Neuroanatomic basis of acupuncture points

Acupuncture Therapy for Neurological Diseases: A Neurobiological View

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 32-80

  Zhou, Fei ^a   Huang, Dengkai ^b   Xia, Ying ^a,c  

^a Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians   (China)

^b FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acupoint; Acupuncture signal; Anatomic structure; Meridian and collateral; Nerve

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885791141     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10857-0_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (103)

1. Becker RO, Reichmanis M (1976) Electrophysiological correlates of acupuncture points and meridians. Psychoenergetic Systems 1:195-212
2. Bishop GH, Landau W (1958) Evidence for a double peripheral pathway for pain. Science 128: 712-715
3. Campbell A (2006) Point specificity of acupuncture in the light of recent clinical and imaging studies. Acupunct Med 24:118-122
4. Cao YC (1979) The observation on fine structure of spindle at acupoints. Acupuncture Anaesthesia 2: 69 (in Chinese)
5. Chan SHH (1984) What is being stimulated in acupuncture: evaluation of existence of a specific substrate. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8: 25-33
6. Chan SHH, Fung SJ (1975) Suppression of polysynaptic reflex by electro-acupuncture and a possible underlying presynaptic mechanism in the spinal cord of the cat. Exp Neurol 48: 336-342
7. Chapman CR, Chen AC, Bonica JJ (1977) Effects of intrasegmental electrical acupuncture on dental pain: evaluation by threshold estimation and sensory decision theory. Pain 3: 213-227
8. Chen XG, Lin WZ, Xu MH (1995) Studies on mechanism of central morphology of the relative specificity of acupoints function. Journal of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion 11(10): 36-37 (in Chinese)
9. Chen S, Liu J, Gao Y (2007) Effects of electroacupuncture at different acupoints on changes of uterine myoelectricity induced by oxytocin and progesterone in pregnant rats. J Tradit Chin Med 27: 299-306
10. Chen SP, Gao YH, Liu JL (2008) Effects of electroacupuncture at different acupoints on electro-hysterogram in pregnant rats. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 28: 601-606 (in Chinese with English abstract)
11. Cheng XN (ed) (1990) Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion. (Revised Edn). Foreign Language Press. pp 2-10
12. Cheng R, Pomeranz B (1980) Electroacupuncture elevates blood cortisol levels in naïve horses: Sham treatment has no effect. Int J Neurosci 10: 95-97
13. Chiang CY, Chang CT, Chu HL (1973) Peripheral afferent pathway for acupuncture analgesia. Sci Sin 16: 210-217
14. Deng Y, Zeng T, Zhou Y, Guan X (1996a) The influence of electroacupuncture on the mast cells in the acupoints of the stomach meridian. Acupuncture Research 21(3): 68-70 (in Chinese with English abstract)
15. Deng Y, Fu Z, Dong H, Wu Q, Guan X (1996b) Effects of electroacupuncture on the subcutaneous mast cells of Zusanli acupoint in rat with unilateral sciatic nerve transection. Acupuncture Research 21(3): 46-49 (in Chinese with English abstract)
16. Department of Anatomy, Shanghai First Medical College (1973) The relationship between meridian-acupoints and the peripheral nerves. Selection of research articles on acupuncture anesthesia. Shanghai People's Publishing House. Shanghai, China. pp 251-264 (in Chinese)
17. Dung HC (1984) Anatomical features contributing to the formation of acupuncture points. American J Acupuncture 12: 139-143
18. Fung DTH, Chan SHH (1975) Electroacupuncture suppression of jaw depression reflex elicited by dentalgia in rabbits. Exp Neurol 47: 367-369
19. Fung SJ, Chan SHH (1976) Primary afferent depolarization evoked by electroacupuncture in the lumbar cord of the cat. Exp Neurol 52: 168-176
20. Gao HH (1987) Clinical trail of symmetry of electric resistance in meridians. Abstracts of acupuncture and moxibustion. p 218 (in Chinese)
21. Gao XY, Zhang SP, Zhu B, Zhang HQ (2008) Investigation of specificity of auricular acupuncture points in regulation of autonomic function in anesthetized rats. Auton Neurosci 138: 50-56
22. Gunn CC, Milbrandt WE (1977) Neurological mechanisms of needle grasp in acupuncture. American J Acupuncture 5: 115-120
23. Gunn CC, Milbrandt WE (1980) Dry needling of muscle motor points for chronic low-back pain. Spine 5: 279-291
24. Han CC (1996) Acupuncture: The past and the present. In: Hung KC (ed). Acupuncture points-histological properties. Chapter 4. Vontage Press, New York. p 47
25. Heine H (1988) Akupunkturtherapie-Perforationen der oberflach-lichen korperfaszie durch kutane Gefab-Nervenbundel. Therapeutikon, 4: 238-244
