Physiology of the upper segment, body, and lower segment of the esophagus

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1300, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 261-277

  Miller, Larry ^a   Clavé, Pere ^b,c   Farré, Ricard ^d   Lecea, Begoña ^c   Ruggieri, Michael R ^e   Ouyang, Ann ^f   Regan, Julie ^g   Mcmahon, Barry P ^g  

^a LONG ISLAND JEWISH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL DE MATARÓ   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^e TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g ADELAIDE AND MEATH HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Esophagus; GERD; Lower esophageal segment; Muscularis mucosa; Smooth muscle; Submucosa; Upper esophageal segment

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; ESOPHAGUS FUNCTION; ESOPHAGUS MANOMETRY; ESOPHAGUS MOTILITY; ESOPHAGUS MUCOSA; ESOPHAGUS MUSCLE; FLUOROSCOPY; HUMAN; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; PERISTALSIS; UPPER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84885458292     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12250     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Orlando, R.C. 2006. Esophageal mucosal defense mechanisms. In: R.S. Goyal, Ed. GI Motility online. doi:10.1038/gimo15. Accessed August 12, 2013.
2. Hussain, K., F. Bilal, H. Patel, et al. 2012. Assessment of mucosal movement in the gastroesophageal junction high-pressure zone during swallowing using simultaneous endoluminal ultrasound and manometry. Gastroenterology 140: S-471.
3. Vegesna, A.K., S. Indukuri, A. Nimma, et al. 2012. Evaluation of the gastroesophageal junction high pressure zone using transabdominal ultrasound during bolus transit. Gastroenterology 140: S-620.
4. Uchida, K., R. Yuzuki & Y. Kamikawa 1998. Pharmacological characterization of endothelin-induced contraction in the guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae. Br. J. Pharmacol. 125: 849-857.
5. Meneghetti, A.T., P. Tedesco, T. Damani, et al. 2005. Esophageal mucosal damage may promote dysmotility and worsen esophageal acid exposure. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 9: 1313-1317.
6. Rieder, F., P. Biancani, K. Harnett, et al. 2010. Inflammatory mediators in gastroesophageal reflux disease: impact on esophageal motility, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 298: G571-G581.
7. Miller, L., Q. Dai, A. Vegesna, et al. 2009. A missing sphincteric component of the gastro-oesophageal junction in patients with GORD. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 21: 813-e52.
8. Miller, L., A. Vegesna, A. Kalra, et al. 2007. New observations on the gastroesophageal antireflux barrier. Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am. 36: 601-617.
9. Farré, R., M. Aulí, B. Lecea, et al. 2006. Pharmacologic characterization of intrinsic mechanisms controlling tone and relaxation of porcine lower esophageal sphincter. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316: 1238-1248.
10. Farré, R., M. Aulí, B. Lecea, et al. 2007. Mechanisms controlling function in the clasp and sling regions of porcine lower oesophageal sphincter. Br. J. Surg. 94: 1427-1436.
11. Lecea, B., E. Martínez, M. Aulí, et al. 2009. Selective stimulation of intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory motor pathways in porcine lower oesophageal sphincter. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 21: 1342-e130.
12. Farré, R., X.Y. Wang, E. Vidal, et al. 2007. Interstitial cells of Cajal and neuromuscular transmission in the rat lower oesophageal sphincter. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 19: 484-496.
13. Lecea, B., D. Gallego, R. Farré & P. Clavé 2012. Origin and modulation of circular smooth muscle layer contractions in the porcine esophagus. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 24: 779-789, e355. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01936.x.
14. González, A.A., R. Farré & P. Clavé 2004. Different responsiveness of excitatory and inhibitory enteric motor neurons in the human esophagus to electrical field stimulation and to nicotine. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 287: G299-G306.
15. Lecea, B., D. Gallego, R. Farré, et al. 2011. Regional functional specialization and inhibitory nitrergic and nonnitrergic coneurotransmission in the human esophagus. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 300: G782-G794.
