Modelling and monitoring of integrated urban wastewater systems: Review on status and perspectives

Water Science and Technology

Volumn 68, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1203-1215

  Benedetti, Lorenzo ^a   Langeveld, Jeroen ^b,c   Comeau, Adrien ^d   Corominas, Lluís ^e   Daigger, Glen ^f   Martin, Cristina ^g,h   Mikkelsen, Peter Steen ⁱ   Vezzaro, Luca ^i,j   Weijers, Stefan ^k   Vanrolleghem, Peter A ^g,i  

^a WATERWAYS srl   (Italy)

^b DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c ROYAL HASKONINGDHV   (Netherlands)

^d STANTEC CONSULTING LTD   (Canada)

^e CATALAN INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESEARCH ICRA   (Spain)

^f CH2M HILL   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^h UNIVERSITY OF DEUSTO   (Spain)

ⁱ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^j Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies   (Denmark)

^k Waterschap de Dommel   (Netherlands)

more..

Author keywords

Data quality; Integrated urban wastewater system (IUWS) modelling; River water quality modelling; Sewer modelling; Systems integration; WWTP modelling

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL CAPACITY; DATA QUALITY; INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT; REAL-TIME APPLICATION; RIVER WATER QUALITY; SYSTEMS INTEGRATION; URBAN WASTEWATER SYSTEM; WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS;

QUALITY ASSURANCE; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY;

SEWERS;

DATA QUALITY; LITERATURE REVIEW; MONITORING; NUMERICAL MODEL; REAL TIME; RIVER WATER; SEWER NETWORK; SOFTWARE; WASTEWATER; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

MODEL; MONITORING; REVIEW; SEWER; URBAN AREA; WASTE WATER; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

CITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; MODELS, THEORETICAL; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER;

