Deep brain stimulation for pain

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 116, Issue , 2013, Pages 277-294

  Pereira, Erlick A C ^a   Green, Alexander L ^a   Aziz, Tipu Z ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amputation; Anterior cingulate cortex; Brachial plexus injury; Deep brain stimulation; Face pain; McGill pain questionnaire; Periventricular gray; Quality of life; Thalamus; Visual analog score

Indexed keywords

AMPUTATION; ANALGESIA; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURY; BRAIN; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; FACE PAIN; HUMAN; MCGILL PAIN QUESTIONNAIRE; METHODOLOGY; PAIN; PATHOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIVENTRICULAR GRAY; PHYSIOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; THALAMUS; VISUAL ANALOG SCORE;

AMPUTATION; ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX; BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURY; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; FACE PAIN; MCGILL PAIN QUESTIONNAIRE; PERIVENTRICULAR GRAY; QUALITY OF LIFE; THALAMUS; VISUAL ANALOG SCORE;

BRAIN; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; HUMANS; PAIN; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PATIENT SELECTION;

EID: 84885166042     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00023-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (212)

1. Adams J.E., Hosobuchi Y. Technique and technical problems. Neurosurgery 1977, 1:196-199.
2. Adams J.E., Hosobuchi Y., Fields H.L. Stimulation of internal capsule for relief of chronic pain. J Neurosurg 1974, 41:740-744.
3. Adams J.E., Hosobuchi Y., Linchitz R. The present status of implantable intracranial stimulators for pain. Clin Neurosurg 1977, 24:347-361.
4. Akil H., Liebeskind J.C. Monoaminergic mechanisms of stimulation-produced analgesia. Brain Res 1975, 94:279-296.
5. Akil H., Mayer D.J., Liebeskind J.C. Antagonism of stimulation-produced analgesia by naloxone, a narcotic antagonist. Science 1976, 191:961-962.
6. Akil H., Richardson D.E., Hughes J., et al. Enkephalin-like material elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients after analgetic focal stimulation. Science 1978, 201:463-465.
7. Anderson W.S., Ohara S., Lawson H.C., et al. Plasticity of pain-related neuronal activity in the human thalamus. Prog Brain Res 2006, 157:353-364.
8. Andy O.J. Parafascicular-center median nuclei stimulation for intractable pain and dyskinesia (painful-dyskinesia). Appl Neurophysiol 1980, 43:133-144.
9. Apkarian A.V., Bushnell M.C., Treede R.D., et al. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Pain 2005, 9:463-484.
10. Ashburn M.A., Staats P.S. Management of chronic pain. Lancet 1999, 353:1865-1869.
11. Bandler R., Carrive P., Zhang S.P. Integration of somatic and autonomic reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal grey: viscerotopic, somatotopic and functional organization. Prog Brain Res 1991, 87:269-305.
12. Bandler R., Keay K.A., Floyd N., et al. Central circuits mediating patterned autonomic activity during active vs. passive emotional coping. Brain Res Bull 2000, 53:95-104.
13. Baskin D.S., Mehler W.R., Hosobuchi Y., et al. Autopsy analysis of the safety, efficacy and cartography of electrical stimulation of the central gray in humans. Brain Res 1986, 371:231-236.
14. Behbehani M.M. Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Prog Neurobiol 1995, 46:575-605.
15. Bendok B.R., Levy R.M., Onibukon A. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of intractable pain. Textbook of Neurological Surgery: Principles and Practice 2003, 2673-2681. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. H.H. Batjer, C.M. Loftus (Eds.).
16. Bittar R.G., Burn S.C., Bain P.G., et al. Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders and pain. J Clin Neurosci 2005, 12:457-463.
17. Bittar R.G., Kar-Purkayastha I., Owen S.L., et al. Deep brain stimulation for pain relief: a meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2005, 12:515-519.
18. Bittar R.G., Nandi D., Carter H., et al. Somatotopic organization of the human periventricular gray matter. J Clin Neurosci 2005, 12:240-241.
19. Bittar R.G., Otero S., Carter H., et al. Deep brain stimulation for phantom limb pain. J Clin Neurosci 2005, 12:399-404.
20. Blackburn-Munro G. Pain-like behaviours in animals - how human are they?. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004, 25:299-305.
