The difficulty with diversity: White and aboriginal women workers' representations of diversity management in Forest processing mills

Labour/ Le Travail

Volumn , Issue 67, 2011, Pages 45-76

  Mills, Suzanne ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885610356     PISSN: 07003862     EISSN: 19114842     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. The Aboriginal identity population comprised approximately 30 per cent of the total population in and around the communities with forest mills (Prince Albert, Big River and Hudson Bay Saskatchewan) in 2001; Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Community Profiles (Ottawa 2004).
2. Suzanne Mills, "Segregation of women and Aboriginal people within Canadás forest sector by industry and occupation", Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 26(January 2006), 147-171.
3. For example, see Ron Laliberte and Vic Satzewich, "Native migrant labour in the southern Albertan sugar-beet industry: coercion and paternalism in the recruitment of labour", Canadian Revue of Sociology and Anthropology, 36(February 1999), 65-85;
4. Alan G. Teskey and Jack H. Smyth, "Saskatchewan's Forest Industry and Its Economic Importance", Information Report nor-x140, Canadian Forest Service and Environment Canada (Edmonton 1975).
5. Maureen Reed, "Marginality and Gender at Work in Forestry Communities of British Columbia, Canada", Journal of Rural Studies, 19(July 2003), 373-89.
6. Brian D'Netto and Amrik S. Sohal, "Human Resource Practices and Workforce Diversity: An Empirical Assessment", International Journal of Manpower, 20(January 1999), 530-547;
7. Anshuman Prasad, "Understanding Workplace Empowerment as Inclusion: A Historical Investigation of the Discourse of Difference in the United States", The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 37(March 2001), 51-69.
8. Maria Humphries and Shayne Grice, "Equal Employment Opportunity and the Management of Diversity", Journal of Organizational Change Management, 8(January 1995), 17-32;
9. Sara Ahmed, "The Language of Diversity", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(March 2007), 235-56.
10. Yasmeen Abu-Laben and Christina Gabriel, Selling Diversity: Immigration, Multiculturalism, Employment Equity and Globalization (Canada 2002), 152-157;
11. D'Netto and Sohal, "Human Resource Practices", 530-547;
12. Sonia Liff and Judy Wajcman, "'Sameness' and 'Difference' Revisited: Which Way Forward for Equal Opportunity Initiatives", Journal of Management Studies, 33(January 1996), 79-94.
13. Harish Jain and Anil Verma, "Managing workforce diversity for competitiveness: The Canadian experience", International Journal of Manpower, 17(January 1996), 14-29.
14. Jain and Verma, "Managing workforce diversity for competitiveness", 14-29;
15. Alison M. Konrad, Cara Maurer, and Yang Yang, "Managing for diversity and inclusiveness: results of the 2004-05 Ivey Strategic Diversity and Inclusiveness Survey: Responses from Human Resource Managers and ceos", Richard Ivey School of Business Working Paper Report, 7 (2005) (20 February, 2011).
16. Humphries and Grice, "Equal Employment", 17-32;
17. Anshuman Prasad, "Understanding Workplace Empowerment as Inclusion: A Historical Investigation of the Discourse of Difference in the United States", The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 37(March 2001), 51-69.
18. Joan W. Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism", in Steven Seidman, ed., The Postmodern Turn: New Perspectives on Social Theory (Cambridge 1994), 282-98.
19. Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (Boston 1990), 191-197.
20. Abu-Laben and Gabriel, Selling Diversity, 134-141.
21. Note that despite the broad underpinnings of employment equity legislation, in practice, the understanding of equality is often reduced to the targeted hiring of individuals from designated groups and results in backlash from co-workers. For a discussion of this gap see: Carol Agocs, "Canadás employment equity legislation and policy 1987-2000: the gap between policy and practice", International Journal of Manpower, 23(January 2002), 256-276.
