Exploring the developments in urbanisation, aid dependency, sectoral shifts and services sector expansion in Fiji: A modern growth perspective

Global Business and Economics Review

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 371-395

  Kumar, Ronald Ravinesh ^a   Kumar, Radika ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC   (Fiji)

Author keywords

ARDL Bounds approach; Fiji; Growth; ODA; Overseas development assistant; Sectoral analysis; Urbanisation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885107348     PISSN: 10974954     EISSN: 17451329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/GBER.2013.056648     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Acemoglu, D. (2009) Introduction to Modern Economic Growth, Princeton University Press, USA.
2. Alam, S., Rehman, S. and Butt, M.S. (2011) 'Trade liberalization, environmental degradation and sustainable development in Pakistan', European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.84-96.
3. Aluko, O.E. (2010) 'The impact of urbanization on housing development: The Lagos experience, Nigeria', Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.64-74.
4. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2009) Statistical Database System Online, Manila, Asian Development Bank, available at https://sdbs.adb.org/sdbs/index.jsp (accessed on 14 July 2011).
5. Banga, R. and Goldar, B. (2004) 'Contribution of services to output growth and productivity in Indian manufacturing: pre and post reforms', Working Paper No. 139, July, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, India, available at http://www.etsg.org/ETSG2004/Papers/banga.pdf (accessed on 9 March 2011).
6. Beck, T., Levine, R. and Loayza, N. (2000) 'Finance and the sources of growth', Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 58, Nos. 1-2, pp.261-300.
7. Bezemer, D. and Headey, D. (2008) 'Agriculture, Development, and urban bias', World Development, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp.1342-1364.
8. Bhagwati, J.N. (1984) 'Splintering and disembodiment of services and developing nations', The World Economy, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.133-143.
9. Block, S. and Timmer, P. (1994) 'Agriculture and economic growth: conceptual issues and the Kenyan experience', Development Discussion Paper 498 for an overview.
10. Boone, P. (1996) 'Politics and the effectiveness of foreign aid', European Economic Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp.289-329.
11. Bosworth, B. and Collins, S.M. (2008) 'Accounting for growth: comparing China and India', Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.45-66.
12. Bowman, C. and Chand, S. (2007) 'Size matters the impact of aid on institutions', Research Paper No. 2007/25, UNU-WIDER, available at http://www.wider.unu.edu/stc/repec/pdfs/rp2007/rp2007-25.pdf (accessed on 14 July 2010).
13. Bravo-Ortega, C. and Lederman, D. (2005) 'Agriculture and national welfare around the world: causality and international heterogeneity since 1960', World Bank Policy Research Paper No. 3499, The World Bank, Washingtom DC.
14. Brida, J.G., Carrera, E.S. and Risso, W.A. (2008) 'Tourism's impact on long-run Mexican economic growth', Economics Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 21, pp.1-8.
15. Briguglio, L., Persaud, B. and Stern, R. (2006) 'Toward an outward-oriented development strategy for small states: issues, opportunities, and resilience building', World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund 2006 Small States Forum, Singapore.
16. Bruckner, M. (2011) 'Economic growth, size of the agricultural sector, and urbanization', Research Paper No. 2011-16, University of Adelaide, Australia, available at http://www.economics.adelaide.edu.au/research/papers/ doc/wp2011-16.pdf (accessed on 8 July 2011).
17. Brulhart, M. and Sbergami, F. (2009) 'Agglomeration and growth: cross-country evidence', Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp.48-63.
18. Buhalis, D. and Law, R. (2008) 'Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet -The start of eTourism research', Tourism Management, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp.609-623.
19. Burgess, R. and Venables, A.J. (2004) 'Towards a microeconomics of growth', World Bank Working Paper No. 3257, April, Washington, DC.
20. Burnside, C. and Dollar, D. (2000) 'Aid, policies, and growth', American Economic Review, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp.847-868.
21. Cevirgen, A. and Kesgin, M. (2007) 'