San Bernardino Cave (Italy) and the Appearance of Levallois Technology in Europe: Results of a Radiometric and Technological Reassessment

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Picin, Andrea ^a,b,c   Peresani, Marco ^d   Falguères, Christophe ^e   Gruppioni, Giulia ^d,e   Bahain, Jean Jacques ^e  

^a Neanderthal Museum   (Germany)

^b INSTITUT CATALÀ DE PALEOECOLOGIA HUMANA I EVOLUCIÓ SOCIAL   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

^e MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

URANIUM;

ARCHEOLOGY; ARTICLE; ARTIFACT; BIODIVERSITY; BONE; CHRONOLOGY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; ISOTOPE LABELING; ITALY; LEACHING; LEVALLOIS TECHNOLOGY; LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE; MAMMAL; RADIOMETRIC DATING; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; TECHNOLOGY; TOOTH; WESTERN EUROPE;

ANIMALS; ARCHAEOLOGY; CAVES; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; FOSSILS; GENETIC SPECIATION; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; ITALY; NEANDERTHALS; PALEODONTOLOGY; RADIOMETRY; TECHNOLOGY; TOOTH;

EID: 84885786985     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076182     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Tuffreau A (1995) The variability of Levallois technology in northern France and neighbouring areas. In: Dibble H. L B-YO, editor. The definition and interpretation of Levallois technology. Madison: Prehistory Press. pp. 413-427.
2. Monnier GF, (2006) The Lower/Middle Paleolithic periodization in Western Europe. Current Anthropology 47: 709-744.
3. White MJ, (2000) The Clactonian question: on the interpretation of core-and-flake assemblages in the British Lower Paleolithic. Journal of World Prehistory 14: 1-63.
4. Bietti A, Castorini G, (1992) Clactonian and Acheulean in the Italian Lower Paleolithic: A re-examination of some industries of Valle Giumentina (Pescara, Italy). Quaternaria Nova II: 41-59.
5. Mussi M (1995) The earliest occupation of Europe: Italy. In: Roebroeks W, van Kolfschoten T, editors. The Earliest Occupation of Europe,. Leiden: University of Leiden and European Science Foundation. pp. 27-49.
6. Raposo L, Santonja M (1995) The earliest occupation of Europe: The Iberian peninsula. In: Roebroeks W, van Kolfschoten T, editors. The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: University of Leiden and European Science Foundation. pp. 7-25.
7. Warren SH (1951) The Clacton flint industry: A new interpretation. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 62.
8. Bordes F, Bourgon M, (1951) Le complexe moustérien: Moustériens, levalloisien et tayacien. L'Anthropologie 55: 1-23.
9. Breuil H, Lantier R (1959) Les Hommes de la Pierre Ancienne. Paris: Payout.
10. de Lumley H, (1960) Clactonien et Tayacien dans la région méditerranéenne française. Compte-Rendu Académie des Sciences de Paris 250: 1887-1888.
11. Fitte P, (1948) Note sur le Tayacien. Bulletin de la Société Historique Naturelle du Vaucluse 1: 3-7.
12. Valoch K, (1968) Le Remplissage et les Industries du Paléolithique Moyen de la Grotte Külna en Moravie. L'Anthropologie 72: 453-466.
13. McNabb J (1992) The Clactonian: British Lower Palaeolithic Flint Technology in Biface and Non-Biface Assemblages. London: University of London.
14. McNabb J, Ashton NM (1992) The cutting edge: Bifaces in the Clactonian. Lithics 13.
15. Bordes F, (1953) Essai de classification des industries 'moustériennes'. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 50: 457-466.
16. Dibble HL, McPherron SJP, Chase P, Farrand WR, Debénath A (2006) Taphonomy and the Concept of Paleolithic Cultures: The Case of the Tayacian from Fontéchevade. PaleoAnthropology: 1-21.
17. Bordes F, (1950) L'évolution buissonnante des industries en Europe occidentale. Considérations théoriques sur le Paléolithique ancien et moyen. L'Anthropologie 54: 393-420.