21. Boivie J., Meyerson B.A. A correlative anatomical and clinical study of pain suppression by deep brain stimulation. Pain 1982, 13:113-126.
22. Bouhassira D., Lanteri-Minet M., Attal N., et al. Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population. Pain 2008, 136:380-387.
23. Brittain J.-S., Green A.L., Jenkinson N., et al. Local field potentials reveal a characteristic neural signature of cluster headache in the hypothalamus. Cephalalgia 2009, 29:1165-1173.
24. Brown P. Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003, 18:357-363.
25. Burchiel K.J. Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain: the results of two multi-center trials and a structured review. Pain Med 2001, 2:177.
26. Carlsson A.M. Assessment of chronic pain I. Aspects of the reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale. Pain 1983, 16:87-101.
27. Carrive P. The periaqueductal gray and defensive behavior: functional representation and neuronal organization. Behav Brain Res 1993, 58:27-47.
28. Chang L. Brain responses to visceral and somatic stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome: a central nervous system disorder?. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005, 34:271-279.
29. Coderre T.J., Katz J., Vaccarino A.L., et al. Contribution of central neuroplasticity to pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence. Pain 1993, 52:259-285.
30. Coffey R.J. Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain: results of two multicenter trials and a structured review. Pain Med 2001, 2:183-192.
31. Coffey R.J., Lozano A.M. Neurostimulation for chronic noncancer pain: an evaluation of the clinical evidence and recommendations for future trial designs. J Neurosurg 2006, 105:175-189.
32. Cosgrove G.R., Rauch S.L. Stereotactic cingulotomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2003, 14:225-235.
33. Craig A.D. Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 2003, 26:1-30.
34. Cruccu G., Aziz T.Z., Garcia-Larrea L., et al. EFNS guidelines on neurostimulation therapy for neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurol 2007, 14:952-970.
35. Dieckmann G., Witzmann A. Initial and long-term results of deep brain stimulation for chronic intractable pain. Appl Neurophysiol 1982, 45:167-172.
36. Dionne R.A., Mueller G.P., Young R.F., et al. Contrast medium causes the apparent increase in beta-endorphin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid following brain stimulation. Pain 1984, 20:313-321.
37. Duncan G.H., Bushnell M.C., Marchand S. Deep brain stimulation: a review of basic research and clinical studies. Pain 1991, 45:49-59.
38. Dunckley P., Wise R.G., Fairhurst M., et al. A comparison of visceral and somatic pain processing in the human brainstem using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 2005, 25:7333-7341.
39. Engel A.K., Moll C.K., Fried I., et al. Invasive recordings from the human brain: clinical insights and beyond. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005, 6:35-47.
40. Ervin F.R., Brown C.E., Mark V.H. Striatal influence on facial pain. Confin Neurol 1966, 27:75-90.
41. EuroQol Group EuroQol - a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990, 16:199-208.
42. Fessler R.G., Brown F.D., Rachlin J.R., et al. Elevated beta-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid after electrical brain stimulation: artifact of contrast infusion?. Science 1984, 224:1017-1019.
43. Fields H.L., Adams J.E. Pain after cortical injury relieved by electrical stimulation of the internal capsule. Brain 1974, 97:169-178.
44. Foltz E.L., White L.E. Pain "relief" by frontal cingulumotomy. J Neurosurg 1962, 19:89-100.
45. Garcia-Larrea L., Peyron R., Mertens P., et al. Functional imaging and neurophysiological assessment of spinal and brain therapeutic modulation in humans. Arch Med Res 2000, 31:248-257.
46. Garonzik I., Samdani A., Ohara S., et al. Deep brain stimulation for the control of pain. Epilepsy Behav 2001, 2:S55-S60.
47. Gasson M.N., Wang S.Y., Aziz T.Z., et al. Towards a demand driven deep-brain stimulator for the treatment of movement disorders 2005, Paper read at 3rd IEE International Seminar on Medical Applications of Signal Processing, London, UK.
48. Gauriau C., Bernard J.F. Pain pathways and parabrachial circuits in the rat. Exp Physiol 2002, 87:251-258.
49. Gildenberg P.L. Neurosurgical statement on neuroaugmentive devices. Appl Neurophysiol 1977, 40:69-71.
50. Gildenberg P.L. Symposium on the safety and clinical efficacy of implanted neuroaugmentive devices. Appl Neurophysiol 1977, 40:69-240.