26. Hou ZL (1986) Study on receptors of acupuncture sensation at body acupoints. Research of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Anaesthesia. Science: 313-318
27. Hu PR, Zhao ZY (1980) Regional anatomical study on major acupoints at triple energy meridian of Hand-Shaoyang. Jinzhou Medical College (3): 1-10
28. Hu XL (1987) Primary report of line of meridian indexed by electric resistance on skin. Abstracts of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. p 213 (in Chinese)
29. Hu X, Wu B, Wang P (1993) Displaying of meridian courses travelling over human body surface under natural conditions. Acupuncture Research 18(2): 83-89 (in Chinese with English abstract)
30. Huang Y, Lai XS, Tang AW (2007) Comparative study of the specificities of needling acupoints DU20, DU26 and HT7 in intervening vascular dementia in different areas in the brain on the basis of scale assessment and cerebral functional imaging. Chin J Integr Med 13: 103-108
31. Huge JHT, Sun ZH, Chen SL, Ouyang WQ (2000) The primary afferent of acupuncture function. Progress of Animal Medicine 21(3): 31-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)
32. Jaffe L, Barker AT (1982) The glabrous epidermis of caies contains a powerful battery. Am J Physiol 242: R358-366
33. Jiang KC (1960) Anatomical observation of the relationship between the circulating position of twelve meridians as well as their acupoints and human body structures. Acta of Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1: 57 (in Chinese)
34. Jin BX, Lai XS, Tang CZ (2008) Progress in researches on the specificity of acupoints. Acupuncture Research 33: 135-138 (in Chinese with English abstract)
35. Kelner Von G (1966) Bau und function der haut Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupuncture 15: 1-57
36. Lai XS, Huang Y (2007) A cerebral functional definition on the specificity of acupoints, needling sensation and association of acupoints based on the acupoints-brain relation hypothesis? Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion 27: 777-780 (in Chinese with English abstract)
37. Langevin HM, Yandow JA (2002) Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. Anat Rec 269: 257-265
38. Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Cipolla MJ (2001) Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: A mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. FASEB 15: 2275-2282
39. Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Wu J, Badger GJ, Yandow JA, Fox JR, Krag MH (2002) Evidence of connective tissue involvement in acupuncture. FASEB 16: 872-874
40. Lee MS, Jeong SY, Lee YH, Jeong DM, Eo YG, Ko SB (2005) Differences in electrical conduction properties between meridians and non-meridians. Am J Chin Med 33: 723-728
41. Lietz P, Schmidt R, Hosemann W, Pavlovic D, Gizhko V, Lehmann C, Wendt M, Usichenko TI (2008) Acupuncture of specific points influences cortical auditory evoked potentials-A volunteer crossover study. Acupunct Electrother Res 33: 1-8
42. Li ZR (ed) (2003) Experimental acupuncture science. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Press of China. Beijing (in Chinese)
43. Li L, Liu H, Li YZ, Xu JY, Shan BC, Gong D, Li KC, Tang XW (2008) The human brain response to acupuncture on same-meridian acupoints: evidence from an fMRI study. J Altern Complement Med 14: 673-678
44. Liao YY, Field J, Saito H (1979) Effect of acupuncture on adrenocortical hormone production: variation in the ability for adrenocortical hormone production in the relation to the duration of acupuncture stimulation. Am J Chin Med 7: 362-371
45. Lin, RJ, Gong QL, Li P (1991) Convergent inputs to neurons in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the cat. Neuroreport 2: 281-284
46. Lin WZ, Xu MH, Fan L (1994) The connecting function of the stomach meridian of foot-Yangming in the nerve network of spinal cord and brain stem. Shanghai J Acu-Mox 13: 225
47. Liu F, Huang GY (2007) Advances of studies on the biophysical and biochemical properties of meridians. Acupuncture Research 32(4): 281-284 (in Chinese with English abstract)
48. Liu YK, Varela M, Osward R (1975) The correspondence between some motor point and acupuncture loci. Am J Chin Med 3: 347-358
49. Lu GW (1983) Characteristics of afferent fibre innervation on acupuncture point Zusanli. Am J Physiol 245: R606-R612
50. Lu XY (1987) Study on electric resistance measurements for meridians and acupoints. Abstracts of acupuncture and moxibustion. p 215
51. Lu GW, Liang RZ, Xie JQ (1979) Analysis of peripheral afferent fibers on effect of acupuncture analgesia at Zusanli point. Science in China 22: 495-503 (in Chinese with English abstract)
52. Lu GW, Liang RZ, Wang YN (1986) Analysis of peripheral afferent fibers on sensation of acupuncture at acupuncture points. Research for acupuncture and analgesia. Science Press: 340-347