22. Davina Cooper, Challenging Diversity: Rethinking Equality and the Value of Difference (New York 2004), 1-9, 14, 15.
23. George Sefa Dei, "The Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender in the Anti-Racism Discourse", in Valerie Zawilski and Cynthia Levine-Rasky, eds., Inequality in Canada: A Reader in the Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class (Don Mills 2005) 17-35;
24. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (New Jersey 1990), 158-183.
25. Deborah Jones, "Screwing Diversity out of the Workers? Reading Diversity", Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(January 2004), 281-91.
26. D'Netto and Sohal, "Human Resource Practices", 530-547.
27. Ahmed, "The Language of Diversity", 235-56.
28. D'Netto and Sohal, "Human Resource Practices", 530-547.
29. Ian McKay, "The Liberal Order Framework: A Prospectus for a Reconnaissance of Canadian History", The Canadian Historical Review, 81(December 2000), 623.
30. Humphries and Grice, "Equal Employment", 17-32. Some studies have demonstrated that diversity, particularly when applied to top management, increases the competitive ability of firms.
31. For example see: Charles M. Carson, Don C. Mosley, D. C. and Scott C. Boyar, "Performance gains through diverse top management teams", Theam Performance Management, 10(January 2004), 121-126.
32. Bonita Lawrence, "Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview", Hypatia, 18(June 2003), 4.
33. Maxine Baca Zinn, Lynn Weber Cannon, Elizabeth Higginbotham and Bonnie Thornton Dill, "The Costs of Exclusionary Practices in Women's Studies", Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 11(Winter 1986), 290-303.
34. For studies centering the lives of women of colour see: Patricia Hill Collins, "Gender, Black feminism and Black political economy", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568(March 2000), 41-53;
35. Beverley Mullings, "Women Rule? Globalization and the Feminization of Managerial and Professional Workspaces in the Caribbean", Gender, Place & Culture, 12(March 2005), 1-27;
36. Melissa Wright", Crossing the Factory Frontier: Gender, Place and Power in the Mexican Maquiladora", Antipode, 29(July 1997), 278-302.
37. Maureen Reed, Taking Stands: Gender and the Sustainability of Rural Communities (Vancouver 2003), 79-110.
38. Although these approaches originate from different intellectual traditions, the boundaries between them are porous My use of methodological approaches was selective and sequential. Grounded theory guided the early stages of data collection and initial coding allowing me to be open in my initial descriptions of women's experiences and in identifying themes of importance that emerged from the data. Phenomenology influenced later stages of analysis when I delved more deeply into participants' descriptions, seeking to expose taken-for granted assumptions in women's experiences. Critical discourse analysis later provided a structured form of analysis that allowed for the integration of social context with text analysis. For further discussion of the compatibility of these approaches see: Helene Starks and Susan Brown Trinidad, "Choose Your Method: A Comparison of Phenomenology, Discourse Analysis, and Grounded Theory", Qualitative Health Research, 17(December 2007), 1372-80.
39. Carol Schick and Verna St. Denis, "Troubling National Discourses in Anti-Racist Curricular Planning", Canadian Journal of Education, 28(Summer 2005), 295-317.
40. Leslie McCall, "The Complexity of Intersectionality", Signs, 30(Spring 2005), 1771-800.
41. Rebecca Rogers, Elizabeth Malancharuvil-Berkes, Melissa Mosley, Diane Hui, and Joseph Glynis O'Garro, "Critical Discourse Analysis in Education: A Review of the Literature", Review of Educational Research, 75(Fall 2005), 365-416.
42. Norman Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change (Cambridge 1992);
43. Norman Fairclough, Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research (New York 2003).
44. Teskey and Smyth, Saskatchewan's Forest Industry and Its Economic Importance 10;
45. Mills, "Segregation of women and Aboriginal people", 147-171.
46. Andrew Parnaby, "'The best men that ever worked the lumber': Aboriginal Longshoremen on Burrard Inlet, BC, 1863-1939", The Canadian Historical Review, 87(March 2006), 1-15;
47. Steven High, "Native Wage Labour and Independent Production During the 'Era of Irrelevance'", Labour/Le Travail, 37(Spring 1996), 243-64.