18. Soriano S (2000) Outillage bifacial et outillage sur éclat au Paléolitique ancien et moyen: coexistence et interaction. Paris: Paris X. 460 p.
19. Menéndez Granda DL (2009) La Transición del Modo 2 al Modo 3 vista a Traves de la industria lítica de Gran Dolina TD10 (Atapuerca, Burgos). Desarrollo tecnológico y posible implicaciones ocupacionales de los conjuntos. Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili. 565 p.
20. Hopkinson T (2011) The transmission of technological skills in the Paleolithic: insights from Metapopulation Ecology. In: Roberts B W., V LM, editors. Investigating Archaeological Cultures Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission London: Springer. pp. 229-244.
21. Roebroeks W, Villa P, (2011) On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 5209-5214.
22. Roebroeks W, Sier MJ, Nielsen TK, De Loecker D, Parés JM, et al. (2012) Use of red ochre by early Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 1889-1894.
23. Rots V, (2013) Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France). Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 497-506.
24. Gaudzinski S (2006) Monospecific or species-dominated faunal assemblages during the Middle Palaeolithic in Europe. In: Hovers E, Kuhn, S., editor. Transitions before the Transition. New York: Springer. pp. 137-148.
25. Zilhao J, Angelucci DE, Badal-García E, d'Errico F, Daniel F, et al. (2010) Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 1023-1028.
26. Peresani M, Fiore I, Gala M, Romandini M, Tagliacozzo A, (2011) Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ky B.P., Italy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 3888-3893.
27. Palma di Cesnola A (1996) Le Paleolithique inferieur et moyen en Italie. Paris: J. Millon.
28. Santonja M, Villa P (2006) The Acheulian of Western Europe. In: Goren-Imbar N, Sharon, G., editor. Axe Age Acheulian Tool-making from Quarry to Discard Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology. London: Equinox. pp. 429-478.
29. Fontana F, Nenzioni G, Peretto C, (2010) The southern Po plain area (Italy) in the mid-late Pleistocene: Human occupation and technical behaviours. Quaternary International 223-224: 465-471.
30. Falguères C, Bahain J-J, Yokoyama Y, Arsuaga JL, Bermudez de Castro JM, et al. (1999) Earliest humans in Europe: the age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution 37: 343-352.
31. Berger GW, Pérez-González A, Carbonell E, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM, et al. (2008) Luminescence chronology of cave sediments at the Atapuerca paleoanthropological site, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 300-311.
32. Ordónez S, González JA, García del Cura MA, (1990) Datación Radiogénica (U234/U238 y Th230/U234) de sistemas travertínicos del Alto Tajo (Guadalajara). Geogaceta 8: 53-56.
33. Falguères C, Bahain J-J, Pérez-González A, Mercier N, Santonja M, et al. (2006) The Lower Acheulian site of Ambrona, Soria (Spain): ages derived from a combined ESR/U-series model. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 149-157.
34. Santonja M, Villa P, (1990) The Lower Paleolithic of Spain and Portugal. Journal of World Prehistory 4: 45-94.
35. Bahain JJ (2007) La méthode de datation par résonance de spin électronique (ESR) au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Vingt ans de recherches méthodologiques et d'applications géochronologiques: Bordeaux 3. 88 p.
36. Auguste P (1995) Cadres biostratigraphique et paléoécologique du peuplement humain dans la France septentrionale durant la Pléistocène. Apports de l'étude paléontologique des grands mammifères du gisement de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais). Paris: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. 1924 p.
37. Benini A, Martelli L, Amorosi A, Martini A, Severi P (2009) Faenza foglio 239. Note Illustrative delle carta Geologica: ISPRA.
38. Amorosi A, Farina M, Severi P, Preti D, Caporale L, et al. (1996) Genetically related alluvial deposits across active fault zones: an example of alluvial fan-terrace correlation from the upper Quaternary of the southern Po Basin, Italy. Sedimentary Geology 102: 275-295.
39. Eppes MC, Bierma R, Vinson D, Pazzaglia F, (2008) A soil chronosequence study of the Reno valley, Italy: Insights into the relative role of climate versus anthropogenic forcing on hillslope processes during the mid-Holocene. Geoderma 147: 97-107.
40. Picotti V, Pazzaglia FJ, (2008) A new active tectonic model for the construction of the Northern Apennines mountain front near Bologna (Italy). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 113: 4-12.
41. Farabegoli E., Onorevoli G., Ruffino C., Costantini B. (1997) Subsurface structure of southern Po plain Quaternary deposit. In: AA VV, editor. Agip, Geodinamica e Ambiente. Firenze: SELCA. pp. 1-12.
42. Martini M, Sibilia E, Croci S, Cremaschi M, (2001) Thermoluminescence (TL) dating of burnt flints: problems, perspectives and some examples of application. Journal of Cultural Heritage 2: 179-190.
43. Cremaschi M, Fedoroff N, Guerreschi A, Huxtable J, Colombi N, et al. (1990) Sedimentary and pedological processes in the Upper Pleistocene loess of northern Italy. The Bagaggera sequence. Quaternary International 5: 23-38.
44. Ferraro F, (2009) Age, sedimentation, and soil formation in the Val Sorda loess sequence, Northern Italy. Quaternary International 204: 54-64.
45. Segre AG, Bidittu I, Piperno M (1982) Il Paleolitico inferiore nel Lazio, nella Basilicata e in Sicilia. In: AA VV, editor. Atti della XXIII Riunione Scientifica dell'IIPP Il Paleolitico inferiore in Italia. Firenze: Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria. pp. 177-206.
46. Malatesta A, Zarlenga F, (1988) Evidence of Middle Pleistocene marine transgressions along the Mediterranean Coast. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 68: 311-315.
47. Carobene L, Dai Pra G, (1990) Genesis, chronology and tectonics of the Quaternary marine terraces of the Tyrrhenian coast of northern Calabria (Italy). Il Quaternario 3: 75-94.
48. Tozzi C, (1965) La Grotta del Colombo a Toriano. Rivista di Studi Liguri. XX: 5-45.
49. Baissas P, Barral L, Simon P, Simone S, (1986) Le Pleistocene moyen a la Grotte du Colombo (Toirano, Ligur italienne). Bulletin du Musée d 'Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco 29: 5-24.
50. Arobba D, Boschian G, Caramiello R, Giampietri A, Negrino F, et al. (2008) La grotta del Colombo: indagini geoarcheologiche, palinologiche e sull'industria litica. In: Arobba D, Maggi R, Vicino G, editors. Toirano e la Grotta della Bàsura, Atti del Convegno, Toriano, 26-28 ottobre 2000. Bordighera pp. 69-88.
51. Grimaldi S (1998) Analyse technologique, chaîne opératoire et objectifs techniques. Torre in Pietra (Rome, Italie). Paléo: 109-122.
52. Boëda E (1994) Le Concept Levallois: Variabilitè des Méthodes. Paris: Centre de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).
53. Malatesta A, (1978) Torre in Pietra, Roma. Quaternaria 20: 203-577.
54. Hearthy PJ, Dai Pra G, (1986) Aminostratigraphy of Quaternary Marine deposits in the Lazio region of Central Italy. Zeit Geomorphologie N F 62: 131-140.
55. Caloi L, Palombo MR, Zarlenga F, (1998) Late-Middle Pleistocene Mammal faunal of Latium (central Italy): stratigraphy and environment. Quaternary International 47-48: 77-86.
56. Milli S, Palombo MR, (2005) The high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and the mammal fossil record: a test in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Roman Basin (Latium, Italy). Quaternary International 126-128: 251-270.
57. Walker MJ, Rodríguez Estrella T, Carrío n García JS, Mancheno Jiménez MA, Schwenniger J-L, et al. (2006) Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar (Murcia, southeast Spain): An Acheulian and Levalloiso-Mousteroid assemblage of Paleolithic artifacts excavated in a Middle Pleistocene faunal context with hominin skeletal remains. Eurasian Prehistory 4: 3-78.