53. McCarroll GD, Rowley BA (1979) An investigation of the existence of electrically located acupuncture points. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 26: 177-181
54. Melzack R (1975) Prolonged relief of pain by brief intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Pain 1: 357-373
55. Melzack R, Wall PD (1965) Pain mechanism: a new theory. Science 150: 971-979
56. st world meeting of the world association of the acupuncture society. p 110
57. Pan CC (1979) Morphological studies on the "De-qi" tissues at acupoints on human body. The exchanged data of the academic symposium on acupuncture and anesthesia. p 75 (in Chinese)
58. Pan CC, Zhao AF (1986) Morphological study on acupuncture sensation of human acupoints. Research of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Anaesthesia. Science: 433-440
59. Pomeranz B (1986) Effects of applied DC fields on sensory nerve sprouting and motor-nerve regeneration in adult rats. In: Nuccitelli R (ed) Ionic currents in development. Liss, New York, pp 251-258
60. Pomeranz B, Chiu D (1976) Naloxone blocks acupuncture analgesia and causes hyperalgesia: endorphin is implicated. Life Sci 19: 1757-1762
61. Popov VI, Rogachevskiï VV, Gapeev AB, Khramov RN, Fesenko EE (2001) Degranulation of skin mast cells caused by high frequency electromagnetic irradiation of low intensity. Biofizika 46: 1096-1102
62. Qiu PR, Chen HP (1992) New edited Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion. The Press of Shanghai Science and Technique, Shanghai. pp1019-1024 (in Chinese)
63. Shi ZL (1962) The relationship between acupoints and vessel & nerve in whole body. Abstracts of original articles of the biennial meeting of the Chinese society for anatomy. p 35 (in Chinese)
64. Shi X, Zhang Q (1996) Dynamic study of tissues and structures in "de-qi" acupoint. Acupuncture Research 21(3): 60-62 (in Chinese with English abstract)
65. Stacher G, Wancura I (1975) Effect of acupuncture on pain threshold and pain tolerance determined by electrical stimulation of the skin: a controlled study. Am J Chin Med 3: 143-146
66. Stux G, Pomeranz B (1988) Basics of acupuncture. Sptinger-Verlag, Berlin. pp 25-56
67. Sun ZA, Hu G, Zhao HY (2002) Survey of study on acupoint morphology in recent years. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 21(1): 64-65 (in Chinese with English abstract)
68. Takashige C (1985) Differentiation between acupuncture and non-acupuncture points by association with an analgesia inhibitory system. Acupunct Electrother Res 10: 195-203
69. Tao ZL (1989) The progress of the morphological research of the acupoint. Acupuncture Research 14(4): 397-402 (in Chinese with English abstract)
70. Tao ZL, Zhang JJ (1993) Afferent neurons of the heart, cardiac nerve, and projection of the cardiac nerve to the central nervous system. Acupuncture Research 18(4): 257-261 (in Chinese with English abstract)
71. Tao ZL, Li RW (1993) Qimen point. H Taichong H point in the Spinal Ganglion. Acupuncture Research 18(3): 228-231 (in Chinese with English abstract)
72. Tao ZL, Ren WQ (1994) The mechanisms of acupuncture of the "Guanyuanshu" (BL 26), "Pong-guangshu" (BL 28) Points in treatment of the urological system-The segmental distribution and connection of afferent neurons of urinary bladder, "Guanyuanshu", "Pangguangshu" points in the spinal ganglion and spinal cord. Acupuncture Research 19(3-4): 66-67 (in Chinese with English abstract)
73. Tao ZL, Ren WQ (1995) The segmental distribution and connection of afferent neurons of urinary bladder, "Guanyuanshu", "Pangguangshu" points in the spinal ganglion and spinal cord. Acupuncture Research 20(4): 17-21 (in Chinese with English abstract)
74. Tao ZL, Jin ZG, Ren WQ (1991) Neurons of the "Ganshu", "Pishu", "Liangmen", "Qimen" points and the Gallbladder. Acupuncture Research 16(1): 61-65 (in Chinese with English abstract)
75. Toda K, Ichioka M (1978) Electroacupuncture: relations between forelimb afferent impulses and suppression of jaw opening reflex in the rat. Exp Neurol 61: 465-470
76. Tseng LF, Chang LT (1958) Electrical conductance and temperature of the cutaneous acupuncture points: a study of normal readings and bodily distributions. J Trad Chin Med 12: 559-563 (in Chinese)
77. Wang K, Yao S, Xian Y (1985) A study in the receptive field of acupoints and the relationship between characteristics of needle sensation and groups of afferent bifres. Sci Sin 28: 863-971
78. Wu SL (1979) Morphological observation on the position of "De-qi" at acupoints on human body. Acupuncture Anaesthesia 2: 69
79. Wu B, Hu X, Xu J, Yang B, Li W, Li B (1993) Localization of the meridian track over body surface by the method of blocking the acupuncture effect with mechanical pressure. Acupuncture Research 18(2): 128-131, 114 (in Chinese with English abstract)
