Reexamining African elections

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 151-160

  Bogaards, Matthijs ^a  

^a JACOBS UNIVERSITY BREMEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885353871     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: 10863214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2013.0069     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Staffan I. Lindberg, Democracy and Elections in Africa (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006)
2. Lindberg, "The Surprising Significance of African Elections," Journal of Democracy 17 (January 2006): 139-51
3. Lindberg, ed., Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009)
4. Lindberg, "Democratization by Elections? A Mixed Record," Journal of Democracy 20 (July 2009): 86-92.
5. Matthias Basedau in the Journal of Modern African Studies 46 (September 2008): 518-19
6. Nic Cheeseman in Africa 77, no. 4 (2007): 606-608
7. Shadrack Wanjala Nasong'o in Africa Today 55 (Fall 2008): 134-36
8. Elke Zuern in the Canadian Journal of African Studies 41, no. 3 (2007): 619-21.
9. Jennifer McCoy and Jonathan Hartlyn, "The Relative Powerlessness of Elections in Latin America," in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections, 53.
10. Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik, "Oppositions versus Dictators: Explaining Divergent Electoral Outcomes in Post-Communist Europe and Eurasia," in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections, 268.
11. Ellen Lust-Okar, Legislative Elections in Hegemonic Authoritarian Regimes: Competitive Clientelism and Resistance to Democratization, in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections, 245.
12. Lise Rakner and Nicolas van de Walle, "Opposition Parties and Incumbent Presidents: The New Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Africa," in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections, 203.
13. Jan Teorell and Axel Hadenius, "Elections as Levers of Democratization: A Global Inquiry," in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections, 96-97.
14. Philip Roessler and Marc Howard, "Post-Cold War Political Regimes: When Do Elections Matter?" in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections, 104.
15. Jason Brownlee, "Harbinger of Democracy: Competitive Elections Before the End of Authoritarianism," in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections, 144.
16. Staffan Lindberg, "Tragic Protest: Why Do Opposition Parties Boycott Elections?" in Andreas Schedler, ed., Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006), 149-63.
17. Staffan Lindberg, Democracy and Elections in Africa, 27.
18. Information on the type and timing of elections, the vote or seat shares of winners, and regime breakdown until 2006 comes from the datasets available on Lindberg's website at www.clas.ufl.edu/users/sil/downloads.html. I used Renske Doorenspleet's list of minimal democracies for years not covered by Freedom House: Renske Doorenspleet, Exploring the Structural Sources of the Fourth Wave (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2005).
19. Catherine Kelly, "Senegal: What Will Turnover Bring?" Journal of Democracy 23 (July 2012): 121-31.
20. Barak Hoffman and Lindsay Robinson, "Tanzania's Missing Opposition," Journal of Democracy 20 (October 2009): 123-36.
21. Kennedy Ochieng' Opalo, "African Elections: Two Divergent Trends," Journal of Democracy 23 (July 2012): 90.
22. Jennifer Gandhi and Ellen Lust-Okar, "Elections Under Authoritarianism," Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): 406.
23. Yonatan Morse, "The Era of Electoral Authoritarianism," World Politics 64 (January 2012): 173.
24. Daniel Posner and Daniel Young, "The Institutionalization of Political Power in Africa," Journal of Democracy 18 (July 2007): 126-40
25. Nic Cheeseman, "African Elections as Vehicles for Change," Journal of Democracy 21 (October 2010): 139-53.