58. Santonja M, Pérez-González A, (2010) Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean industrial complex in the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 223-224: 154-161.
59. Moncel M-H, Moigne A-M, Sam Y, Combier J, (2011) The Emergence of Neanderthal Technical Behavior: New Evidence from Orgnac 3 (Level 1, MIS 8), Southeastern France. Current Anthropology 52: 37-75.
60. Peris JF (2007) La Cova del Bolomor (Tavernes de la Valldigna, Valencia): las industrias líticas del Pleistoceno medio en el ámbito del mediterráneo peninsular. Valencia: Diputación Provincial de Valencia.
61. Peresani M (2001) An overview of the Middle Palaeolithic settlement system in North-Eastern Italy. In: Conard NJ, editor. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Stone Age Tübingen: Tübingen Publications in Prehistory, Verlag. pp. 485-506.
62. Grün R, Schwarcz HP, Chadam J, (1988) ESR dating of tooth enamel: Coupled correction for U-uptake and U-series disequilibrium. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation Part D Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 14: 237-241.
63. Wagner GA, Krbetschek M, Degering D, Bahain J-J, Shao Q, et al. (2010) Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 19726-19730.
64. Shao Q, Bahain J-J, Falguères C, Dolo J-M, Garcia T, (2012) A new U-uptake model for combined ESR/U-series dating of tooth enamel. Quaternary Geochronology 10: 406-411.
65. Hewitt G, (2000) The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405: 907-913.
66. Hublin J-J, Roebroeks W, (2009) Ebb and flow or regional extinctions? On the character of Neandertal occupation of northern environments. Comptes Rendus Palevol 8: 503-509.
67. Rodríguez J, (2006) Structural continuity and multiple alternative stable States in Middle Pleistocene European mammalian communities. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 239: 355-373.
68. Feliner GN, (2011) Southern European glacial refugia: A tale of tales. Taxon 60: 365-372.
69. Bermúdez de Castro J, (1988) Dental remains from Atapuerca/Ibeas (Spain) II. Morphology. Journal of Human Evolution 17: 279-304.
70. Rosas A, (2001) Occurrence of Neanderthal features in mandibles from the Atapuerca-SH site. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114: 74-91.
71. Martinón-Torres M (2006) Evolución del aparato dental en homínidos: estudio de los dientes humanos del Pleistoceno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos). Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
72. Dennell RW, Martinón-Torres M, Bermúdez de Castro JM, (2011) Hominin variability, climatic instability and population demography in Middle Pleistocene Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 1511-1524.
73. Martinón-Torres M, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Gómez-Robles A, Prado-Simín L, Arsuaga JL, (2012) Morphological description and comparison of the dental remains from Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos site (Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 62: 7-58.
74. Rink WJ, Mercier N, Mihailović D, Morley MW, Thompson JW, et al. (2013) New Radiometric Ages for the BH-1 Hominin from Balanica (Serbia): Implications for Understanding the Role of the Balkans in Middle Pleistocene Human Evolution. PLoS ONE 8: e54608.
75. Manzi G, Magri D, Palombo MR, (2011) Early-Middle Pleistocene environmental changes and human evolution in the Italian peninsula. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 1420-1438.
76. Mallegni F, Bertoldi F, Carnieri E, (2002) New Middle Pleistocene human remains from Northern Italy. HOMO 52: 233-239.
77. Nomade S, Muttoni G, Guillou H, Robin E, Scardia G, (2011) First 40Ar/39Ar age of the Ceprano man (central Italy). Quaternary Geochronology 6: 453-457.
78. Rosas A, Bastir M, Martínez-maza C, García-Tabernero A, Lalueza-Fox C (2006) Inquiries into Neanderthal craniofacial development and evolution: "accretion" versus "organismic" models. In: Hublin J-J, Harvati K, Harrison T, editors. Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives: Springer Netherlands. pp. 37-69.
79. Hublin JJ, (2009) The origin of Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 16022-16027.
80. Rougier H (2003) Étude descriptive et comparative de Biache-Saint-Vaast 1 (Biache-Saint-Vaast, Pas-de-Calais, France): Boredaux I. 418 p.