EID: 84885395883     PISSN: 02731223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.397     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Achleitner, S., Möderl, M. & Rauch, W. 2007 CITY DRAIN©. An open source approach for simulation of integrated urban drainage systems. Environmental Modelling & Software 22 (8), 1184-1195.
2. Alex, J., Wichern, M., Halft, N., Spering, V., Ahnert, M., Frehmann, T., Hobus, I., Langergraber, G., Plattes, M., Winkler, S. & Woerner, D. 2007 A method to use dynamic simulation in compliance to stationary design rules to refine WWTP planning. In: Proceedings of the 10th IWA Specialised Conference on Design, Operation and Economics of Large Wastewater Treatment Plants, 10-13 September 2007, Vienna, Austria.
3. Alex, J., Hetschel, M. & Ogurek, M. 2009 Simulation study with minimised additional data requirements to analyse control and operation of WWTP Dorsten, Germany. Water Science and Technology 60 (6), 1371-1377.
4. Alferes, J., Tik, S., Copp, J. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2012 Advanced monitoring of water systems using in situ measurement stations: Data validation and fault detection. In: Proceedings New Developments in IT& Water Conference, 4-6 November 2012, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
5. Almeida, M. C, Butler, D. & Friedler, E. 1999 At-source domestic wastewater quality. Urban Water 1, 49-55.
6. Astaraie-Imani, M., Kapelan, Z., Fu, G & Butler, D. 2012 Assessing the combined effects of urbanisation and climate change on the river water quality in an integrated urban wastewater system in the UK. Journal of Environmental Management 112, 1-9.
7. Bechmann, H., Nielsen, M. K., Madsen, H. & Poulsen, N. K. 1999 Grey-box modelling of pollutant loads from a sewer system. Urban Water 1, 71-78.
8. Benedetti, L., Bixio, D., Claeys, F. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2008 Tools to support a model-based methodology for emission/immission and benefit/cost/risk analysis of wastewater treatment systems which considers uncertainties. Environmental Modelling & Software 23 (8), 1082-1091.
9. Benedetti, L., De Keyser, W., Nopens, I. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2010 Probabilistic modelling and evaluation of waste water treatment plant upgrades in the EU Water Framework Directive context. Journal of Hydroinformatics 12 (4), 380-395.
10. Benedetti, L., Langeveld, J. G, de Jonge, J., de Klein, J. J. M., Flameling, T, Nopens, I., van Nieuwenhuijzen, A., van Zanten, O. & Weijers, S. in press Integrated cost-effective solutions for the urban wastewater system in Eindhoven supported by integrated modelling. Water Science and Technology.
11. Benedetti, L., Meirlaen, J. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2004 Model connectors for integrated simulations of urban wastewater systems. In: Sewer Networks andProcesses within Urban Water Systems (J.-L. Bertrand-Krajewski, M. Almeida, J. Matos & S. Abdul-Talib, eds). IWA Publishing, London, UK, pp. 13-21.
12. Benedetti, L., Prat, P., Nopens, I., Poch, M., Turon, C, De Baets, B. & Comas, J. 2009 A new rule generation method to develop a DSS for integrated management at river basin scale. Water Science and Technology 60 (8), 2035-2040.
13. Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L. 2007 Stormwater pollutant loads modelling: epistemological aspects and case studies on the influence of field data sets on calibration and verification. Water Science and Technology 55 (4), 1-17.
14. Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L. & Muste, M. 2008 Data validation: principles and implementation. In: Data Requirements for Integrated Urban Water Management (T. D. Fletcher & A. Deletic, eds). Taylor & Francis, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 103-126.
15. Blom, L. B., Morrison, G. M., Kingston, J., Mills, G A., Greenwood, R, Pettersson, T J. R. & Rauch, S. 2002 Performance of an in situ passive sampling system for metals in stormwater. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 4 (2), 258-262.
16. Blumensaat, F., Tranckner, J., Hoeft, S., Jardin, N. & Krebs, P. 2009 Quantifying effects of interacting optimisation measures in urban drainage systems. Urban Water Journal 6 (2), 93-105.
