메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 360-380

Behavioral Ecology of Captive Species: Using Behavioral Adaptations to Assess and Enhance Welfare of Nonhuman Zoo Animals

Author keywords

behavioral ecology; captivity; framework; nature; zoo animal welfare

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL CARE; ANIMAL HEALTH; ANIMAL WELFARE; ARTICLE; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PSYCHOANALYSIS; QUALITY CONTROL; STEREOTYPY; ZOO ANIMAL;

EID: 84885121760     PISSN: 10888705     EISSN: 15327604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2013.827917     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (26)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0001602870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welfare by design: The natural selection of welfare criteria
    • Barnard, C. J. and Hurst, J. L. 1996. Welfare by design: The natural selection of welfare criteria. Animal Welfare, 5: 405 - 433.
    • (1996) Animal Welfare , vol.5 , pp. 405-433
    • Barnard, C.J.1    Hurst, J.L.2
  • 2
    • 67650394254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welfare monitoring schemes: Using research to safeguard welfare of animals on the farm
    • doi:10.1080/10888700902719856
    • Barnett, J. L. and Hemsworth, P. H. 2009. Welfare monitoring schemes: Using research to safeguard welfare of animals on the farm. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12: 114 - 131. doi:10.1080/10888700902719856
    • (2009) Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science , vol.12 , pp. 114-131
    • Barnett, J.L.1    Hemsworth, P.H.2
  • 3
    • 79959275321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How abnormal is the behaviour of captive, zoo-living chimpanzees?
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020101
    • Birkett, L. P. and Newton-Fisher, N. E. 2011. How abnormal is the behaviour of captive, zoo-living chimpanzees?. Plos One, 6: e20101 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020101
    • (2011) Plos One , vol.6
    • Birkett, L.P.1    Newton-Fisher, N.E.2
  • 5
    • 35348847379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare [Review]
    • doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003
    • Boissy, A. M. G., Jensen, M. B., Moe, R. O., Spruijt, B., Keeling, L. J., Winckler, C. and Aubert, A. 2007. Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare [Review]. Physiology & Behavior, 92: 375 - 397. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003
    • (2007) Physiology & Behavior , vol.92 , pp. 375-397
    • Boissy, A.M.G.1    Jensen, M.B.2    Moe, R.O.3    Spruijt, B.4    Keeling, L.J.5    Winckler, C.6    Aubert, A.7
  • 7
    • 0026233096 scopus 로고
    • Animal welfare: Concepts and measurement
    • Broom, D. M. 1991. Animal welfare: Concepts and measurement. Journal of Animal Science, 69: 4167 - 4175.
    • (1991) Journal of Animal Science , vol.69 , pp. 4167-4175
    • Broom, D.M.1
  • 8
    • 0033457146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: I. Individual behavior profiles and their relationship to breeding success
    • Carlstead, K., Mellen, J. and Kleiman, D. G. 1999. Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: I. Individual behavior profiles and their relationship to breeding success. Zoo Biology, 18: 17 - 34.
    • (1999) Zoo Biology , vol.18 , pp. 17-34
    • Carlstead, K.1    Mellen, J.2    Kleiman, D.G.3
  • 9
    • 33845648912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: How analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures
    • doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.033
    • Clubb, R. and Mason, G. J. 2007. Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: How analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102: 303 - 328. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.033
    • (2007) Applied Animal Behaviour Science , vol.102 , pp. 303-328
    • Clubb, R.1    Mason, G.J.2
  • 13
    • 0005760975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Association of Zoos and Aquaria., Retrieved from
    • European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. 2009. Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.eaza.net/about/Documents/EAZA_Code_of_Ethics_2009.pdf
    • (2009) Code of ethics.
  • 15
    • 47249139522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tongue twisters: Feeding enrichment to reduce oral stereotypy in giraffe
    • doi:10.1002/Zoo.20180
    • Fernandez, L. T., Bashaw, M. J., Sartor, R. L., Bouwens, N. R. and Maki, T. S. 2008. Tongue twisters: Feeding enrichment to reduce oral stereotypy in giraffe. Zoo Biology, 27: 200 - 212. doi:10.1002/Zoo.20180
    • (2008) Zoo Biology , vol.27 , pp. 200-212
    • Fernandez, L.T.1    Bashaw, M.J.2    Sartor, R.L.3    Bouwens, N.R.4    Maki, T.S.5
  • 16
    • 0001718431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A scientific conception of animal welfare that reflects ethical concerns
    • Fraser, D., Weary, D. M., Pajor, E. A. and Milligan, B. N. 1997. A scientific conception of animal welfare that reflects ethical concerns. Animal Welfare, 6: 187 - 205.
