EEG patterns in hypoxic encephalopathies (post-cardiac arrest syndrome): Fluctuations, transitions, and reactions

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 477-489

  Bauer, Gerhard ^a   Trinka, Eugen ^b   Kaplan, Peter W ^c  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^b PARACELSUS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BAYVIEW MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Burst suppression pattern; EEG; Generalized and lateralized periodic discharges; Hypoxic encephalopathy; Seizures; Temporal dynamics

Indexed keywords

CARDIOPULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DELTA RHYTHM; EEG ABNORMALITY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY MONITORING; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVOKED RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; NERVOUS SYSTEM PARAMETERS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

BRAIN WAVES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HEART ARREST; HUMANS; HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN;

EID: 84885456823     PISSN: 07360258     EISSN: 15371603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e3182a73e47     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Abend NS, Topjian A, Ichord R, et al. Electroencephalographic monitoring during hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest. Neurology 2009;72:1931-1940.
2. Accolla EA, Kaplan PW, Maeder-Ingvar M, et al. Clinical correlates of frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA). Clin Neurophysiol 2011;122:27-31.
3. Alvarez V, Oddo M, Rossetti AO. Stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic or ictal discharges (SIRPIDs) in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: Characteristics and prognostic value. Clin Neurophysiol 2013;124:204-208.
4. Bauer G, Trinka E: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus and coma. Epilepsia 2010;51:177-190.
5. Bauer G, Aichner F, Klingler D. Aktivitäten im Alpha-Frequenzbereich und Koma. EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Elektromyogr Verwandte Geb 1982;13:28-33.
6. Berkhoff M, Donati F, Bassetti C. Postanoxic alpha (theta) coma: A reappraisal of its prognostic significance. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111:297-304.
7. Bortone E, Bettoni L, Giorgi C, et al. Post-anoxic theta and alpha pattern coma. Clin Electroencephalogr 1994;25:156-159.
8. Carroll WM, Mastiglia FL. Alpha and beta coma in drug intoxication. Br Med J 1977;2:1518-1519.
9. Celesia GG, Grigg MM, Ross E. Generalized status myoclonicus in acute anoxic and toxic-metabolic encephalopathies. Arch Neurol 1988;45:781-784.
10. Chong DJ, Hirsch LJ. Which EEG patterns warrant treatment in the critically ill? Reviewing the evidence for treatment of periodic epileptiform discharges and related patterns. J Clin Neurophysiol 2005;22:79-91.
11. Claasen J, Perry S, Kreiter KT, et al. Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2003;60:208-214.
12. Claassen J, Jetté N, Chum F, et al. Electrographic seizures and periodic discharges after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007;69:1356-1365.
13. Crepeau AZ, Rabinstein AA, Fugate JE, et al. Continuous EEG in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Prognostic and clinical value. Neurology 2013;80:339-344.
14. Datta S, Hart GK, Opdam H, et al. Post-hypoxic myoclonic status epilepticus: The prognosis is not always hopeless. Crit Care Resusc 2009;11:39-41.
15. Fernández-Torre JL, González-Rato J, Martínez- Martínez M. Acute stimulussensitive postanoxic myoclonus: Description of a case. Clin EEG Neurosci 2005;36:199-200.
16. Fischgold H, Mathis P. Onubliations, comas et stupeurs. Clin Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol 1959;11(suppl):13-26.
17. Foreman B, Claassen J, Abou Khaled K, et al. Generalized periodic discharges in the critically ill. A case-control study of 200 patients. Neurology 2012;79:1951-1960.
18. Fugate JE, Wijdicks EF, Mandrekar J, et al. Predictors of neurologic outcome in hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 2010;68:907-914.
19. Hirsch LJ, Claassen J, Mayer SA, Emerson RG. Stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal discharges (SIRPIDs): A common EEG phenomenon in the critically ill. Epilepsia 2004;45:109-123.
20. Hirsch LH, Pang T, Claasen J, et al: Focal motor seizures induced by alerting stimuli in critically ill patients. Epilepsia 2008;49:968-973.
21. Hirsch LJ, LaRoche SM, Gaspard N, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's standardized critical care EEG terminology: 2012 version. J Clin Neurophysiol 2013;30:1-27.
22. Howard RS, Holmes PA, Koutroumanidis MA. Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Pract Neurol 2011;11:4-18.
23. Howard RS, Holmes PA, Siddiqui A, et al. Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury: Imaging and neurophysiology abnormalities related to outcome. QJM 2012;105:551-561.
24. Kaplan PW. The EEG in metabolic encephalopathy and coma. J Clin Neurophysiol 2004;21:307-318.
25. Kaplan PW. Electrophysiological prognostication and brain injury from cardiac arrest. Semin Neurol 2006;26:403-412.
26. Kaplan PW, Rossetti AO. EEG patterns and imaging correlations in encephalopathy: Encephalopathy part II. J Clin Neurophysiol 2011;28:233-251.
27. Kaplan PW, Genoud D, Ho TW, Jallon P. Etiology, neurologic correlations, and prognosis in alpha coma. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110:205-213.
28. Koenig MA, Kaplan PW. Clinical neurophysiology in acute coma and disorders of consciousness. Semin Neurol 2013;33:121-32.
