The Isotopic Composition of the Elements

Isotopic Analysis: Fundamentals and Applications Using ICP-MS

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-29

  Vanhaecke, Frank ^a   Kyser, Kurt ^b  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Atomic structure; Elements; Isotopes; Isotopic composition

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885509502     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527650484.ch1     Document Type: Chapter

References (69)

1. Rutherford, E. (1911) The scattering of a and b particles by matter and the structure of the atom. Philos. Mag., 21, 669-688.
2. Geiger, H. and Marsden, E. (1909) On a diffuse reflection of the alpha-particles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 82, 495-500.
3. Bohr, N. (1921) Atomic structure. Nature, 106, 104-107.
4. Cunninghame, J.G. (1964) Introduction to the Atomic Nucleus, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
5. Budzikiewicz, H. and Grigsby, R.D. (2006) Mass spectrometry and isotopes: a century of research and discussion. Mass. Spectrom. Rev., 25, 146-157.
6. Thomson, J.J. (1913) Rays of positive electricity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 89, 1-20.
7. Aston, F.W., The mass-spectra of chemical elements. Philos. Mag., 39, 611-625.
8. Ehmann, W.D. and Vance, D.E. (1991) Radiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
9. Faure, G. and Mensing, T.M. (2005) Isotopes - Principles and Applications, 3rd edn., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
10. Lodders, K. (2003) Solar system abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements. Astrophys. J., 591, 1220-1247.
11. Böhlke, J.K., de Laeter, J.R., De Bie'vre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H.S., Rosman, K.J.R., and Taylor, P.D.P. (2005) Isotopic compositions of the elements, 2001. J. Phys. Ref. Data., 34, 57-67.
12. Faure, G. and Mensing, T.M. (2007) Introduction to Planetary Science - the Geological Perspective, Springer, Berlin.
13. Weyer, S., Anbar, A.D., Gerdes, A., Gordon, G.W., Algeo, T.J., and Boyle, E.A. (2008) Natural fractionation of 238U/235U. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 72, 345-359.
14. Navrátil, O., Ha'la, J., Kopunec, R., Macásek, F., Mikulaj, V., and Lešetický, L. (1992) Nuclear Chemistry, Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
15. Taylor, R.E. (2000) Fifty years of radiocarbon dating. Am. Sci., 88, 60-67.
16. Dickin, A.P. (2005) Radiogenic Isotope Geology, 2nd edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
17. Balcaen, L., Moens, L., and Vanhaecke, F. (2010) Determination of isotope ratios of metals (and metalloids) by means of ICP-mass spectrometry for provenancing purposes - a review. Spectrochim. Acta B, 65, 769-786.
18. Bourdon, B., Turner, S., Henderson, G.M., and Lundstrom, C.C. (2003) Introduction to U-series geochemistry. Rev. Miner. Geochem., 52, 1-19.
19. Chow, T.J. and Earl, J.L. (1970) Lead aerosols in the atmosphere: increasing concentrations. Science, 169, 577-580.
20. Ault, W.U., Senechal, R.G., and Erlebach, W.E. (1970) Isotopic composition as a natural tracer of lead in the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4, 305-313.
21. Fachetti, S. (1988) Mass spectrometry applied to studies of lead in the atmosphere. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 7, 503-533.
22. Bollhofer, A. and Rosman, K.J.R. (2000) Isotopic source signatures for atmospheric lead: the southern hemisphere. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 3251-3262.
23. Bollhofer, A. and Rosman, K.J.R. (2001) Isotopic source signatures for atmospheric lead: the northern hemisphere. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 1727-1740.
24. Moor, H.C., Schaller, T., and Sturm, M. (1996) Recent changes in stable lead isotope ratios in sediments of Lake Zug, Switzerland. Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2928-2933.
25. Kersten, M., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Thomsen, S., Anagnostou, C., and Sioulas, A. (1997) Source apportionment of Pb pollution in the coastal waters of Elefsis Bay. Greece Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1295-1301.
26. Vallelonga, P., Gabrielli, P., Balliana, E., Wegner, A., Delmonte, B., Turetta, C., Burton, G., Vanhaecke, F., Rosman, K.J.R., Hong, S., Boutron C.F., Cescon, P., and Barbante, C. (2010) Lead isotopic compositions in the EPICA Dome C ice core and southern hemisphere potential source areas. Quat. Sci. Rev., 29, 247-255.
27. Döring, T., Schwikowski, M., and Gaggeler, H.W. (1997) The analysis of lead concentrations and isotope ratios in recent snow samples from high alpine sites with a double focusing ICPMS. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 359, 382-384.
28. Townsend, A.T. and Snape, I. (2002) The use of Pb isotope ratios determined by magnetic sector ICP-MS for tracing Pb pollution in marine sediments near Casey Station, East Antarctica. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17, 922-928.
29. Jacobsen, S.B. (2005) The Hf-W isotopic system and the origin of the Earth and the Moon. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 531-570.
30. Kaiser, T. and Wasserburg, G.J. (1983) The isotopic composition and concentration of Ag in iron meteorites and the origin of exotic silver. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 43-58.
31. Chen, J.H. and Wasserburg, G.J. (1990) The isotopic composition of Ag in meteorites and the presence of 107Pd in protoplanets. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 1729-1743.
32. Rayleigh, W.S. (1896) Theoretical considerations respecting the separation of gases by diffusion and similar processes. Philos. Mag., 42, 493-498.
33. Bigeleisen, J. and Mayer, M.G. (1947) Calculation of equilibrium constants for isotopic exchange reactions. J. Chem. Phys., 15, 261-267.