    • (1997) Animal Welfare , vol.6 , pp. 187-205
    • Fraser, D.1    Weary, D.M.2    Pajor, E.A.3    Milligan, B.N.4
  • 17
    • 33646773027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulating natural behavior in captive bears
    • Grandia, P. A., van Dijk, J. J. and Koene, P. 2001. Stimulating natural behavior in captive bears. Ursus, 12: 199 - 202.
    • (2001) Ursus , vol.12 , pp. 199-202
    • Grandia, P.A.1    van Dijk, J.J.2    Koene, P.3
  • 18
    • 77949695042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring zoo animal welfare: Theory and practice
    • doi:10.1002/Zoo.20276
    • Hill, S. P. and Broom, D. M. 2009. Measuring zoo animal welfare: Theory and practice. Zoo Biology, 28: 531 - 544. doi:10.1002/Zoo.20276
    • (2009) Zoo Biology , vol.28 , pp. 531-544
    • Hill, S.P.1    Broom, D.M.2
  • 20
    • 50649101242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using motivation tests to assess ethological needs and preferences
    • doi:10.1016/japplanim.2008.02.001
    • Jensen, M. B. and Pedersen, L. J. 2008. Using motivation tests to assess ethological needs and preferences. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 113: 340 - 356. doi:10.1016/japplanim.2008.02.001
    • (2008) Applied Animal Behaviour Science , vol.113 , pp. 340-356
    • Jensen, M.B.1    Pedersen, L.J.2
  • 21
    • 28844466742 scopus 로고
    • The use of time budget studies in captive propagation and zoo biology
    • In: Ganslosser U., Hodges J. K., Kaumanns W., editors Fürth, Germany, Fürth,: Filander Verlag
    • Koene, P. 1995. " The use of time budget studies in captive propagation and zoo biology. ". In Research and captive propagation, Edited by: Ganslosser, U., Hodges, J. K. and Kaumanns, W. 272 - 284. Fürth, Germany: Filander Verlag.
    • (1995) Research and captive propagation , pp. 272-284
    • Koene, P.1
  • 22
    • 84885109620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When feeding is just eating. How do animals use their spare time?
    • Paper presented at the Regulation of Feed Intake, Wageningen
    • Koene, P. When feeding is just eating. How do animals use their spare time?. Paper presented at the Regulation of Feed Intake. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
    • Koene, P.1
  • 23
    • 47949121427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeding and welfare in domestic animals: A Darwinistic framework
    • In: Bels V., editors Wallingford, UK, Wallingford,: CAB International
    • Koene, P. 2006. " Feeding and welfare in domestic animals: A Darwinistic framework. ". In Feeding in domestic vertebrates, Edited by: Bels, V. 84 - 108. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
    • (2006) Feeding in domestic vertebrates , pp. 84-108
    • Koene, P.1
  • 24
    • 84885088270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavior in natural and captive environments compared to assess and enhance welfare of zoo animals
    • Paper presented at the International Society for Applied Ethology, Indianapolis, IN
    • Koene, P. Behavior in natural and captive environments compared to assess and enhance welfare of zoo animals. Paper presented at the International Society for Applied Ethology. Indianapolis, IN.
    • Koene, P.1
  • 25
    • 0031421859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tongue playing behaviour in captive giraffes
    • Koene, P. and Visser, E. K. 1997. Tongue playing behaviour in captive giraffes. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 62 (Suppl. 2): 106 - 111.