51. Gildenberg P.L. History of electrical neuromodulation for chronic pain. Pain Med 2006, 7:S7-S13.
52. Glasziou P., Chalmers I., Rawlins M., et al. When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. BMJ 2007, 334:349-351.
53. Gol A. Relief of pain by electrical stimulation of the septal area. J Neurol Sci 1967, 5:115-120.
54. Green A.L., Nandi D., Armstrong G., et al. Post-herpetic trigeminal neuralgia treated with deep brain stimulation. J Clin Neurosci 2003, 10:512-514.
55. Green A.L., Shad A., Watson R., et al. N-of-1 trials for assessing the efficacy of deep brain stimulation in neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation 2004, 7:76-81.
56. Green A.L., Wang S., Owen S.L. Deep brain stimulation can regulate arterial blood pressure in awake humans. Neuroreport 2005, 16:1741-1745.
57. Green A.L., Owen S.L., Davies P., et al. Deep brain stimulation for neuropathic cephalalgia. Cephalalgia 2006, 26:561-567.
58. Green A.L., Wang S., Owen S.L., et al. Controlling the heart via the brain: a potential new therapy for orthostatic hypotension. Neurosurgery 2006, 58:1176-1183.
59. Green A.L., Wang S., Owen S.L., et al. Stimulating the human midbrain to reveal the link between pain and blood pressure. Pain 2006, 124:349-359.
60. Green A.L., Wang S., Stein J.F., et al. Neural signatures in patients with neuropathic pain. Neurology 2009, 72:569-571.
61. Grover P.J., Pereira E.A., Green A.L., et al. Deep brain stimulation for cluster headache. J Clin Neurosci 2009, 16:861-866.
62. Gureje O., Von Korff M., Simon G.E., et al. Persistent pain and well-being: a World Health Organization Study in Primary Care. JAMA 1998, 280:147-151.
63. Gybels J. Electrical stimulation of the brain for pain control in human. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1980, 86:1553-1559.
64. Gybels J. Thalamic stimulation in neuropathic pain: 27 years later. Acta Neurol Belg 2001, 101:65-71.
65. Gybels J., Kupers R. Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain in man: where and why?. Neurophysiol Clin 1990, 20:389-398.
66. Gybels J.M., Sweet W.H. Neurosurgical treatment of persistent pain. Physiological and pathological mechanisms of human pain. Pain Headache 1989, 11:1-402.
67. Gybels J., Kupers R., Nuttin B. Therapeutic stereotactic procedures on the thalamus for pain. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993, 124:19-22.
68. Gybels J., Erdine S., Maeyaert J., et al. Neuromodulation of pain. A consensus statement prepared in Brussels 16-18 January 1998 by the following task force of the European Federation of IASP Chapters (EFIC). Eur J Pain 1998, 2:203-209.
69. Hamani C., Schwalb J.M., Rezai A.R., et al. Deep brain stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: long-term outcome and the incidence of insertional effect. Pain 2006, 125:188-196.
70. Hariz M.I., Shamsgovara P., Johansson F., et al. Tolerance and tremor rebound following long-term chronic thalamic stimulation for Parkinsonian and essential tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1999, 72:208-218.
71. Hassenbusch S.J. Cingulotomy for cancer pain. Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 1997, 1447-1451. McGraw Hill, New York. A.M. Lozano, P. Gildenberg, R. Tasker (Eds.).
72. Heath R.G. Studies in Schizophrenia 1954, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
73. Heath R., Mickle W.A. Evaluation of seven years' experience with depth electrode studies in human patients. Electrical Studies on the Unanaesthetized Brain 1960, 214-247. Paul B. Hoeber, New York. E.R. Ramey, D.S. O'Doherty (Eds.).
74. Hosobuchi Y. Chronic brain stimulation for the treatment of intractable pain. Res Clin Stud Headache 1978, 5:122-126.
75. Hosobuchi Y. The current status of analgesic brain stimulation. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1980, 30:219-227.
76. Hosobuchi Y. Combined electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter and sensory thalamus. Appl Neurophysiol 1983, 46:112-115.
