysts with improved oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
    • Lef'evre, M., Proietti, E., Jaouen, F., and Dodelet, J.-P. (2009) Iron-based catalysts with improved oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Science, 324, 71-74.
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 71-74
    • Lef'evre, M.1    Proietti, E.2    Jaouen, F.3    Dodelet, J.-P.4
  • 58
    • 59849084114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction
    • Gong, K., Du, F., Xia, Z., Durstock, M., and Dai, L. (2009) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Science, 323, 760-764.
    • (2009) Science , vol.323 , pp. 760-764
    • Gong, K.1    Du, F.2    Xia, Z.3    Durstock, M.4    Dai, L.5
  • 59
    • 76449102345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a highly efficient cathode catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium
    • Nagaiah, T.C., Kundu, S., Bron, M., Muhler, M., and Schuhmann, W. (2010) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a highly efficient cathode catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium. Electrochem. Commun., 12, 338-341.
    • (2010) Electrochem. Commun. , vol.12 , pp. 338-341
    • Nagaiah, T.C.1    Kundu, S.2    Bron, M.3    Muhler, M.4    Schuhmann, W.5
  • 60
    • 70449596353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures as oxygen-reduction catalysts
    • Biddinger, E.J., von Deak, D., and Ozkan, U.S. (2009) Nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures as oxygen-reduction catalysts. Top. Catal., 52, 1566-1574.
    • (2009) Top. Catal. , vol.52 , pp. 1566-1574
    • Biddinger, E.J.1    von Deak, D.2    Ozkan, U.S.3
  • 61
    • 33644851064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of nanostructure in nitrogen-containing carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
    • Matter, P.H., Zhang, L., and Ozkan, U.S. (2006) The role of nanostructure in nitrogen-containing carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Catal., 239, 83-96.
    • (2006) J. Catal. , vol.239 , pp. 83-96
    • Matter, P.H.1    Zhang, L.2    Ozkan, U.S.3
  • 63
    • 0028480546 scopus 로고
    • Novel low-temperature synthesis of semiconducting transition metal chalcogenide electrocatalysts for multielectron charge transfer: molecular oxygen reductio
    • Solorza-Feria, O., Ellmer, K., Giersig, M., and Alonso-Vante, N. (1994) Novel low-temperature synthesis of semiconducting transition metal chalcogenide electrocatalysts for multielectron charge transfer: molecular oxygen reduction. Electrochim. Acta, 39 (11/12), 1647-1653.
    • (1994) Electrochim. Acta , vol.39 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 1647-1653
    • Solorza-Feria, O.1    Ellmer, K.2    Giersig, M.3    Alonso-Vante, N.4
  • 66
    • 33645740164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen reduction at carbon supported ruthenium-selenium catalysts: selenium as promoter and stabilizer of catalytic activity
    • Schulenburg, H., Hilgendorff, M., Dorbandt, I., Radnik, J., Bogdanoff, P., Fiechter, S., Bron, M., and Tributsch, H. (2006) Oxygen reduction at carbon supported ruthenium-selenium catalysts: selenium as promoter and stabilizer of catalytic activity. J. Power Sources, 155 (1), 47-51.
    • (2006) J. Power Sources , vol.155 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-51
    • Schulenburg, H.1    Hilgendorff, M.2    Dorbandt, I.3    Radnik, J.4    Bogdanoff, P.5    Fiechter, S.6    Bron, M.7    Tributsch, H.8
  • 67
    • 37349032530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methanol tolerance of CNx oxygen reduction catalysts
    • Biddinger, E.J. and Ozkan, U.S. (2007) Methanol tolerance of CNx oxygen reduction catalysts. Top. Catal., 46, 339-348.
    • (2007) Top. Catal. , vol.46 , pp. 339-348
    • Biddinger, E.J.1    Ozkan, U.S.2
  • 68
    • 17844377087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon supported Pt-Co alloy as methanol-resistant oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells
    • Salgado, J.R.C., Antolini, E., and Gonzalez, E.R. (2005) Carbon supported Pt-Co alloy as methanol-resistant oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. Appl. Catal. B, 57, 283-290.
    • (2005) Appl. Catal. B , vol.57 , pp. 283-290
    • Salgado, J.R.C.1    Antolini, E.2    Gonzalez, E.R.3
  • 69
    • 34447344487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction and small alcohol oxidation in alkaline media
    • Spendelow, J.S. and Wieckowski, A. (2007) Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction and small alcohol oxidation in alkaline media. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 2654-2675.