    • (1997) Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 106-111
    • Koene, P.1    Visser, E.K.2
  • 26
    • 34948880213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual variation in coping with stress: A multidimensional approach of ultimate and proximate mechanisms
    • doi:10.1159/000105485
    • Koolhaas, J. M., de Boer, S. F., Buwalda, B. and van Reenen, K. 2007. Individual variation in coping with stress: A multidimensional approach of ultimate and proximate mechanisms. Brain Behavior and Evolution, 70: 218 - 226. doi:10.1159/000105485
    • (2007) Brain Behavior and Evolution , vol.70 , pp. 218-226
    • Koolhaas, J.M.1    de Boer, S.F.2    Buwalda, B.3    van Reenen, K.4
  • 27
    • 33748627423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the deep end: Pooling data and other statistical challenges of zoo and aquarium research
    • doi:10.1002/zoo.20089
    • Kuhar, C. W. 2006. In the deep end: Pooling data and other statistical challenges of zoo and aquarium research. Zoo Biology, 25: 339 - 352. doi:10.1002/zoo.20089
    • (2006) Zoo Biology , vol.25 , pp. 339-352
    • Kuhar, C.W.1
  • 29
    • 84890255606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypic behaviour in captive animals: Fundamentals and implications for welfare and beyond
    • In: Mason I. G., Rushen J., editors 2nd ed., Wallingford, UK, Wallingford,: CAB International
    • Mason, G. 2006. " Stereotypic behaviour in captive animals: Fundamentals and implications for welfare and beyond. ". In Stereotypic animal behaviour: Fundamentals and applications to welfare. (, 2nd ed., Edited by: Mason, I. G. and Rushen, J. 325 - 366. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
    • (2006) Stereotypic animal behaviour: Fundamentals and applications to welfare. ( , pp. 325-366
    • Mason, G.1
  • 30
    • 78149362060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species differences in responses to captivity: Stress, welfare and the comparative method
    • doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.08.011
    • Mason, G. J. 2010. Species differences in responses to captivity: Stress, welfare and the comparative method. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25: 713 - 721. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.08.011
    • (2010) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.25 , pp. 713-721
    • Mason, G.J.1
  • 31
    • 77954565510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should the psychological well-being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated?
    • doi:10.1002/zoo.20256
    • Mason, G. J. and Veasey, J. S. 2010a. How should the psychological well-being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated?. Zoo Biology, 29: 237 - 255. doi:10.1002/zoo.20256
    • (2010) Zoo Biology , vol.29 , pp. 237-255
    • Mason, G.J.1    Veasey, J.S.2
  • 32
    • 77954599021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do population-level welfare indices suggest about the well-being of zoo elephants?
    • doi:10.1002/zoo.20303
    • Mason, G. J. and Veasey, J. S. 2010b. What do population-level welfare indices suggest about the well-being of zoo elephants?. Zoo Biology, 29: 256 - 273. doi:10.1002/zoo.20303
    • (2010) Zoo Biology , vol.29 , pp. 256-273
    • Mason, G.J.1    Veasey, J.S.2
  • 33
    • 4444313983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keeping fit on the ark: Assessing the suitability of captive-bred animals for release
    • doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.007
    • Mathews, F., Orros, M., McLaren, G., Gelling, M. and Foster, R. 2005. Keeping fit on the ark: Assessing the suitability of captive-bred animals for release. Biological Conservation, 121: 569 - 577. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.007
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.121 , pp. 569-577
    • Mathews, F.1    Orros, M.2    McLaren, G.3    Gelling, M.4    Foster, R.5
  • 34
    • 33644793727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildlife conservation and animal temperament: Causes and consequences of evolutionary change for captive, reintroduced, and wild populations
    • doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2005.00004.x
    • McDougall, P. T., Reale, D., Sol, D. and Reader, S. M. 2006. Wildlife conservation and animal temperament: Causes and consequences of evolutionary change for captive, reintroduced, and wild populations. Animal Conservation, 9: 39 - 48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2005.00004.x
    • (2006) Animal Conservation , vol.9 , pp. 39-48
    • McDougall, P.T.1    Reale, D.2    Sol, D.3    Reader, S.M.4
  • 35
    • 77949715179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: A case for evidence-based zoo animal management
    • doi:10.1002/zoo.20288
    • Melfi, V. A. 2009. There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: A case for evidence-based zoo animal management. Zoo Biology, 28: 574 - 588. doi:10.1002/zoo.20288
    • (2009) Zoo Biology , vol.28 , pp. 574-588
    • Melfi, V.A.1
  • 36
    • 0036224010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the activity budgets of wild and captive Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)
    • Melfi, V. A. and Feistner, A. T. C. 2002. A comparison of the activity budgets of wild and captive Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra). Animal Welfare, 11: 213 - 222.