77. Hosobuchi Y. Subcortical electrical stimulation for control of intractable pain in humans. Report of 122 cases (1970-1984). J Neurosurg 1986, 64:543-553.
78. Hosobuchi Y. Dorsal periaqueductal gray-matter stimulation in humans. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1987, 10:213-216.
79. Hosobuchi Y. Current issues regarding subcortical electrical stimulation for pain control in humans. Prog Brain Res 1988, 77:189-192.
80. Hosobuchi Y., Adams J.E., Rutkin B. Chronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anesthesia dolorosa. Arch Neurol 1973, 29:158-161.
81. Hosobuchi Y., Adams J.E., Rutkin B. Chronic thalamic and internal capsule stimulation for the control of central pain. Surg Neurol 1975, 4:91-92.
82. Hosobuchi Y., Adams J.E., Linchitz R. Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the central gray matter in humans and its reversal by naloxone. Science 1977, 197:183-186.
83. Hosobuchi Y., Rossier J., Bloom F.E., et al. Stimulation of human periaqueductal gray for pain relief increases immunoreactive beta-endorphin in ventricular fluid. Science 1979, 203:279-281.
84. Hutchison W.D., Dostrovsky J.O., Walters J.R., et al. Neuronal oscillations in the basal ganglia and movement disorders: evidence from whole animal and human recordings. J Neurosci 2004, 24:9240-9243.
85. Janig W., Baron R. Complex regional pain syndrome is a disease of the central nervous system. Clin Auton Res 2002, 12:150-164.
86. Janig W., Baron R. Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained?. Lancet Neurol 2003, 2:687-697.
87. Janig W., Baron R. Is CRPS I a neuropathic pain syndrome?. Pain 2006, 120:227-229.
88. Jensen T.S., Baron R., Haanpaa M., et al. A new definition of neuropathic pain. Pain 2011, 152:2204-2205.
89. Johansen-Berg H., Behrens T.E. Just pretty pictures? What diffusion tractography can add in clinical neuroscience. Curr Opin Neurol 2006, 19:379-385.
90. Joint C., Nandi D., Parkin S., et al. Hardware-related problems of deep brain stimulation. Mov Dis 2002, 17:S175-S180.
91. Kamano S. Author's experience of lateral medullary infarction - thermal perception and muscle allodynia. Pain 2003, 104:49-53.
92. Kaplitt M.G., Rezai A.R., Lozano A.M., et al. Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain. Youmans Neurological Surgery 2004, Vol. 3:197. Saunders, Philadelphia. 5th edn. H.R. Winn (Ed.).
93. Katayama Y., Yamamoto T., Kobayashi K., et al. Motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain: comprehensive therapy with spinal cord and thalamic stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2001, 77:159-162.
94. Katayama Y., Yamamoto T., Kobayashi K., et al. Motor cortex stimulation for post-stroke pain: comparison of spinal cord and thalamic stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2001, 77:183-186.
95. Katayama Y., Yamamoto T., Kobayashi K., et al. Deep brain and motor cortex stimulation for post-stroke movement disorders and post-stroke pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2003, 87:121-123.
96. Kemler M.A., de Vet H.C., Barendse G.A., et al. Effect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome Type I: five-year final follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg 2008, 108:292-298.
97. Krauss J.K., Pohle T., Weigel R., et al. Deep brain stimulation of the centre median-parafascicular complex in patients with movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002, 72:546-548.
98. Kringelbach M.L., Jenkinson N., Green A.L., et al. Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain investigated with magnetoencephalography. Neuroreport 2007, 18:223-228.
99. Kumar K., Toth C., Nath R.K. Deep brain stimulation for intractable pain: a 15-year experience. Neurosurgery 1997, 40:736-746.
100. Kumar K., Taylor R.S., Jacques L., et al. The effects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: a 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation. Neurosurgery 2008, 63:762-770.
101. Kupers R., Kehlet H. Brain imaging of clinical pain states: a critical review and strategies for future studies. Lancet Neurol 2006, 5:1033-1044.
102. Laitinen L.V. Surgical treatment, past and present, in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1972, 51:43-58.
103. Lang A.E., Houeto J.L., Krack P., et al. Deep brain stimulation: preoperative issues. Mov Disord 2006, 21:S171-S196.