    • (2007) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 2654-2675
    • Spendelow, J.S.1    Wieckowski, A.2
  • 70
    • 84860368266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (eds. G. Ertl H. Knözinger F. Schüth and J. Weitkamp) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Weinheim
    • Gasteiger, H.A. and Garche, J. (2006) in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Vol. 8 (eds. G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, F. Schüth, and J. Weitkamp), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp. 3081-3121.
    • (2006) Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis Vol. 8 , pp. 3081-3121
    • Gasteiger, H.A.1    Garche, J.2
  • 72
    • 0029391970 scopus 로고
    • In situ X-ray absorption studies of a Pt-Ru electrocatalyst
    • McBreen, J. and Mukerjee, S. (1995) In situ X-ray absorption studies of a Pt-Ru electrocatalyst. J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 3399-3404.
    • (1995) J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol.142 , pp. 3399-3404
    • McBreen, J.1    Mukerjee, S.2
  • 73
    • 0001111617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of CO tolerance at Pt-alloy anode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells
    • Watanabe, M., Zhu, Y., Igarashi, H., and Uchida, H. (2000) Mechanism of CO tolerance at Pt-alloy anode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochemistry, 68, 244-251.
    • (2000) Electrochemistry , vol.68 , pp. 244-251
    • Watanabe, M.1    Zhu, Y.2    Igarashi, H.3    Uchida, H.4
  • 74
    • 33748179141 scopus 로고
    • Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms. Part II. Enhancement of the oxidation of methanol on platinum by ruthenium ad-atoms
    • Watanabe, M. and Motoo, S. (1975) Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms. Part II. Enhancement of the oxidation of methanol on platinum by ruthenium ad-atoms. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 60, 267-273.
    • (1975) Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. , vol.60 , pp. 267-273
    • Watanabe, M.1    Motoo, S.2
  • 75
    • 0029640425 scopus 로고
    • H2 and CO electrooxidation on well-characterized Pt, Ru, and Pt-Ru. 2. Rotating disk electrode studies of CO/H2 mixtures at 62 ?C
    • J. Phys. Chem.
    • Gasteiger, H.A., Markovic, N.M., and Ross, P.N. (1995) H2 and CO electrooxidation on well-characterized Pt, Ru, and Pt-Ru. 2. Rotating disk electrode studies of CO/H2 mixtures at 62 ?C. J. Phys. Chem., 99, 16757-16767.
    • (1995) , vol.99 , pp. 16757-16767
    • Gasteiger, H.A.1    Markovic, N.M.2    Ross, P.N.3
  • 76
    • 0141988540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the electro-oxidation of CO and H2/CO on Pt, Ru, PtRu and Pt3Sn
    • Liu, P., Logadottir, A., and Norskov, J.K. (2003) Modeling the electro-oxidation of CO and H2/CO on Pt, Ru, PtRu and Pt3Sn. Electrochim. Acta, 48, 3731-3742.
    • (2003) Electrochim. Acta , vol.48 , pp. 3731-3742
    • Liu, P.1    Logadottir, A.2    Norskov, J.K.3
  • 78
    • 12744280748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of particle agglomeration on the catalytic activity of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles in CO monolayer oxidation
    • Maillard, F., Schreier, S., Hanzlik, M., Savinova, E.R., Weinkauf, S., and Stimming, U. (2005) Influence of particle agglomeration on the catalytic activity of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles in CO monolayer oxidation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 7, 385-393.
    • (2005) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , vol.7 , pp. 385-393
    • Maillard, F.1    Schreier, S.2    Hanzlik, M.3    Savinova, E.R.4    Weinkauf, S.5    Stimming, U.6
  • 79
    • 0000060034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface electrochemistry of CO and H2/CO mixtures at Pt(100) interface: electrode kinetics and interfacial structures
    • Markovic, N.M., Lucas, C.A., Grgur, B.N., and Ross, P.N. (1999) Surface electrochemistry of CO and H2/CO mixtures at Pt(100) interface: electrode kinetics and interfacial structures. J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 9616-9623.
    • (1999) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.103 , pp. 9616-9623
    • Markovic, N.M.1    Lucas, C.A.2    Grgur, B.N.3    Ross, P.N.4
  • 80
    • 69249211208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palladium in fuel cell catalysis
    • Antolini, E. (2009) Palladium in fuel cell catalysis. Energy Environ. Sci., 2 (9), 915-931.
    • (2009) Energy Environ. Sci. , vol.2 , Issue.9 , pp. 915-931
    • Antolini, E.1
  • 81
    • 0037469503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells: a review
    • Antolini, E. (2003) Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells: a review. Mater. Chem. Phys., 78 (3), 563-573.
    • (2003) Mater. Chem. Phys. , vol.78 , Issue.3 , pp. 563-573
    • Antolini, E.1
  • 82
    • 3042858952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent progress in the direct ethanol fuel cell: development of new platinum-tin electrocatalysts
    • Lamy, C., Rousseau, S., Belgsir, E.M., Coutanceau, C., and Léger, J.-M. (2004) Recent progress in the direct ethanol fuel cell: development of new platinum-tin electrocatalysts. Electrochim. Acta, 49, 3901-3908.
    • (2004) Electrochim. Acta , vol.49 , pp. 3901-3908
    • Lamy, C.1    Rousseau, S.2    Belgsir, E.M.3    Coutanceau, C.4    Léger, J.-M.5
  • 83
    • 57349194446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shape-dependent electrocatalytic activity of platinum nanostructures
    • Subhramannia, M. and Pillai, V.K. (2008) Shape-dependent electrocatalytic activity of platinum nanostructures. J. Mater. Chem., 18, 5858-5870.
    • (2008) J. Mater. Chem. , vol.18 , pp. 5858-5870
    • Subhramannia, M.1    Pillai, V.K.2
  • 84
    • 33244487665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damage to the cathode catalyst of a PEM fuel cell caused by localized fuel starvation
    • A183-A185
    • Patterson, T.W. and Darling, R.M. (2006) Damage to the cathode catalyst of a PEM fuel cell caused by localized fuel starvation. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9, A183-A185.
    • (2006) Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. , vol.9
    • Patterson, T.W.1    Darling, R.M.2
  • 85
    • 0027680136 scopus 로고
    • Surface area loss of supported platinum in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
    • Wilson, M.S., Garzon, F.H., Sickafus, K.E., and Gottesfeld, S. (1993) Surface area loss of supported platinum in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J. Electrochem. Soc., 140 (10), 2872-2877.
    • (1993) J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol.140 , Issue.10 , pp. 2872-2877
    • Wilson, M.S.1    Garzon, F.H.2    Sickafus, K.E.3    Gottesfeld, S.4
  • 87
    • 0242509219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetic model of platinum dissolution in PEMFCs
    • Darling, R.M. and Meyers, J.P. (2003) Kinetic model of platinum dissolution in PEMFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc., 150 (11), A1523-A1527.
    • (2003) J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol.150 , Issue.11
    • Darling, R.M.1    Meyers, J.P.2
  • 88
    • 33645451491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum dissolution and deposition in the polymer electrolyte membrane of a PEM fuel cell as studied by potential cycling
    • Yasuda, K., Taniguchi, A., Akita, T., Ioroi, T., and Siroma, Z. (2006) Platinum dissolution and deposition in the polymer electrolyte membrane of a PEM fuel cell as studied by potential cycling. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, 746-752.
    • (2006) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , vol.8 , pp. 746-752
    • Yasuda, K.1    Taniguchi, A.2    Akita, T.3    Ioroi, T.4    Siroma, Z.5
  • 90
    • 58349085707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of humidity and oxygen partial pressure on degradation of Pt/C catalyst in PEM fuel cell
    • Bi, W., Sun, Q., Deng, Y., and Fuller, T.F. (2009) The effect of humidity and oxygen partial pressure on degradation of Pt/C catalyst in PEM fuel cell. Electrochim. Acta, 54, 1826-1833.
    • (2009) Electrochim. Acta , vol.54 , pp. 1826-1833
    • Bi, W.1    Sun, Q.2    Deng, Y.3    Fuller, T.F.4
  • 94
    • 30344474640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ex situ and in situ stability studies of PEMFC catalysts: effect of carbon type and humidification on degradation of the carbon
    • Stevens, D.A., Hicks, M.T., Haugen, G.M., and Dahn, J.R. (2005) Ex situ and in situ stability studies of PEMFC catalysts: effect of carbon type and humidification on degradation of the carbon. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (12), A2309-A2315.
    • (2005) J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol.152 , Issue.12
    • Stevens, D.A.1    Hicks, M.T.2    Haugen, G.M.3    Dahn, J.R.4
  • 95
    • 61849183645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The corrosion of PEM fuel cell catalyst supports and its implications for developing durable catalysts
    • Shao, Y., Wang, J., Kou, R., Engelhard, M., Liu, J., Wang, Y., and Lin, Y. (2009) The corrosion of PEM fuel cell catalyst supports and its implications for developing durable catalysts. Electrochim. Acta, 54, 3109-3114.
    • (2009) Electrochim. Acta , vol.54 , pp. 3109-3114
    • Shao, Y.1    Wang, J.2    Kou, R.3    Engelhard, M.4    Liu, J.5    Wang, Y.6    Lin, Y.7
  • 96
    • 57549085577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel catalyst support materials for PEM fuel cells: current status and future prospects
    • Shao, Y., Liu, J., Wang, Y., and Lin, Y. (2009) Novel catalyst support materials for PEM fuel cells: current status and future prospects. J. Mater. Chem., 19, 46-59.
    • (2009) J. Mater. Chem. , vol.19 , pp. 46-59
    • Shao, Y.1    Liu, J.2    Wang, Y.3    Lin, Y.4
  • 97
    • 37549030966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures and their composites as catalytic materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell
    • Shao, Y., Sui, J., Yin, G., and Gao, Y. (2008) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures and their composites as catalytic materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl. Catal.B, 79, 89-99.
    • (2008) Appl. Catal.B , vol.79 , pp. 89-99
    • Shao, Y.1    Sui, J.2    Yin, G.3    Gao, Y.4
  • 98
    • 76349114935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems and perspectives in nanostructured carbon-based electrodes for clean and sustainable energy
    • Centi, G. and Perathoner, S. (2010) Problems and perspectives in nanostructured carbon-based electrodes for clean and sustainable energy. Catal. Today, 150, 151-162.
    • (2010) Catal. Today , vol.150 , pp. 151-162
    • Centi, G.1    Perathoner, S.2
  • 100
    • 77957153921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroreduction of oxygen on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes in acid and alkaline solutions
    • Alexeyeva, N., Shulga, E., Kisand, V., Kink, I., and Tammeveski, K. (2010) Electroreduction of oxygen on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes in acid and alkaline solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 648, 169-175.
    • (2010) J. Electroanal. Chem. , vol.648 , pp. 169-175
    • Alexeyeva, N.1    Shulga, E.2    Kisand, V.3    Kink, I.4    Tammeveski, K.5
  • 101
    • 35348975575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The catalytic synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical carbon nanotube composites with high electrical conductivity based on electrochemical iron deposition
    • Li, N., Chen, X., Stoica, L., Xia, W., Qian, J., Assmann, J., Schuhmann, W., and Muhler, M. (2007) The catalytic synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical carbon nanotube composites with high electrical conductivity based on electrochemical iron deposition. Adv. Mater., 19 (19), 2957-2960.
    • (2007) Adv. Mater. , vol.19 , Issue.19 , pp. 2957-2960
    • Li, N.1    Chen, X.2    Stoica, L.3    Xia, W.4    Qian, J.5    Assmann, J.6    Schuhmann, W.7    Muhler, M.8
  • 102
    • 84885693060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry Woodhead Publishing Cambridge.
    • Pletcher, D., Greff, R., Peat, R., Peter, L.M., and Robinson, J. (2010) Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
    • (2010)
    • Pletcher, D.1    Greff, R.2    Peat, R.3    Peter, L.M.4    Robinson, J.5
  • 103
    • 33646387430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid screening of bimetallic electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in acidic media by scanning electrochemical microscopy
    • Walsh, D.A., Fernández, J.L., and Bard, A.J. (2006) Rapid screening of bimetallic electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in acidic media by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, E99-E103.
    • (2006) J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol.153
    • Walsh, D.A.1    Fernández, J.L.2    Bard, A.J.3
  • 105
    • 35648971273 scopus 로고
    • The statistics of surface atoms and surface sites on metal crystals
    • van Hardeveld, R. and Hartog, F. (1969) The statistics of surface atoms and surface sites on metal crystals. Surf. Sci., 15, 189-230.
    • (1969) Surf. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 189-230
    • van Hardeveld, R.1    Hartog, F.2
  • 106
    • 0034240572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrocatalysts by design: from the tailored surface to a commercial catalyst
    • Markovic, N.M. and Ross, P.N. (2000) Electrocatalysts by design: from the tailored surface to a commercial catalyst. Electrochim. Acta, 45, 4101-4115.
    • (2000) Electrochim. Acta , vol.45 , pp. 4101-4115
    • Markovic, N.M.1    Ross, P.N.2
  • 108
    • 0034194833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • XAS of carbon supported platinum fuel cell electrocatalysts: advances towards real time investigations
    • Mathew, R.J. and Russell, A.E. (2000) XAS of carbon supported platinum fuel cell electrocatalysts: advances towards real time investigations. Top. Catal., 10, 231-239.