17. Blumensaat, F., Staufer, P., Heusch, S., Reußner, F., Schütze, M., Seiffert, S., Gruber, G, Zawilski, M. & Rieckermann, J. 2012 Water quality-based assessment of urban drainage impacts in Europe - where do we stand today? Water Science and Technology 66 (2), 304-313.
18. Butler, D., Friedler, E. & Gatt, K. 1995 Characterising the quantity and quality of domestic wastewater inflows. Water Science and Technology 31 (7), 13-24.
19. Campisano, A., Cabot Ple, J., Muschalla, D., Pleau, M. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2013 Potential and limitations of modern equipment for real time control of urban wastewater systems. Urban Water Journal. DOI: 10.1080/1573062X.2013.763996.
20. Carstensen, J., Nielsen, M. K. & Strandbaek, H. 1998 Prediction of hydraulic load for urban storm control of a municipal WWT plant. Water Science and Technology 37 (12), 363-370.
21. CCME - Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment 2009 Canada-wide Strategy for the Management of Municipal Wastewater Effluent. CCME Council of Ministers, Whitehorse, YT, Canada. http://www.ccme.ca/ourwork/water.html? category-id=81.
22. CEC 1991 Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment. OJ L135, 30 May, 40-52.
23. CEC 2000 Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy. OJ L327, 22 December, 1-72.
24. Corominas, Ll., Rieger, L., Takács, I., Ekama, G., Hauduc, H., Vanrolleghem, P. A., Oehmen, A., Gernaey, K. V., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. & Comeau, Y. 2010 New framework for standardized notation in wastewater treatment modeling. Water Science and Technology 61 (4), 841-857.
25. Corominas, Ll., Acuña, V., Ginebreda, A. & Poch, M. 2013 Integration of freshwater environmental policies and wastewater treatment plant management. Science of the Total Environment 445-446, 185-191.
26. de Haan, F. J., Ferguson, B., Deletic, A. & Brown, R. R. 2012 Exploring scenarios for urban water systems using a socio-technical model. In: Proceedings 9th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling, 3-7 September 2012, Belgrade, Serbia.
27. De Keyser, W., Gevaert, V., Verdonck, F., De Baets, B. & Benedetti, L. 2010 An emission time series generator for pollutant release modelling in urban areas. Environmental Modelling & Software 25 (4), 554-561.
28. de Klein, J., Peeters, E., van Zanten, O. & Barten, I. 2012 An Ecological Assessment Framework (EAF) for evaluating the effect of waste water treatment plant and combined sewer overflows loads on the river Dommel. Technical Report. Wageningen Universiteit, Waterschap De Dommel, The Netherlands. http://www.samenslimschoon.nl/aspx/download.aspx?File=/contents/ pages/223791/rapport-ecologisch-toetsingskader.pdf
29. Devesa, F. 2006 Desenvolupament d'un sistema de suport a la decisió ambiental per a la gestió de les infraestructures hidràuliques, amb l'objectiu de garantir la qualitat de l'aigua a la Conca del Besòs (Development of a system to support environmental decision for the management of hydraulic infrastructure, with the aim of ensuring water quality in the Besós Basin). PhD thesis, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
30. Devesa, F., Comas, J., Turon, C, Freixó, A., Carrasco, F. & Poch, M. 2009 Scenario analysis for the role of sanitation infrastructures in integrated urban wastewater management. Environmental Modelling & Software 24 (3), 371-380.
31. Devisscher, M., Ciacci, G, Fé, L., Benedetti, L., Bixio, D., Thoeye, C, De Gueldre, G, Marsili-Libelli, S. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2006 Estimating costs and benefits of advanced control for wastewater treatment plants - the MAgIC methodology. Water Science and Technology 53 (4-5), 215-223.
32. Einfalt, T, Jessen, M. & Mehlig, B. 2005 Comparison of radar and raingauge measurements during heavy rainfall. Water Science and Technology 51 (2), 195-201.
33. Ellis, J. B., Revitt, D. M., Vollertsen, J. & Blackwood, D. J. 2009 Sewer exfiltration and the colmation layer. Water Science and Technology 59 (11), 2273-2280.
34. Erbe, V & Schütze, M. 2005 An integrated modelling concept for immission-based management of sewer system, wastewater treatment plant and river. Water Science and Technology 52 (5), 95-103.
35. Fisheries Act 1985 R.S.C., c. F-14. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/ acts/F-14/.
36. Freni, G, Mannina, G & Viviani, G 2010 Urban water quality modelling: a parsimonious holistic approach for a complex real case study. Water Science and Technology 61 (2), 521-536.