104. Lenz F.A., Dostrovsky J.O., Tasker R.R., et al. Single-unit analysis of the human ventral thalamic nuclear group: somatosensory responses. J Neurophysiol 1988, 59:299-316.
105. Levy R.M. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of intractable pain. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2003, 14:389-399. vi.
106. Levy R.M., Lamb S., Adams J.E. Treatment of chronic pain by deep brain stimulation: long term follow-up and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1987, 21:885-893.
107. Levy R., Deer T.R., Henderson J. Intracranial neurostimulation for pain control: a review. Pain Physician 2011, 13:157-165.
108. Long D.M. The current status of electrical stimulation of the nervous system for the relief of chronic pain. Surg Neurol 1998, 49:142-144.
109. Long D.M. Conquering pain. Neurosurgery 2000, 46:257-259.
110. Makela J.P., Forss N., Jaaskelainen J., et al. Magnetoencephalography in neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 2006, 59:493-511.
111. Manca A., Kumar K., Taylor R.S., et al. Quality of life, resource consumption and costs of spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management in neuropathic pain patients with failed back surgery syndrome (PROCESS trial). Eur J Pain 2008, 12:1047-1058.
112. Marchand S., Kupers R.C., Bushnell M.C., et al. Analgesic and placebo effects of thalamic stimulation. Pain 2003, 105:481-488.
113. Mark V.H., Ervin F.R. Role of thalamotomy in treatment of chronic severe pain. Postgrad Med 1965, 37:563-571.
114. Mark V.H., Ervin F.R., Hackett T.P. Clinical aspects of stereotactic thalamotomy in the human. Part I. The treatment of chronic severe pain. Arch Neurol 1960, 3:351-367.
115. Mayer D.J., Wolfle T.L., Akil H., et al. Analgesia from electrical stimulation in the brainstem of the rat. Science 1971, 174:1351-1354.
116. Mazars G.J. Intermittent stimulation of nucleus ventralis posterolateralis for intractable pain. Surg Neurol 1975, 4:93-95.
117. Mazars G., Roge R., Mazars Y. Results of the stimulation of the spinothalamic fasciculus and their bearing on the physiopathology of pain. Rev Prat 1960, 103:136-138.
118. Mazars G., Merienne L., Ciolocca C. Intermittent analgesic thalamic stimulation. Preliminary note. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1973, 128:273-279.
119. Mazars G., Merienne L., Cioloca C. Treatment of certain types of pain with implantable thalamic stimulators. Neurochirurgie 1974, 20:117-124.
120. Mazars G., Merienne L., Cioloca C. Comparative study of electrical stimulation of posterior thalamic nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and other midline mesencephalic structures in man. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy 1979, Vol. 3:541-546. Raven Press, New York.
121. McLeod R.S., Taylor D.W., Cohen Z., et al. Single-patient randomised clinical trial. Use in determining optimum treatment for patient with inflammation of Kock continent ileostomy reservoir. Lancet 1986, 1:726-728.
122. McQuay H. N of 1 trials. The Design of Analgesic Clinical Trials 1990, 174-192. Raven Press, New York. M.B. Max, R.K. Portenoy, E.M. Laska (Eds.).
123. Medical Outcomes Trust How to Score the SF-36 Health Survey 1991, Medical Outcomes Trust, Boston, MA.
124. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975, 1:277-299.
125. Melzack R., Wall P.D. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965, 150:971-979.
126. Melzack R., Coderre T.J., Katz J., et al. Central neuroplasticity and pathological pain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001, 933:157-174.
127. Meyerson B.A. Biochemistry of pain relief with intracerebral stimulation. Few facts and many hypotheses. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1980, 30:229-237.
128. Meyerson B.A. Electrostimulation procedures: effects, presumed rationale, and possible mechanisms. Adv Pain Res Ther 1983, 5:495-534.
129. Meyerson B.A. Problems and controversies in PVG and sensory thalamic stimulation as treatment for pain. Prog Brain Res 1988, 77:175-188.
130. Mohseni H.R., Kringelbach M.L., Probert Smith P., et al. Application of a null-beamformer to source localisation in MEG data of deep brain stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010, 2010:4120-4123.