16. Bettarello, A., S.G. Tuttle & M.I. Grossman 1960. Effects of autonomic drugs on gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology 39: 340-346.
17. Brasseur, J.G. et al. 2007. Pharmacological dissection of the human gastro-oesophageal segment into three sphincteric components. J. Physiol. (Lond). 580: 961-975.
18. Opie, J.C., H. Chaye & D.J. Steward 1987. Intravenous atropine rapidly reduces lower esophageal sphincter pressure in infants and children. Anesthesiology 67: 989-990.
19. Skinner, D.B. & T.F. Camp, Jr. 1968. Relation of esophageal reflux to lower esophageal sphincter pressures decreased by atropine. Gastroenterology 54: 543-551.
20. Vegesna, A.K. et al. 2012. Nicotinic receptor stimulation causes enhanced relaxation of gastric clasp, gastric sling and lower esophageal circular muscle fibers from patients with Barrett's esophagus-a possible pathophysiologic mechanism for GERD. Gastroenterology 142: S-440-S-441.
21. A receptors synergize to mediate relaxation of human gastric sling fibers. Gastroenterology 140: S299.
22. Braverman, A.S. et al. 2011. Pharmacologic specificity of nicotinic receptor-mediated relaxation of muscarinic receptor precontracted human gastric clasp and sling muscle fibers within the gastroesophageal junction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 338: 37-46.
23. Ruggieri, S. et al. 2013. Pharmacologic characterization of nicotinic receptors mediating relaxation of the normal human clasp and sling fibers of the upper gastric sphincter. Gastroenterology 144: S864.
24. Sivarao, D.V. & R.K. Goyal 2000. Functional anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter. Am. J. Med. 27S-37S.
25. Hiss, S.G. & M.L. Huckabee 2005. Timing of pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter pressures as a function of normal and effortful swallowing in young adults. Dysphagia 20: 149-156.
26. Omari, T.I., L. Ferris, E. Dejaeger, et al. 2011. Upper esophageal sphincter impedance as a marker of sphincter opening diameter. Am. J. Physiol. 302: G909-G913.
27. Pauloski, B.R., A.W. Rademaker, C. Lazarus, et al. 2009. Relationship between manometric and videofluoroscopic measures of swallow function in healthy adults and patients treated for head and neck cancer with various modalities. Dysphagia 24: 196-203.
28. Nagaya, M., T. Kachi, T. Yamada & A. Igata 1998. Videofluorographic study of swallowing in Parkinson's disease. Dysphagia. 13: 95-100.
29. Bisch, E.M. & JA Logemann 1994. Pharyngeal effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and temperature in patients with dysphagia. J. Speech Hear. Res. 37: 1041-1063.
30. Dua, K., S.N. Surapeneni, S. Kuribayashi, et al. 2011. Pharyngeal airway protective reflexes are triggered before the maximum volume of fluid that the hypophayrnx can safely hold is exceeded. Am. J. Physiol. 301: G197-G202.
31. Aviv, J.E., J. Spitzer, M. Cohen, et al. 2002. Laryngeal adductor reflex and pharyngeal squeeze as predictors of laryngeal penetration and aspiration. Laryngoscope 112: 338-341.
32. Mittal, R.K. 2011. Motor Function of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and its Sphincters. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.
33. Williams, R.B., V. Pal, J.G. Brasseur & I.J. Cook 2001. Space-time pressure structure of pharyngo-esophageal segment during swallowing. Am. J. Physiol. 281: G1290-G1300.
34. Molfenter, S.M. & C.M. Steele 2011. Physiological variability in the deglutition literature: hyoid and laryngeal kinematics. Dysphagia 26: 67-74.
35. Dodds, W.J., K.M. Man, I.J. Cook, et al. 1988. Influence of bolus volume on swallow-induced hyoid movement in normal subjects. Am. J. Radiol. 150: 1307-1309.