37. Freni, G, Mannina, G. & Viviani, G 2011 Assessment of data and parameter uncertainties in integrated water-quality model. Water Science and Technology 63 (9), 1913-1921.
38. Fu, G, Butler, D. & Khu, S. T 2009a The impact of new developments on river water quality from an integrated system modelling perspective. Science of the Total Environment 407 (4), 1257-1267.
39. Fu, G, Khu, S. T & Butler, D. 2009b Use of surrogate modelling for multiobjective optimisation of urban wastewater systems. Water Science and Technology 60 (6), 1641-1647.
40. FWR 1998 Urban Pollution Management Manual, 2nd edn. Foundation for Water Research, FR/CL0009, Marlow, UK
41. Gernaey, K V, Flores-Alsina, X., Rosen, C, Benedetti, L. & Jeppsson, U. 2011 Dynamic influent pollutant disturbance scenario generation using a phenomenological modelling approach. Environmental Modelling & Software 26 (11), 1255-1267.
42. Gernaey, K, van Loosdrecht, M. C M., Henze, M., Lind, M. & Jørgensen, B. 2004 Activated sludge wastewater treatment plant modelling and simulation: state of the art. Environmental Modelling & Software 19 (9), 763-783.
43. Grau, P., de Gracia, M., Vanrolleghem, P. A. & Ayesa, E. 2007 A new plant-wide modelling methodology for WWTPs. Water Research 41 (19), 4357-4372.
44. Gruber, G, Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L., De Bénédittis, J., Hochedlinger, M. & Lettl, W. 2006 Practical aspects, experiences and strategies by using UV/VIS sensors for long-term sewer monitoring. Water Practice and Technology 1 (1), DOI: 10.2166/wpt.2006.020.
45. Guisasola, A., Sharma, K R, Keller, J. & Yuan, Z. 2009 Development of a model for assessing methane formation in rising main sewers. Water Research 43 (11), 2874-2884.
46. Guo, L., Porro, J., Sharma, K., Amerlinck, Y., Benedetti, L., Nopens, I., Shaw, A., Vanrolleghem, P. A., Van Hulle, S. W. H. & Yuan, Z. 2012 Towards a benchmarking tool for minimizing wastewater utility greenhouse gas footprints. Water Science and Technology 66 (11), 2483-2495.
47. Hoes, O. A. C, Schilperoort, R. P. S., Luxemburg, W. M. J., Clemens, F. H. L. R. & van der Giesen, N. C. 2009 Locating illicit connections in storm water sewers using fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing. Water Research 43 (20), 5187-5197.
48. Jaffrain, J., Studzinski, A. & Berne, A. 2011 A network of disdrometers to quantify the small-scale variability of the raindrop size distribution. Water Resources Research 47, art. W00H06.
49. Jeanbourquin, D., Sage, D., Nguyen, L., Schaeli, B., Kayal, S., Barry, D. A. & Rossi, L. 2011 Flow measurements in sewers based on image analysis: automatic flow velocity algorithm. Water Science and Technology 64 (5), 1108-1114.
50. Langergraber, G., Alex, J., Weissenbacher, N, Woerner, D., Ahnert, M., Frehmann, T., Halft, N, Hobus, I., Plattes, M., Spering, V. & Winkler, S. 2008 Generation of diurnal variation for influent data for dynamic simulation. Water Science and Technology 57 (9), 1483-1486.
51. Langeveld, J., Nopens, I., Schilperoort, R., Benedetti, L., de Klein, J., Amerlinck, Y & Weijers, S. 2012 Data requirements for calibration of integrated models for urban water systems. In: Proceedings New Developments in IT & Water Conference, 4-6 November 2012, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
52. Langeveld, J. G., Benedetti, L., de Klein, J. J. M., Nopens, I., Amerlinck, Y, van Nieuwenhuijzen, A., Flameling, T, van Zanten, O. & Weijers, S. in press Impact-based integrated real-time control for improvement of the Dommel River water quality. Urban Water Journal 10 (5).
53. Leandro, J., Chen, A. S., Djordjevic, S. & Savic, D. A. 2009 Comparison of 1D/1D and 1D/2D coupled (sewer/surface) hydraulic models for urban flood simulation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 135 (6), 495-504.
54. Lepot, M., Bertrand-Krajewski, J. L. & Aubin, J. B. 2012 Accuracy of different sensors for the estimation of pollutant concentrations (total suspended solids, total and dissolved chemical oxygen demand) in wastewater and stormwater. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling (UDM), 4-7 September 2012, Belgrade, Serbia.
55. Leta, O. T, Shrestha, N. K, De Fraine, B., van Griensven, A. & Bauwens, W. 2012 OpenMI based flow and water quality modelling of the River Zenne. In: Proceedings of SimHydro 2012, 12-14 September 2012, Nice, France.