131. Mullett K. Electrical brain stimulation for the control of chronic pain. Med Instrum 1978, 12:88-91.
132. Mullett K. State of the art in neurostimulation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1987, 10:162-175.
133. Nandi D., Aziz T.Z. Deep brain stimulation in the management of neuropathic pain and multiple sclerosis tremor. J Clin Neurophysiol 2004, 21:31-39.
134. Nandi D., Liu X., Joint C., et al. Thalamic field potentials during deep brain stimulation of periventricular gray in chronic pain. Pain 2002, 97:47-51.
135. Nandi D., Smith H., Owen S., et al. Peri-ventricular grey stimulation versus motor cortex stimulation for post stroke neuropathic pain. J Clin Neurosci 2002, 9:557-561.
136. Nandi D., Aziz T., Carter H., et al. Thalamic field potentials in chronic central pain treated by periventricular gray stimulation - a series of eight cases. Pain 2003, 101:97-107.
137. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain syndromes (excluding headache). Guidance IPG382 2011, Available online at:, [1 March 2011]. http://publications.nice.org.uk/deep-brain-stimulation-for-refractory-chronic-pain-syndromes-excluding-headache-ipg382.
138. Nguyen J.P., Nizard J., Keravel Y., et al. Invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Nat Rev Neurol 2011, 7:699-709.
139. North R.B., Levy R.M. Consensus conference on the neurosurgical management of pain. Neurosurgery 1994, 34:756-760.
140. Olds J., Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1954, 47:419-427.
141. Oliveras J.L., Besson J.M. Stimulation-produced analgesia in animals: behavioural investigations. Prog Brain Res 1988, 77:141-157.
142. Orth R.C., Sinha P., Madsen E.L., et al. Development of a unique phantom to assess the geometric accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for stereotactic localization. Neurosurgery 1999, 45:1423-1431.
143. Osenbach R. Neurostimulation for the treatment of intractable facial pain. Pain Med 2006, 7:S126-S136.
144. Owen S.L.F., Green A.L., Nandi D., et al. Deep brain stimulation for neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation 2006, 9:100-106.
145. Owen S.L., Green A.L., Stein J.F., et al. Deep brain stimulation for the alleviation of post-stroke neuropathic pain. Pain 2006, 120:202-206.
146. Owen S.L., Green A.L., Davies P., et al. Connectivity of an effective hypothalamic surgical target for cluster headache. J Clin Neurosci 2007, 14:955-960.
147. Owen S.L., Green A.L., Nandi D.D., et al. Deep brain stimulation for neuropathic pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007, 97:111-116.
148. Owen S.L., Heath J., Kringelbach M., et al. Pre-operative DTI and probabilistic tractography in four patients with deep brain stimulation for chronic pain. J Clin Neurosci 2008, 15:801-805.
149. Papanastassiou V., Rowe J., Scott R., et al. Use of the radionics image fusion? and stereoplan? programs for target localization in functional neurosurgery. J Clin Neurosci 1998, 5:28-32.
150. Pereira E.A., Aziz T.Z. Parkinson's disease and primate research: past, present, and future. Postgrad Med J 2006, 82:293-299.
151. Pereira E.A., Aziz T.Z. Surgical insights into Parkinson's disease. J R Soc Med 2006, 99:238-244.
152. Pereira E.A., Green A.L., Bradley K.M., et al. Regional cerebral perfusion differences between periventricular grey, thalamic and dual target deep brain stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2007, 85:175-183.
153. Pereira E.A., Green A.L., Nandi D., et al. Deep brain stimulation: indications and evidence. Expert Rev Med Devices 2007, 4:591-603.
154. Pereira E.A., Green A.L., Wang S., et al. Stimulating the brain to relieve pain: from homunculi to consciousness and deep brain recording to magnetoencephalography. Neurosurgery 2007, 61:221.
155. Pereira E.A., Moir L., McIntyre C., et al. Deep brain stimulation for central post-stroke pain - relating outcomes and stimulation parameters in 21 patients. Acta Neurochir 2008, 150:968.
156. Pereira E.A., Lu G., Wang S., et al. Ventral periaqueductal grey stimulation alters heart rate variability in humans with chronic pain. Exp Neurol 2010, 223:574-581.