34. Urey, H.C. (1947) The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances. J. Chem. Soc., 562-581.
35. Bigeleisen, J. (1949) The relative reaction velocities of isotopic molecules. J. Chem. Phys., 17, 675-678.
36. Bigeleisen, J. (1965) Chemistry of isotopes. Science, 147, 463-471.
37. Hoefs, J. (2004) Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 5th edn., Springer, Berlin.
38. Zeebe, R.E. and Wolf-Glabrow, D. (2001) CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
39. Young, E.D., Galy, A., and Nagahara, H. (2002) Kinetic and equilibrium massdependent isotope fractionation laws in Nature and their geochemical and cosmochemical significance. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 1095-1104.
40. Mar-echal, C.N., Telouk, P., and Albare'de, F. (1999) Precise isotopic analysis of copper and zinc isotopic compositions by plasma-source mass spectrometry. Chem. Geol., 156, 251-273.
41. Wombacher, F., Rehkämper, M., and Mezger, K. (2004) Determination of the mass-dependence of cadmium isotope fractionation during evaporation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 2349-2357.
42. Wolfsberg, M., Van Hook, W.A., Paneth, P., and Rebelo, L.P.N. (2010) Isotope Effects in the Chemical, Geological and Biosciences, Springer, Berin.
43. Jakubowski, N., Prohaska, T., Vanhaecke, F., Roos, P.H., and Lindemann, T. (2011) Inductively coupled plasma- and glow discharge plasma-sector field mass spectrometry - Part II: applications. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 26, 727-757.
44. Blum, J.D. and Bergquist, B.A. (2007) Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercury. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 388, 333-359.
45. Malinovsky, D., Moens, L., and Vanhaecke, F. (2009) Isotopic fractionation of Sn during methylation and demethylation reactions in aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4399-4404.
46. Bigeleisen, J. (1996) Nuclear size and shape effects in chemical reactions. Isotope chemistry of the heavy elements. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 3676-3680.
47. Aufmuth, P., Heilig, K., and Steudel, A. (1987) Changes in mean-square nuclear charge radii from optical isotope shifts. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 7, 455-490.
48. Fujii, T., Moynier, F., and Albare'de, F. (2009) The nuclear field shift effect in chemical exchange reactions. Chem. Geol., 267, 139-158.
49. Buchachenko, A.L. (1995) MIE versus CIE: comparative analysis of magnetic and classical isotope effects. Chem. Rev., 95, 2507-2528.
50. Buchachenko, A.L. (2001) Magnetic isotope effect: nuclear spin control of chemical reactions. J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 9995-10011.
51. Malinovsky, D., Latruwe, K., Moens, L., and Vanhaecke, F. (2010) Experimental study of mass-independence of Hg isotope fractionation during photodecomposition of dissolved methylmercury. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 25, 950-956.
52. Laffont, L., Sonke, J.E., Maurice, L., Hintelmann, H., Pouilly, M., Bacarreza, Y.S., Perez, T., and Behra, P. (2009) Mercury isotopic compositions of fish and human hair in the Bolivian Amazon. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 8985-8990.
53. Gantner, N., Hintelmann, H., Zheng, W., and Muir, D.C. (2009) Variations in stable isotope fractionation of Hg in food webs of Arctic lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9148-9154.
54. Feng, X.B., Foucher, D., Hintelmann, H., Yan, Y.H., He, T.R., and Qiu, G.L. (2010) Tracing mercury contamination sources in sediments using mercury isotope compositions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3363-3368.
55. Epov, V.N., Malinovsky, D., Sonke, J.E., Vanhaecke, F., Begue, D., and Donard, O.F.X. (2011) Modern mass spectrometry for studying massindependent fractionation of heavy stable isotopes in environmental and biological sciences. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 26, 1142-1156.
56. Elmore, D. and Phillips, F.M. (1987) Acclerator mass spectrometry for measurement of long-lived radioisotopes. Science, 236, 543-550.
57. Vogel, J.S., Turteltaub, K.W., Finkel, R., and Nelson, D.E. (1995) Accelerator mass spectrometry: isotope quantification at attomole sensitivity. Anal. Chem., 67, 353A-359A.
58. Filfield, L.K. (1999) Accelerator mass spectrometry and its applications. Rep. Prog. Phys., 62, 1223-1274.
59. Helborg, R. and Skog, G. (2008) Accelerator mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 27, 398-427.
60. Chmeleff, J., von Blanckenburg, F., Kossert, K., and Jakob, D. (2010) Determination of the 10Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 268, 192-199.
61. West, R. (1976) Natural nuclear reactors - the Oklo phenomenon. J. Chem. Educ., 53, 336-340.
62. Yergey, A.L. and Yergey, A.K. (1997) A brief history of the calutron. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 8, 943-953.
63. Settle, F.A. (2009) Uranium to electricity: the chemistry of the nuclear fuel cycle. J. Chem. Educ., 86, 316-323.
64. Bleise, A., Danesi, P.R., and Burkart, W. (2003) Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU): a general overview. J. Environ. Radioact., 64, 93-112.
65. Priest, N.D. (2001) Toxicity of depleted uranium. Lancet, 357, 244-246.
66. Richter, S., Alonso, A., Wellum, R., and Taylor, P.D.P. (1999) The isotopic composition of commercially available uranium chemical reagents. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 14, 889-891.
67. Qi, H.P., Coplen, T.B., Wang, Q.Z., and Wang, Y.H. (1997) Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents. Anal. Chem., 69, 4076-4078.
68. Choppin, G.R. and Rydberg, J. (1980) Nuclear Chemistry - Theory and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
69. Barth, R.F., Coderre, J.A., Vicente, M.G.H., and Blue, T.E. (2005) Boron neutron capture therapy of cancer: current status and future prospects. Clin. Cancer Res., 11, 3987-4002.