    • (2002) Animal Welfare , vol.11 , pp. 213-222
    • Melfi, V.A.1    Feistner, A.T.C.2
  • 37
    • 2842576607 scopus 로고
    • Must we have zoos? Yes but
    • Morris, D. 1968. Must we have zoos? Yes but Life Magazine, 65: 78 - 86.
    • (1968) Life Magazine , vol.65 , pp. 78-86
    • Morris, D.1
  • 38
    • 84885101471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nederlandse Vereniging van Dierentuinen., Retrieved from
    • Nederlandse Vereniging van Dierentuinen. 2010. NVD ethische code, [Dutch Zoo Federation ethics code] Retrieved from www.nvddierentuinen.nl
    • (2010) NVD ethische code
  • 39
    • 0004327233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6th ed., Baltimore, MD, Baltimore, MD,: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world(), 6th ed., Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • (1999) Walker's mammals of the world()
    • Nowak, R.M.1
  • 40
    • 84885150522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal behaviours (stereotypies)
    • Paper presented at the First World Congress on Ethology Applied to Zootechnics, Madrid
    • Ödberg, F. O. Abnormal behaviours (stereotypies). Paper presented at the First World Congress on Ethology Applied to Zootechnics. Madrid, Spain.
    • Ödberg, F.O.1
  • 41
    • 84995131314 scopus 로고
    • Flock size and breeding success in flamingos
    • doi:10.1002/zoo.1430110402
    • Pickering, S., Creighton, E. and Stevenswood, B. 1992. Flock size and breeding success in flamingos. Zoo Biology, 11: 229 - 234. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430110402
    • (1992) Zoo Biology , vol.11 , pp. 229-234
    • Pickering, S.1    Creighton, E.2    Stevenswood, B.3
  • 42
    • 0037257990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintaining behavioural diversity in captivity for conservation: Natural behaviour management
    • Rabin, L. A. 2003. Maintaining behavioural diversity in captivity for conservation: Natural behaviour management. Animal Welfare, 12: 85 - 94.
    • (2003) Animal Welfare , vol.12 , pp. 85-94
    • Rabin, L.A.1
  • 44
    • 0000085930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enriching the lives of zoo animals, and their welfare: Where research can be fundamental
    • Robinson, M. H. 1998. Enriching the lives of zoo animals, and their welfare: Where research can be fundamental. Animal Welfare, 7: 151 - 175.
    • (1998) Animal Welfare , vol.7 , pp. 151-175
    • Robinson, M.H.1
  • 45
    • 70749119089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health, and welfare
    • doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2431
    • Roche, J. R., Friggens, N. C., Kay, J. K., Fisher, M. W., Stafford, K. J. and Berry, D. P. 2009. Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health, and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 5769 - 5801. doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2431
    • (2009) Journal of Dairy Science , vol.92 , pp. 5769-5801
    • Roche, J.R.1    Friggens, N.C.2    Kay, J.K.3    Fisher, M.W.4    Stafford, K.J.5    Berry, D.P.6
  • 46
    • 0034751049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ethicist's commentary on whether animals raised in confinement are thus happy in confinement
    • Rollin, B. E. 2001. An ethicist's commentary on whether animals raised in confinement are thus happy in confinement. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 42: 676
    • (2001) Canadian Veterinary Journal , vol.42 , pp. 676
    • Rollin, B.E.1
  • 50
    • 77951615675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The conservation-welfare nexus in reintroduction programmes: A role for sensory ecology
    • Swaisgood, R. R. 2010. The conservation-welfare nexus in reintroduction programmes: A role for sensory ecology. Animal Welfare, 19: 125 - 137.
