The Role of a Political Interest Group in Democratization of China and Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 22, Issue 84, 2013, Pages 923-943

  Lo, Sonny Shiu Hing ^a  

^a THE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CROSS-BORDER RELATIONS; DEMOCRATIZATION; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; POLITICAL REFORM; POLITICAL SYSTEM; SUBSIDY SYSTEM;

BEIJING [CHINA]; CHINA; HONG KONG; MACAU;

EID: 84885595975     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2013.795308     Document Type: Article

References (77)

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4. Francis Lee and Joseph Man Chan, 'Generational transmission of collective memory about Tiananmen in Hong Kong: how young rally participants learn about and understand 4 June', Journal of Contemporary China 22(84), (2013), DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2013.795311
5. David B. Truman, The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1951), p. 33.
6. Graham K. Wilson, Interest Groups in the United States (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 1.
7. Arthur Bentley, The Process of Government (New Jersey: Transaction Press, 1995), pp. 200-222.
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10. Norman Miners, The Government and Politics of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1995).
11. The former Soviet Union had 'interest groupings' rather than interest groups.
12. H. Gordon Skilling, 'Groups in Soviet politics: some hypotheses', in Gordon Skilling and Franklyn Griffiths, eds, Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 29-31.
13. Another political interest group is the Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor, which was set up in April 1995 and whose activities focus on local media censorship and police power rather than the PRC. See http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/ (accessed 23 November 2010).
14. So, Hong Kong's Embattled Democracy, p. 160. The United Democrats of Hong Kong was set up in 1990.
15. Ibid., p. 161.
16. In 1991, the democrats grasped 15 out of 18 directly elected seats in the 60-member Legislative Council. In 1995, they captured 16 out of 20 directly elected seats in the 60-member Legislative Council.
17. So, Hong Kong's Embattled Democracy.
18. Ma Ngok, Political Development in Hong Kong: State, Political Society, and Civil Society (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2007), p. 138.
19. Sing Ming, Politics and Government in Hong Kong (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 112-135.
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21. Ibid., p. 328.
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26. Suzanne Ogden, Inklings of Democracy in China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 357.
27. Ibid., p. 265.
28. Bruce Gilley, China's Democratic Future: How It Will Happen and Where It Will Lead (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), pp. 122-123.
29. Ibid., pp. 124-127.
30. David S. G. Goodman, ed., The New Rich in China: Future Rulers, Present Lives (New York: Routledge, 2008).
31. Ibid., pp. 24-25.
32. Mobo Gao, 'Netizenship and its implications for democratization in China', in Joseph Cheng, ed., Whither China's Democracy: Democratization in China since the Tiananmen Incident (Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2011), pp. 162-176.
33. Alvin So, 'New middleclass politicsin China: the making of a quiet democratization', in Cheng, ed., Whither China's Democracy, p. 149.
34. James Anderson, 'Questions of democracy, territoriality and globalization', in James Anderson, ed., Transnational Democracy: Political Spaces and Border Crossings (London: Routledge, 2002), pp.6-38.
35. The HKASPDM website, available at: http://www.alliance.org.hk/ (accessed 17 October 2010).
36. Ibid., (accessed 21 October 2010).
37. Ming Pao,(3 May 2009).
38. Apple Daily, (29 May 2009).
39. Ming Pao,(3 May 2009).
40. Ming Pao,(5 June 2009).
41. Ming Pao,(3 May 2009).
42. Yau participated in the election campaign of Donald Tsang in 2005 when the latter ran for the Chief Executive Election in Hong Kong(Ibid.).
43. Albert Ho, A Humble Struggle (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010), p. 125.
44. The HKASPDM website, available at: http://www.HKASPDM.org.hk/ (accessed 10 October 2010).
45. The HKASPDM website, available at: http://www.alliance.org.hk/ (accessed 19 October 2010).
46. Ming Pao, (25 November 2010).
47. Ming Pao,(5 June 2004).
48. Apple Daily, (26 December 2010). The April the Fifth Action Group was formed in December 1989. The Tiananmen Mothers Group was setupin early 2000bya groupof mothersof the dead victimsof the4June tragedyin 1989. See www.tiananmenmother.org (accessed 30 November 2010).
49. Apple Daily, (24 July 2010).
50. Ming Pao, (29 November 2010).
51. Hong Kong HKASPDM website, available at: http://www.alliance.org.hk/ (accessed 25 October 2010).
52. Ho, A Humble Struggle, p. 121.
53. Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, available at: http://www.colaw.cn/findlaw/crime/criminallaw2.html (accessed 27 November 2010).
54. Ho, A Humble Struggle, p. 122.
55. Ho revealed that barrister Daniel Fung Wah-kin agreed to bring HK$10,000 from Hong Kong to Beijing's students. www.newchina.com and www.fdc64.de/index.php (accessed 30 November 2010).
56. The Federation for a Democratic China was set up in September 1989 and was regarded as 'the largest oppositionin the PRC'. See www.boxun.com/hero/2007/fdpusae/9_1.shtml (accessed 30 November 2010).
57. It has the objectives of'safeguarding human rights, protecting social justice, developing an economy managed by private citizens, terminating one-party dictatorship, and establishing a democratic China'. It claims to be 'the largest opposition outside the PRC'.
58. Ho, A Humble Struggle, p. 129.
59. Ming Pao, (25 November 2010).
60. Ming Pao, (21 October 2010).
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69. Ming Pao, (29 November 2010).
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71. Personal interview with Lee Cheuk-yan.
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74. Personal interview with Lee Cheuk-yan.
75. Personal interview with Lee Cheuk-yan.
76. Personal interview with Lee Cheuk-yan.
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