56. Lindblom, E., Gernaey, K V., Henze, M. & Mikkelsen, P. S. 2006 Integrated modelling of two xenobiotic organic compounds. Water Science and Technology 54 (6-7), 213-221.
57. Maksimovic, C., Prodanovic, D., Boonya-Aroonnet, S., Leitão, J. P., Djordjevic, S. & Allitt, R. 2009 Overland flow and pathway analysis for modelling of urban pluvial flooding. Journal of Hydraulic Research 47 (4), 512-523.
58. Mannina, G., Cosenza, A., Vanrolleghem, P. A. & Viviani, G. 2011 A practical protocol for calibration of nutrient removal wastewater treatment models. Journal of Hydroinformatics 13, 575-595.
59. Métadier, M. & Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L. 2011 The use of long-term on-line turbidity measurements for the calculation of urban stormwater pollutant concentrations, loads, pollutographs and intra-event fluxes. Water Research 46 (20), 6836-6856.
60. Mourad, M., Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L. & Chebbo, G. 2006 Design of a retention tank: comparison of stormwater quality models with various levels of complexity. Water Science and Technology 54 (6-7), 231-238.
61. Nopens, I., Benedetti, L., Jeppsson, U., Pons, M.-N, Alex, J., Copp, J. B., Gernaey, K V, Rosen, C, Steyer, J.-P. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2010 Benchmark Simulation Model No 2: finalisation of plant layout and default control strategy. Water Science and Technology 62 (9), 1967-1974.
62. Olsson, G. 2012 ICA and me - a subjective review. Water Research 46 (6), 1585-1624.
63. Ort, C, Schaffner, C, Giger, W. & Gujer, W. 2005 Modeling stochastic load variations in sewer systems. Water Science and Technology 52 (5), 113-122.
64. Overeem, A., Leijnse, H. & Uijlenhoet, R 2011 Measuring urban rainfall using microwave links from commercial cellular communication networks. Water Resources Research 47, art. W12505.
65. Pawlowsky-Reusing, E., Schumacher, F., Schroeder, K, Meier, I. & Heinzmann, B. 2008 Integrated modelling of the impact from combined sewer overflows on the water quality of slow-flowing lowland rivers. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage (ICUD), 31 August-5 September 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
66. Petersen, G., Benedetti, L., Nyerup Nielsen, C, Thornberg, D., Thirsing, C. & Rindel, K 2011 Integrated control of sewage network and WWTP In: Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Wastewater Conference, Helsinki, Finland, 14-16 November 2011.
67. Poulsen, T S., Öennert, T B., Rasmussen, M. R, Pedersen, J. S. & Thirsing, C. 2013 Weather radars used in online control of wastewater systems. In: Proceedings of 11th IWA Conference on Instrumentation Control and Automation, Narbonne, France, 18-20 September 2013.
68. Prat, P., Corominas, Ll., Benedetti, L. & Comas, J. 2012a Use of integrated models to minimize the impact of urban wastewater systems on a Mediterranean stream. In: Proceedings of 6th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software (iEMSs), 1-5 July 2012, Leipzig, Germany.
69. Prat, P., Benedetti, L., Corominas, Ll., Comas, J. & Poch, M. 2012b Model-based knowledge acquisition in environmental decision support system for wastewater integrated management. Water Science and Technology 65 (6), 1123-1129.
70. Ráduly, B., Gernaey, K V, Capodaglio, A. G., Mikkelsen, P. S. & Henze, M. 2007 Artificial neural networks for rapid WWTP performance evaluation: methodology and case study. Environmental Modelling & Software 22 (8), 1208-1216.
71. Rauch, W., Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L., Krebs, P., Mark, O., Schilling, W., Schütze, M. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2002 Deterministic modelling of integrated urban drainage systems. Water Science and Technology 45 (3), 81-94.
72. Reichert, P., Borchardt, D., Henze, M., Rauch, W., Shanahan, P., Somlyody, L. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2001 River Water Quality Model No. 1 (RWQM1). IWA Scientific and Technical Report No. 12. IWA Publishing, London, UK.
73. Rieger, L., Thomann, M., Gujer, W. & Siegrist, H. 2005 Quantifying the uncertainty of on-line sensors at WWTPs during field operation. Water Research 39 (20), 5162-5174.
74. Rieger, L. & Vanrolleghem, P. A. 2008 monEAU: a platform for water quality monitoring networks. Water Science and Technology 57 (7), 1079-1086.
