Impact of pediatric surgery and anesthesia on brain development

Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia: Fifth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1183-1218

  Loepke, Andreas W ^a,c   Soriano, Sulpicio G ^b  

^a CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Critical care; Cytotoxicity; Fetus; GABA; Infant; Neurological; Newborn; NMDA; Pain

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885493277     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444345186.ch41     Document Type: Chapter

References (10)

1. Anand KJ, Hickey PR. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1321-9. The classic review article establishing the foundations of modern pain treatment in the neonate.
2. Anand KJ, Garg S, Rovnaghi CR et al. Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain. Pediatr Res 2007; 62: 283-90. An important animal model study demonstrating that adequate treatment of pain with ketamine protects the developing brain.
3. Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 1999; 283: 70-4. The first paper to demonstrate neuroapoptosis in the developing brain with ketamine.
4. Loepke AW, Soriano SG. An assessment of the effects of general anesthetics on developing brain structure and neurocognitive function. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1681-707. A thorough review of the problem of anesthetic neurotoxicity.
5. Slikker W Jr, Zou X, Hotchkiss CE et al. Ketamine-induced neuronal cell death in the perinatal rhesus monkey. Toxicol Sci 2007; 98: 145-58. An important demonstration of apoptosis in the subhuman primate; however, requiring very high and prolonged doses to produce this effect.
6. Clancy B, Finlay BL, Darlington RB et al. Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28: 931-7. A novel neuroinformatics approach addressing the difference in animal species in brain development, and correlating chronological to developmental brain stages across species.
7. DiMaggio CJ, Sun LS, Kakavouli A et al. A retrospective cohort study of the association of anesthesia and hernia repair surgery with behavioral and developmental disorders in young children. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2009; 21: 286-91. A modern example of an epidemiological cohort study, retrospective in design, as one important approach to addressing the question.
8. Wilder RT, Flick RP, Sprung J et al. Early Exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 796-804. An important retrospective cohort study establishing that multiple exposures to anesthesia may affect long-term school performance.
9. Loepke AW, Priestley MA, Schultz SE et al. Desflurane improves neurologic outcome after low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass in newborn pigs. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 1521-7. One of the earliest papers to describe anesthetic neuroprotection against hypoxicischemic brain injury.
10. Davidson AJ, McCann ME, Morton NS et al. Anesthesia and outcome after neonatal surgery: the role for randomized trials. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 941-4. An exposition of the crucial importance of actual human prospective randomized trials to answer the question of anesthetic neurotoxicity.