80. Wu HG, Yao W, Zhou EH, Dong GR, Zuo CT, Liu HR (2007) Remarks on the research of specificities of acupoints. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 27(1): 59-62 (in Chinese with English abstract)
81. Xiao ML (1959) The investigation on the essence of the musculature of the twelve meridians. Edited documents of the Chinese academic symposium on acupuncture and meridian. The Press of the Public Health of people. p 25 (in Chinese)
82. Xie HR (2008) Discussion on the Qi-passage of meridian-collateral system. Acupuncture Research 33(3): 142-144 (in Chinese with English abstract)
83. Xie HR, Li FC, Ma XS (2007) Discussion on the essence of meridian-collateral system. Acupuncture Research 32(3): 210-213 (in Chinese with English abstract)
84. Xu RM (1987) Studies on experimental orientation of Pericardium meridian of hand jueyin on body surface and their characters of lower impedance and higher vibrating sound. Abstracts of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. p 214
85. Xu JS, Hu XL, Wang PQ, Ye L, Yang J (2005) Comparison of the thermal conductivity of the related tissues along the meridian and the non-meridian. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion 25: 477-482 (in Chinese with English abstract)
86. Yan ZG (ed) (1988) Anatomical basis of usually used acupoints. Publishing house of Shanghai university of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai. pp 21, 39, 117-122 (in Chinese)
87. Yang YM, Wang PP (1986) Morphological observation on the effect of acupuncture on mast cells at the zusanli point. Acupuncture Resaerch 11: 298-302 (in Chinese)
88. Yu AS, Zhao YX, Li XL (1996a) Morphological research in Neiguan (PC-6)'s three-dimensional structure. Shanghai J Acu-Mox 15: 30-31 (in Chinese with English abstract)
89. Yu AS, Zhao YX, Yan ZG (1996b) Observation of microstructure of Acupoint of Sanyinjiao. Acupuncture Research 21(2): 36-38
90. Zaslawski CJ, Cobbin D, Lidums E, Petocz P (2003) The impact of site specificity and needle manipulation on changes to pain pressure threshold following manual acupuncture: a controlled study. Complement Ther Med 11: 11-21
91. Zeng ZL (1958) Studies on determination of electric conduction and normal value of temperature at acupoints on skin as well as their distribution. Shanghai J Tradit Chin Med 12: 33 (in Chinese)
92. Zhang EQ (ed) (1990) Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion in a practical English-Chinese library of traditional Chinese medicine. Publishing house of Shanghai university of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai. Introduction and Chapter 1. pp 2-56
93. Zhang WT, Jin Z, Luo F, Zhang L, Zeng YW, Han JS (2004) Evidence from brain imaging with fMRI supporting functional specificity of acupoints in humans. Neurosci Lett 354: 50-53
94. Zhang D, Ding GH, Shen XY, Yao W, Zhang ZY, Zhang YQ, Lin JY (2007a) Influence of mast cell function on the analgesic effect of acupuncture of "Zusanli" (ST 36) in rats. Acupuncture Research 32(3): 147-152 (in Chinese with English abstract)
95. Zhang JH, Cao XD, Lie J, Tang WJ, Liu HQ, Fenga XY (2007b) Neuronal specificity of needling acupoints at same meridian: a control functional magnetic resonance imaging study with electroacupuncture. Acupunct Electrother Res 32: 179-193
96. Zhang XY, Zhang TS, Wang HJ, Ji LX (2007c) Survey on the relationship between pathological reactions of acupoints and Zangfu organs/meridians. Acupuncture Research 32(5): 355-358 (in Chinese with English abstract)
97. Zhang XY, Gao S, Zhao JG, Cai L, Pang JP, Lu MX (2007d) PET study of effects of combination of different points on glucose metabolism in the patient of cerebral infarction. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 27: 26-30 (in Chinese with English abstract)
98. Zhang D, Ding G, Shen X, Yao W, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lin J, Gu Q (2008) Role of mast cells in acupuncture effect: a pilot study. Explore (NY) 4(3): 170-177
99. Zhao JS (edited), Li ZG (translated) (2002) Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibusion. Publishing House of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
100. Zheng CH, Zhang MM, Huang GY (2005) A new way for study of meridian essence. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 25(10): 705-708 (in Chinese with English abstract)
101. rd World Conference on Stress, Cell Stress Chaperones online 12: 5B-02-P
102. Zhu B (1998) Scientific foundations of acupuncture and moxibustion. Qingdao Press. Qingdao. (in Chinese with English abstract)
103. Zhu Z, Xu R (1990) Morphometric observation on the mast cells under the acupuncture meridian lines. Acupuncture Research 15(2): 157-158 (in Chinese with English abstract)