75. Schilperoort, R P. S., Dirksen, J. & Clemens, F. H. L. R 2008 Practical aspects for long-term monitoring campaigns: Pitfalls to avoid to maximize data yield. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage (ICUD), 31 August-5 September 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
76. Schilperoort, R P. S., Dirksen, J., Langeveld, J. G. & Clemens, F. H. L. R 2012 Assessing characteristic time and space scales of in-sewer processes by analysis of one year of continuous in-sewer monitoring data. Water Science and Technology 66 (8), 1614-1620.
77. Sharma, K R., Yuan, Z., de Haas, D., Hamilton, G., Corrie, S. & Keller, J. 2008 Dynamics and dynamic modelling of H2S production in sewer systems. Water Research 42 (10-11), 2527-2538.
78. Shepherd, W., Schellart, A. & Saul, A. 2009 Comparison of rainfall radar and rain gauge data and application to sewer hydraulic modelling. In: Proceedings of the 10th International on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI2009 -Integrating Water Systems, 1-3 September 2009, Sheffield, UK.
79. Spering, V., Alex, J., Langergraber, G, Ahnert, M., Halft, N., Hobus, I., Weissenbacher, N., Winker, S. & Yücesoy, E. 2008 Using dynamic simulation for design of activated sludge plants. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - SIDISA08, 24-27 June 2008, Florence, Italy.
80. Stoner, N. & Giles, C. 2011 Achieving Water Quality Through Integrated Municipal Stormwater and Wastewater Plans. USEPA, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/memointegratedmunicipalplans.pdf
81. Tyler, S. W., Selker, J. S., Hausner, M. B., Hatch, C. E., Torgersen, T, Thodal, C E. & Schladow, S. G 2009 Environmental temperature sensing using Raman spectra DTS fiber-optic methods. Water Resources Research 45, art. W00D23.
82. Vanrolleghem, P. A., Benedetti, L. & Meirlaen, J. 2005a Modelling and real-time control of the integrated urban wastewater system. Environmental Modelling & Software 20 (4), 427-442.
83. Vanrolleghem, P. A., Rosen, C, Zaher, U, Copp, J., Benedetti, L., Ayesa, E. & Jeppsson, U. 2005b Continuity-based interfacing of models for wastewater systems described by Petersen matrices. Water Science and Technology 52 (1-2), 493-500.
84. Veerbeek, W., Pathirana, A., Mudenda, S. H. & Brdjanovic, D. 2012 Application of urban growth model to project slum development and its implications on water supply and sanitation planning. In: Proceedings 9th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling, 3-7 September 2012, Belgrade, Serbia.
85. Vezzaro, L., Kunnerup, T, Christensen, M. L. & Grum, M. 2012 A new risk based approach to real time control of urban drainage networks. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Hydroinformatics, 14-18 July 2012, Hamburg, Germany.
86. Vezzaro, L., Benedetti, L., Gevaert, V, De Keyser, W., Verdonck, F., De Baets, B., Nopens, I., Cloutier, F., Vanrolleghem, P. A. & Mikkelsen, P.-S. submitted IUWS-MP: a model library for dynamic transport and fate of micropollutants in integrated urban wastewater and stormwater systems. Environmental Modelling & Software.
87. Vollertsen, J., Nielsen, L., Blicher, T D., Hvitved-Jacobsen, T & Nielsen, A. H. 2011 A sewer process model as planning and management tool - hydrogen sulfide simulation at catchment scale. Water Science and Technology 64 (2), 348-354.
88. Weijers, S. R, de Jonge, J., van Zanten, O., Benedetti, L., Langeveld, J., Menkveld, H. W. & van Nieuwenhuijzen, A. F 2012 KALLISTO: cost effective and integrated optimization of the urban wastewater system Eindhoven. Water Practice and Technology 7 (2), DOI: 10.2166/wpt.2012.036.
89. Whitacre, J. & Bender, A. 2010 Degeneracy: a design principle for achieving robustness and evolvability. Journal of Theoretical Biology 263 (1), 143-153.
90. Willems, P. 2008 Quantification and relative comparison of different types of uncertainties in sewer water quality modelling. Water Research 42 (13), 3539-3551.
91. Winder, P. & Paulson, K S. 2012 The measurement of rain kinetic energy and rain intensity using an acoustic disdrometer. Measurement Science and Technology 23 (1), DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/23/1/015801.
92. WMO 2008 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. WMO-No. 8, 7th edn, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.