    • (2010) Animal Welfare , vol.19 , pp. 125-137
    • Swaisgood, R.R.1
  • 51
    • 79956335452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wild animals in our backyard. A contextual approach to the intrinsic value of animals
    • doi:10.1007/s10441-011-9126-0
    • Swart, J. A. A. and Keulartz, J. 2011. Wild animals in our backyard. A contextual approach to the intrinsic value of animals. Acta Biotheoretica, 59: 185 - 200. doi:10.1007/s10441-011-9126-0
    • (2011) Acta Biotheoretica , vol.59 , pp. 185-200
    • Swart, J.A.A.1    Keulartz, J.2
  • 52
    • 33845767415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting translocation and reintroduction programmes: The importance of considering stress
    • doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.002
    • Teixeira, C. P., Schetini de Azeved, C., Mendl, M., Cipreste, C. F. and Young, R. J. 2007. Revisiting translocation and reintroduction programmes: The importance of considering stress. Animal Behaviour, 73: 1 - 13. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.002
    • (2007) Animal Behaviour , vol.73 , pp. 1-13
    • Teixeira, C.P.1    de Schetini Azeved, C.2    Mendl, M.3    Cipreste, C.F.4    Young, R.J.5
  • 54
    • 0040176028 scopus 로고
    • The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments
    • Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L. 1990. The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11: 375 - 424.
    • (1990) Ethology and Sociobiology , vol.11 , pp. 375-424
    • Tooby, J.1    Cosmides, L.2
  • 55
    • 0001834830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On comparing the behaviour of zoo housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicator
    • Veasey, J. S., Waran, N. K. and Young, R. J. 1996. On comparing the behaviour of zoo housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicator. Animal Welfare, 5: 13 - 24.
    • (1996) Animal Welfare , vol.5 , pp. 13-24
    • Veasey, J.S.1    Waran, N.K.2    Young, R.J.3
  • 56
    • 77949771021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the special issue on zoo animal welfare
    • doi:10.1002/Zoo.20287
    • Watters, J. V. and Wielebnowski, N. 2009. Introduction to the special issue on zoo animal welfare. Zoo Biology, 28: 501 - 506. doi:10.1002/Zoo.20287
    • (2009) Zoo Biology , vol.28 , pp. 501-506
    • Watters, J.V.1    Wielebnowski, N.2
  • 57
    • 34250222748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How animals communicate quality of life: The qualitative assessment of behaviour
    • Wemelsfelder, F. 2007. How animals communicate quality of life: The qualitative assessment of behaviour. Animal Welfare, 16: 25 - 31.
    • (2007) Animal Welfare , vol.16 , pp. 25-31
    • Wemelsfelder, F.1
  • 58
    • 77949685300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal-based welfare monitoring: Using keeper ratings as an assessment tool
    • doi:10.1002/zoo.20281
    • Whitham, J. C. and Wielebnowski, N. 2009. Animal-based welfare monitoring: Using keeper ratings as an assessment tool. Zoo Biology, 28: 545 - 560. doi:10.1002/zoo.20281
    • (2009) Zoo Biology , vol.28 , pp. 545-560
    • Whitham, J.C.1    Wielebnowski, N.2
  • 59
    • 0036253873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population
    • doi:10.1002/zoo.10005
    • Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M. and Brown, J. L. 2002. Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population. Zoo Biology, 21: 77 - 98. doi:10.1002/zoo.10005
    • (2002) Zoo Biology , vol.21 , pp. 77-98
    • Wielebnowski, N.C.1    Fletchall, N.2    Carlstead, K.3    Busso, J.M.4    Brown, J.L.5
  • 60
    • 0002393307 scopus 로고
    • Stress: Ethological implications
    • Wiepkema, P. R. 1990. Stress: Ethological implications. Psychobiology of Stress, 54: 1 - 13.
    • (1990) Psychobiology of Stress , vol.54 , pp. 1-13
    • Wiepkema, P.R.1
  • 61
    • 40449132202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of positive welfare: A review
    • doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.009
    • Yeates, J. W. and Main, D. C. J. 2008. Assessment of positive welfare: A review. Veterinary Journal, 175: 293 - 300. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.009
    • (2008) Veterinary Journal , vol.175 , pp. 293-300
    • Yeates, J.W.1    Main, D.C.J.2
  • 62
    • 84885168534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zoos Forum., Retrieved from
    • Zoos Forum. 2004. Animal welfare and its assessment in zoos. Retrieved from http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/zoos/zoo-forums-handbook/
    • (2004) Animal welfare and its assessment in zoos.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.