81. Bruner E, Manzi G (2006) Saccopastore 1: the earliest Neanderthal? A new look at an old cranium. In: Hublin J-J, Harvati K, Harrison T, editors. Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives: Springer Netherlands. pp. 23-36.
82. Mussi M (2002) Earliest Italy.An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic; Jochim MA, editor. New York: Kluwer Academic Publisher. 400 p.
83. Scott B, Ashton N (2011) The Early Middle Palaeolithic: The European Context. In: Ashton N, Lewis SG, Stringer C, editors. The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 91-112.
84. White M, Ashton N, Scott B (2011) The Emergence, Diversity and Significance of Mode 3 (Prepared Core) Technologies. In: Ashton N, Lewis SG, Stringer C, editors. The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 53-65.
85. Adam A, (2002) The pseudo-Levallois points of the Mousterian site Le Rissori at Masnuy-Saint-Jean (Hainaut, Belgium). L'Anthropologie 106: 695-730.
86. Locht J-L, Antonie P, Hérisson D, Gadebois G, Debenham N, (2010) Une occupation de la phase ancienne du Paléolithique Moyen à Therdonne (Oise). Gallia Préhistorie 52: 1-32.
87. Premo LS, Hublin J-J, (2009) Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 33-37.
88. Efferson C, Lalive R, Richerson PJ, McElreath R, Lubell M, (2008) Conformists and mavericks: the empirics of frequency-dependent cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior 29: 56-64.
89. Shennan S, (2001) Demography and cultural innovation: a model and its implication for the emergence of modern human culture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11: 5-16.
90. Ronchitelli A, Boscato P, Surdi G, Masini F, Petruso D, et al. (2011) The Grotta Grande of Scario (Salerno, Italy): Archaeology and environment during the last interglacial (MIS 5) of the Mediterranean region. Quaternary International 231: 95-109.
91. Onoratini G, Arellano A, Del Lucchese A, Moullé PE, Serre F, (2012) The Barma Grande cave (Grimaldi, Vintimiglia, Italy): From Neandertal, hunter of "Elephas antiquus". to Sapiens with ornaments of mammoth ivory. Quaternary International 255: 141-157.
92. Coltorti M, Pieruccini P, (2006) The last interglacial pedocomplexes in the litho- and morpho-stratigraphical framework of the central-northern Apennines (Central Italy). Quaternary International 156-157: 118-132.
93. Boscato P, Boschian G, Caramia F, Gambassini P, (2009) Il Riparo del Poggio a Marina di Camerota (Salerno): culture ambiente. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche LIX: 5-40.
94. Benazzi S (2002) Analisi morfometrica di alcuni denti umani del Paleolitico e della sua fase di transizione: Università di Bologna.
95. Ronchitelli AT, Freguglia M, Boscato P (2010) Paléoécologie et stratégies de subsistance à l'Abri du Molare de Scario (S. Giovanni a Piro-Salerne-Italie du Sud): niveaux Paléolithique moyen 44-49, données préliminaires. In: Conard NJ, Delagnes A, editors. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag. pp. 249-264.
96. Mallegni F, Ronchitelli AT, (1989) Deciduous teeth of the Neandertal mandible from Molare Shelter, near Scario (Salerno, Italy). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 79: 475-482.
97. Mallegni F, Ronchitelli AT, (1987) Découverte d'une madibule Néandertalienne a l'Abri du Molare près de Scario (Salerno-Italie): Observations stratigraphiques et palethnologiques étude anthropologique. L'Anthropologie 91: 163-174.
98. Fabre V, Condemi S, Degioanni A, (2009) Genetic Evidence of Geographical Groups among Neanderthals. PLoS ONE 4: e5151.
99. Walker MJ, Ortega J, Parmová K, López MV, Trinkaus E, (2011) Morphology, body proportions, and postcranial hypertrophy of a female Neandertal from the Sima de las Palomas, southeastern Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 10087-10091.