157. Pereira E.A., Wang S., Paterson D.J., et al. Sustained reduction of hypertension by deep brain stimulation. J Clin Neurosci 2010, 17:124-127.
158. Peyron R., Laurent B., Garcia-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis (2000). Neurophysiol Clin 2000, 30:263-288.
159. Plotkin R. Results in 60 cases of deep brain stimulation for chronic intractable pain. Appl Neurophysiol 1982, 45:173-178.
160. Pool J.L., Clark W.D., Hudson P., et al. Steroid hormonal response to stimulation of electrodes implanted in the subfrontal parts of the brain. Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Interrelationships, A Symposium 1956, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL. W.S. Fields, R. Guillemin, C.A. Carton (Eds.).
161. Ramachandran V.S. Plasticity and functional recovery in neurology. Clin Med 2005, 5:368-373.
162. Ramachandran V.S., Rogers-Ramachandran D. Phantom limbs and neural plasticity. Arch Neurol 2000, 57:317-320.
163. Rasche D., Rinaldi P.C., Young R.F., et al. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of various chronic pain syndromes. Neurosurg Focus 2006, 21:E8.
164. Raslan A.M. Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain: can it help?. Pain 2006, 120:1-2.
165. Ray C.D., Burton C.V. Deep brain stimulation for severe, chronic pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1980, 30:289-293.
166. Ray N.J., Kringelbach M.L., Jenkinson N., et al. Using magnetoencephalography to investigate brain activity during high frequency deep brain stimulation in a cluster headache patient. Biomed Imag Intervent J 2007, 3:25.
167. Ray N.J., Jenkinson N., Kringelbach M.L., et al. Abnormal thalamocortical dynamics may be altered by deep brain stimulation: using magnetoencephalography to study phantom limb pain. J Clin Neurosci 2009, 16:32-36.
168. Reynolds D.V. Surgery in the rat during electrical analgesia induced by focal brain stimulation. Science 1969, 164:444-445.
169. Richardson D.E., Akil H. Long term results of periventricular gray self-stimulation. Neurosurgery 1977, 1:199-202.
170. Richardson D.E., Akil H. Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 1: Acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites. J Neurosurg 1977, 47:178-183.
171. Richardson D.E., Akil H. Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 2: Chronic self-administration in the periventricular gray matter. J Neurosurg 1977, 47:184-194.
172. Romanelli P., Esposito V. The functional anatomy of neuropathic pain. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2004, 15:257-268.
173. Romanelli P., Heit G. Patient-controlled deep brain stimulation can overcome analgesic tolerance. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2004, 82:77-79.
174. Rossi F., Maione S., Berrino L. Periaqueductal gray area and cardiovascular function. Pharmacol Res 1994, 29:27-37.
175. Saint-Cyr J.A., Trepanier L.L. Neuropsychologic assessment of patients for movement disorder surgery. Mov Disord 2000, 15:771-783.
176. Schvarcz J.R. Chronic self-stimulation of the medial posterior inferior thalamus for the alleviation of deafferentation pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1980, 30:295-301.
177. Schweinhardt P., Lee M., Tracey I. Imaging pain in patients: is it meaningful?. Curr Opin Neurol 2006, 19:392-400.
178. Sewards T.V., Sewards M.A. The medial pain system: neural representations of the motivational aspect of pain. Brain Res Bull 2002, 59:163-180.
179. Shealy C.N., Mortimer J.T., Reswick J.B. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg 1967, 46:489-491.
180. Shulman R., Turnbull I.M., Diewold P. Psychiatric aspects of thalamic stimulation for neuropathic pain. Pain 1982, 13:127-135.
181. Siegfried J. Sensory thalamic neurostimulation for chronic pain. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1987, 10:209-212.
182. Siegfried J. Therapeutical neurostimulation - indications reconsidered. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1991, 52:112-117.
183. Sillery E., Bittar R.G., Robson M.D., et al. Connectivity of the human periventricular-periaqueductal gray region. J Neurosurg 2005, 103:1030-1034.
184. Simpson B.A. Spinal cord and brain stimulation. Textbook of Pain. Churchill Livingstone 1999, 1353-1382. Edinburgh. P.D. Wall, R. Melzack (Eds.).
185. Spooner J., Yu H., Kao C., et al. Neuromodulation of the cingulum for neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Case report. J Neurosurg 2007, 107:169-172.