48. Roger Hayter and Trevor Barnes, "Labour Market Segmentation, Flexibility, and Recession: A British Columbian Case Study", Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 10(Spring 1992), 333-53.
49. Susanne Klaussen, "The plywood girls: women and gender ideology at the Port Alberni Plywood Plant, 1942-1991", Labour/Le Travail, 41(Spring 1998), 199-235.
50. Maureen Reed and Suzanne Mills, "Chapter 17: Renewable resource use", in Bernard Thraves, M. L. Lewry, Janis E. Dale and Hansgeorge Schlichtmann, eds., Saskatchewan: Geographic Perspectives (Canadian Plains Research Centre 2007), 385-405.
51. Oriented strand board is an engineered wood product formed by layering wood flakes and binding them with resin and wax. See Roger Hayter and Trevor Barnes, "The Restructuring of British Columbiás Coastal Forest Sector", BC Studies, 113(Spring 1997), 7-37.
52. Micheal P. Howlett, "The forest industry on the prairies: opportunities and constraints to future development", Prairie Forum, 14(Fall 1989), 233-257.
53. Wayne Roznowsky "Weyehaeuser" in The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (Canadian Plains Research Centre 2006) http://esask.uregina.ca
54. Frank Jossi, "Cultivating Diversity", Human Resource Executive Magazine, 14 (December 2004), (3 Ma rch 2011).
55. Jossi, "Cultivating Diversity"
56. Amalia Sáar, "Postcolonial Feminism, the Politics For Identification and the Liberal Bargain", Gender and Society, 19(October 2005), 680-700.
57. Darcy Martin, Thinking Union: Activism and Education in Canada's Labour Movement (Toronto 1995), 31-32.
58. Thomas Dunk, It's a Working Man's Town: Male Working-Class Culture (Montreal & Kingston 1994), 101-131;
59. Julie Guard, "Authenticity on the Line: Women Workers, Native 'scabs', and the Multi-Ethnic Politics of Identity in a Left-Led Strike in Cold War Canada", Journal of Women's History, 15(Winter 2004), 117-140.
60. Schick and St. Denis, "Troubling National Discourses in Anti-Racist Curricular Planning", 295-317.
61. Dunk, It's a Working Man's Town, 95-100, 103-131.
62. Teun Van Dijk, Elite Discourse and Racism, Edited by John H. II Stanfield. 7 vols. Vol. 6, Sage Series on Race and Ethnic Relations (Newbury Park 1993), 145.
63. Evelyn Peters, "'Urban' and 'Aboriginal': An Impossible Contradiction?'", in Jon Caulfield and Linda Peake, ed., City Lives & City Forms: Critical Research & Canadian Urbanism (Toronto 1996), 47-62.
64. Janice Yoder and Lynn Berendsen, "'Outsider within' the Firehouse: African American and White Women Firefighters", Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(March 2001), 27-36.
65. Patricia Monture-Angus, Journeying Forward: Dreaming First Nations' Independence (Halifax 1999);
66. Lawrence, "Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity", 3-31.
67. Monture-Angus, Journeying Forward.
68. Didi Khayatt, "The Boundaries of Identity at the Intersection of Race, Class and Gender", Canadian Woman Studies, 14(Spring 1994), 6-12.
69. See for example Audrey Kobayashi and Peter Jackson, "Japanese Canadians and the racialization of labour in the British Columbia sawmill industry", BC Studies, 103(Autumn 1994), 33-58.
70. Gordon Christie, "Aboriginal Citizenship: Section 35, Section 15 and Section 25", Citizenship Studies, 7(June 2003), 481-495.
71. Berit Brandth and Marit S. Haugen, "From Lumberjack to Business Manager: Masculinity in the Norwegian Forestry Press", Journal of Rural Studies, 16(July 2000), 343-355;
72. Reed, "Marginality and Gender at Work", 373-389.
73. Ahmed, "The Language of Diversity", 235-256.