29. Koutroumanidis M, Tsatsou K, Bonakis A, et al. Stimulus-induced bilateral central periodic discharges, cortical myoclonus and arousal responses in mild reversible coma. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119:2459-2464.
30. Krumholz A, Stern BJ, Weiss HD. Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Relation to seizures and myoclonus. Neurology 1988;38:401-405.
31. Kubicki S, Rieger H, Busse G, Barckow D. Elektroencephalographische Befunde bei schweren Schlafmittelvergiftungen. EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Elektromyogr Verwandte Geb 1970;1:80-93.
32. Lance JW, Adams RD. The syndrome of intention or action myoclonus as a sequel to hypoxic encephalopathy. Brain 1963;86:111-136.
33. Madison D, Niedermeyer E. Epileptic seizures resulting from acute cerebral anoxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:381-386.
34. Mani R, Schmitt SE, Mazer M, et al. The frequency and timing of epileptiform activity on continuous electroencephalogram in comatose post-cardiac arrest syndrome patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 2012;83:840-847.
35. Niedermeyer E. The burst-suppression electroencephalogram. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol 2009;49:333-341.
36. Niedermeyer E, Bauer G, Burnite R, Reichenbach D. Selective stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in acute cerebral anoxia. Arch Neurol 1977;34:365-368.
37. Noachtar S, Binnie C, Ebersole J, et al. A glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalogtraphers and proposal for the report form for EEG findings. In: De uschl G, Eisen A, eds. Recommendations for the practice of clinical neurophysiology: Guidelines of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 1999;(suppl 52):21-41.
38. Pohlmann-Eden B, Hoch DB, Cochius JI, Chiappa KH. Periodic lateralized epileptiform dischargesda critical review. J Clin Neurophysiol 1996;13:519-530.
39. Prior PF. The EEG in acute cerebral anoxia. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1973.
40. Rae-Grant AD, Strapple C, Barbour PJ. Episodic low-amplitude events: An underrecognized phenomenon in clinical electroencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol 1991;8:203-211.
41. Reeves AL, Westmoreland BF, Klass DW. Clinical accompaniments of the burstsuppression EEG pattern. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997;14:150-153.
42. Rittenberger JC, Popescu A, Brenner RP, et al. Frequency and timing of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose post-cardiac arrest subjects treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care 2012;16:114-122.
43. Rossetti AO, Logroscino G, Liaudet L, et al. Status epilepticus. An independent outcome predictor after cerebral anoxia. Neurology 2007;69:255-260.
44. Rossetti AO, Oddo M, Liaudet L, Kaplan PW. Predictors of awakening from postanoxic status epilepticus after therapeutic hypothermia. Neurology 2009;72:744-749.
45. Rossetti AO, Urbano LA, de lodder F, et al. Prognostic value of continuous EEG monitoring during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 2010;14:173.
46. Rossetti AO, Carrera E, Oddo M. Early EEG correlates of neuronal injury after brain anoxia. Neurology 2012;78:796-802.
47. Scollo-Lavizzari G, Bassetti C. Prognostic value of the EEG in post-anoxic coma after cardiac arrest. Eur Neurol 1987;26:161-170.
48. Stecker MM, Cheung AT, Pochettino A, et al. De ep hypothermic circulatory arrest: Effects of cooling on electroencephalogram and evoked potentials. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:14-21.
49. Sutter R, Stevens RD, Kaplan PW. Clinical and imaging correlates of EEG patterns in hospitalized patients with encephalopathy. J Neurol 2013;260:1087-1098.
50. Synek VM. Prognostically important EEG coma patterns in diffuse anoxic and traumatic encephalopathies in adults. J Clin Neurophysiol 1988;5:161-174.
51. Synek VM, Synek BJL. Transition from alpha to theta pattern coma in fatal cerebral anoxia. Clin Exp Neurol 1988;25:109-113.
52. Thömke F, Brand A, Weilemann SL. The temporal dynamics of postanoxic burstsuppression EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol 2002;19:24-31.
53. Thömke F, Marx JJ, Sauer O, et al. Observations on comatose survivors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with generalized myoclonus. BMC Neurol 2005;5:14.
54. Tükel K, Jasper H. The electroencephalogram in parasagittal lesions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1952;4:481-494.
55. Unterberger I, Trinka E, Bauer G. Involuntary motor phenomena in advanced coma states. Epileptologia 2009;17:135-143.
56. Van Cott AC, Blatt I, Brenner RP. Stimulus-sensitive seizures in postanoxic coma. Epilepsia 1996;37:868-874.
57. Werhan KJ, Brown P, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. The clinical features and prognosis of chronic posthypoxic myoclonus. Mov Disord 1997;12:216-220.
58. Wijdicks EFM, Parisi JE, Sharbrough FW. Prognostic value of myoclonic status in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 1994;35:239-243.
59. Wijdicks EFM, Hijdra A, Young GB, et al. Practice parameter: Prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review). Neurology 2006;67:203-210.
60. Young GB. Neurologic prognosis after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:605-611.
61. Young GB, Gilbert JJ, Zochodne DW. The significance of myoclonic status epilepticus in postanoxic coma. Neurology 1990;40:1843-1848.
62. Young GB, Doig G, Ragazzoni A. Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Clinical and electrophysiological associations with outcome. Neurocrit Care 2005;2:159-164.
63. Zivkovic SA, Brenner RP. A case of area-specific stimulus-sensitive postanoxic myoclonus. J Clin Neurophysiol 2003;20:111-116.