36. Celik Gokyigit, M., N. Kuloglu Pazarci, I. Ercan, et al. 2009. Identification of distinct swallowing patterns for different bolus volumes. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120: 1750-1754.
37. Hernandez, L.V., K.S. Dua, S.N. Surapeneni, et al. 2010. Anatomic-manometric correlation of the upper esophageal sphincter: a concurrent US and manometry study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 72: 587-592.
38. van Herwaarden, M.A., P.O. Katz, R.M. Gideon, et al. 2003. Are manometric parameters of the upper esophageal sphincter and pharynx affected by age and gender? Dysphagia 18: 211-217.
39. Steele, C.M., G.L. Bailey, T. Chau, et al. 2011. The relationship between hyoid and laryngeal displacement and swallow impairment. Clin. Otolaryngol. 36: 30-36.
40. Choi, K.H., J.S. Rui, M.Y. Kim, et al. 2011. Kinematic analysis of dysphagia: significant parameters of aspiration related to bolus viscosity. Dysphagia 26: 392-398.
41. Regan, J., M. Walshe & B.P. McMahon 2012. Current evaluation of upper oesophageal sphincter opening in dysphagia practice: an international SLT survey. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 47: 156-165.
42. Cook, I., W. Dodds, R. Dantas, et al. 1989. Opening mechanisms of the human upper esophageal sphincter. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 257: G748-G759.
43. Pearson, W.G., S.E. Langmore & A.C. Zumwalt 2010. Evaluating the structural properties of suprahyoid muscles and their potential for moving the hyoid. Dysphagia 26: 345-351.
44. Butler, S.G., A. Stuart, D. Castell, et al. 2009. Effects of age, gender, bolus condition, viscosity, and volume on pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter pressure and temporal measurements during swallowing. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 52: 240.
45. Ishida, R., J.B. Palmer & K.M. Hiiemae 2002. Hyoid motion during swallowing: factors affecting forward and upward displacement. Dysphagia 17: 262-272.
46. Kim, Y. & G.H. McCullough 2008. Maximum hyoid displacement in normal swallowing. Dysphagia. 23: 274-279.
47. Vegesna, A.K., J.A. Sloan, B. Singh, et al. 2012. Characterization of the distal esophagus high-pressure zone with manometry, ultrasound and micro-computed tomography. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 25: 53-60.
48. Gordon, A., E. Gordon, M. Berelowitz, et al. 1983. Biofeedback improvement of lower esophageal sphincter pressures and reflux symptoms. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 5: 235-237.
49. Eherer, A.J., F. Netolitzy, C. Hogenauer, et al. 2012. Positive effect of abdominal breathing exercise on gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, controlled study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107: 372-378.
50. Niedringhaus, M., P.G. Jackson, A.R.T. Evans, et al. 2008. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus: a site for evoking simultaneous changes in crural diaphragm activity, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and fundus tone. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294: R121-R131.
51. Noguchi, E. 2010. Acupuncture regulates gut motility and secretion via nerve reflexes. Auton. Neurosci. 156: 15-18.
52. Zou, D., W.H. Chen, K. Iwakiri, et al. 2005. Inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations by electrical acupoint stimulation. Am. J. Physiol. 289: G197-G201.
53. Zhang, C.X., Y.M. Qin & B.R. Guo 2010. Clinical study on the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux by acupuncture. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 16: 298-303.
54. Dickman, R., E. Schiff, A. Holland, et al. 2007. Clinical trial: acupuncture vs. dougling the proton pump inhibitor dose in refractory heartburn. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26: 1333-1344.
55. Patrick, L. 2011. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a review of conventional and alternative treatments. Altern. Med. Rev. 16: 116-133.
56. Fry, L.C., K. Mönkemüller & P. Malfertheiner 2007. Systematic review: endoluminal therapy for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: evidence from clinical trials. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19: 1125-1139.