    • (2000) Top. Catal. , vol.10 , pp. 231-239
    • Mathew, R.J.1    Russell, A.E.2
  • 109
    • 7544222882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-ray absorption spectroscopy of low temperature fuel cell catalysts
    • Russell, A.E. and Rose, A. (2004) X-ray absorption spectroscopy of low temperature fuel cell catalysts. Chem. Rev., 104, 4613-4635.
    • (2004) Chem. Rev. , vol.104 , pp. 4613-4635
    • Russell, A.E.1    Rose, A.2
  • 111
    • 79955604905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A spectroscopic proton-exchange membrane fuel cell test setup allowing fluorescence X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements during state-of-the-art cell tests
    • Petrova, O., Kulp, C., van den Berg, M.W.E., Klementiev, K.V., Otto, B., Otto, H., Lopez, M., Bron, M., and Grünert, W. (2011) A spectroscopic proton-exchange membrane fuel cell test setup allowing fluorescence X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements during state-of-the-art cell tests. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 82, 044101.
    • (2011) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.82 , pp. 044101
    • Petrova, O.1    Kulp, C.2    van den Berg, M.W.E.3    Klementiev, K.V.4    Otto, B.5    Otto, H.6    Lopez, M.7    Bron, M.8    Grünert, W.9
  • 112
    • 46049086580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ small-angle X-ray scattering observation of Pt catalyst particle growth during potential cycling
    • Smith, M.C., Gilbert, J.A., Mawdsley, J.R., Seifert, S., and Myers, D.J. (2008) In situ small-angle X-ray scattering observation of Pt catalyst particle growth during potential cycling. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 8112-8113.
    • (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.130 , pp. 8112-8113
    • Smith, M.C.1    Gilbert, J.A.2    Mawdsley, J.R.3    Seifert, S.4    Myers, D.J.5
  • 114
    • 78649521441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reforming and gasification -fossil energy carriers in Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
    • (ed. D. Stolten) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Weinheim
    • Rostrup-Nielsen, J. (2010) Reforming and gasification -fossil energy carriers, in Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (ed. D. Stolten), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp. 291-305.
    • (2010) , pp. 291-305
    • Rostrup-Nielsen, J.1
  • 115
    • 45549108767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel Processing for Fuel Cells Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Weinheim
    • Kolb, G. (2008), Fuel Processing for Fuel Cells, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp. 57-128.
    • (2008) , pp. 57-128
    • Kolb, G.1
  • 116
    • 69149099071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis vol. 8
    • (eds. G. Ertl H. Knözinger F. Schüth, and J. Weitkamp) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Weinheim
    • Peters, R. (2006) in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, vol. 8 (eds. G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, F. Schüth, and J. Weitkamp), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp. 3045-3080.
    • (2006) , pp. 3045-3080
    • Peters, R.1
  • 120
    • 77953912128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen from biomass -present and future scenario and future prospects
    • Balat, H. and Kirtay, E. (2010) Hydrogen from biomass -present and future scenario and future prospects. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 7416-7426.
    • (2010) Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , vol.35 , pp. 7416-7426
    • Balat, H.1    Kirtay, E.2
  • 122
    • 4444228715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen from biomass
    • Nath, K. and Das, D. (2003) Hydrogen from biomass. Curr. Sci., 85 (3), 265-271.
    • (2003) Curr. Sci. , vol.85 , Issue.3 , pp. 265-271
    • Nath, K.1    Das, D.2
  • 123
    • 0037194759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water
    • Cortright, R.D., Davda, R.R., and Dumesic, J.A. (2002) Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water. Nature, 418, 964-967.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 964-967
    • Cortright, R.D.1    Davda, R.R.2    Dumesic, J.A.3
  • 124
    • 55049132212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol
    • Wen, G., Xu, Y., Ma, H., Xu, Z., and Tian, Z. (2008) Production of hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 6657-6666.
    • (2008) Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , vol.33 , pp. 6657-6666
    • Wen, G.1    Xu, Y.2    Ma, H.3    Xu, Z.4    Tian, Z.5
  • 126
    • 34948896114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liquid-phase catalytic processing of biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons to fuels and chemicals
    • Chheda, J.N., Huber, G.W., and Dumesic, J.A. (2007) Liquid-phase catalytic processing of biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons to fuels and chemicals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 7164-7183.
    • (2007) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , vol.46 , pp. 7164-7183
    • Chheda, J.N.1    Huber, G.W.2    Dumesic, J.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.