186. Stern J., Jeanmonod D., Sarnthein J. Persistent EEG overactivation in the cortical pain matrix of neurogenic pain patients. Neuroimage 2006, 31:721-731.
187. Stojanovic M.P. Stimulation methods for neuropathic pain control. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001, 5:130-137.
188. Sweet W.H., Wepsic J.G. Treatment of chronic pain by stimulation of fibers of primary afferent neuron. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1968, 93:103-107.
189. Tasker R.R., Vilela Filho O. Deep brain stimulation for neuropathic pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1995, 65:122-124.
190. Taylor R.S. Spinal cord stimulation in complex regional pain syndrome and refractory neuropathic back and leg pain/failed back surgery syndrome: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006, 31:S13-S19.
191. Thoden U., Doerr M., Dieckmann G., et al. Medial thalamic permanent electrodes for pain control in man: an electrophysiological and clinical study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1979, 47:582-591.
192. Torrance N., Smith B.H., Bennett M.I., et al. The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey. J Pain 2006, 7:281-289.
193. Tracey I. Nociceptive processing in the human brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005, 15:478-487.
194. Tronnier V.M. Deep brain stimulation. Pain Research and Clinical Management 2003, Vol. 15:211-236. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
195. Tsubokawa T., Yamamoto T., Katayama Y., et al. Clinical results and physiological basis of thalamic relay nucleus stimulation for relief of intractable pain with morphine tolerance. Appl Neurophysiol 1982, 45:143-155.
196. Tsubokawa T., Yamamoto T., Katayama Y., et al. Thalamic relay nucleus stimulation for relief of intractable pain Clinical results and beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Pain 1984, 18:115-126.
197. Tsubokawa T., Katayama Y., Yamamoto T., et al. Deafferentation pain and stimulation of the thalamic sensory relay nucleus: clinical and experimental study. Appl Neurophysiol 1985, 48:166-171.
198. Turnbull I.M., Shulman R., Woodhurst W.B. Thalamic stimulation for neuropathic pain. J Neurosurg 1980, 52:486-493.
199. Voon V., Kubu C., Krack P., et al. Deep brain stimulation: neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric issues. Mov Disord 2006, 21:S305-S327.
200. Wallace B.A., Ashkan K., Benabid A.L. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of chronic, intractable pain. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2004, 15:343-357. vii.
201. Ware J.E., Snow K.K., Kosinski M., et al. SF-36 Health Survey Manual and Interpretation Guide 1993, New England Medical Centre, The Health Institute, Boston, MA.
202. Weigel R., Krauss J.K. Center median-parafascicular complex and pain control. Review from a neurosurgical perspective. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2004, 82:115-126.
203. White J.C., Sweet W.H. Pain and the Neurosurgeon 1969, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.
204. Willis W.D., Westlund K.N. Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997, 14:2-31.
205. Xie K., Wang S., Aziz T.Z., et al. The physiologically modulated electrode potentials at the depth electrode-brain interface in humans. Neurosci Lett 2006, 402:238-243.
206. Yamamoto T., Katayama Y., Obuchi T., et al. Thalamic sensory relay nucleus stimulation for the treatment of peripheral deafferentation pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2006, 84:180-183.
207. Yamashiro K., Tomiyama N., Terada Y., et al. Neurons with spontaneous high-frequency discharges in the central nervous system and chronic pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2003, 87:153-155.
208. Young R.F., Brechner T. Electrical stimulation of the brain for relief of intractable pain due to cancer. Cancer 1986, 57:1266-1272.
209. Young R.F., Chambi V.I. Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal and periventricular gray matter. Evidence for a non-opioid mechanism. J Neurosurg 1987, 66:364-371.
210. Young R.F., Rinaldi P.C. Brain stimulation. Neurosurgical Management of Pain 1997, 283-301. Springer, New York. R.B. North, R.M. Levy (Eds.).
211. Young R.F., Kroening R., Fulton W., et al. Electrical stimulation of the brain in treatment of chronic pain. Experience over 5 years. J Neurosurg 1985, 62:389-396.
212. Zambreanu L., Wise R.G., Brooks J.C., et al. A role for the brainstem in central sensitisation in humans. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Pain 2005, 114:397-407.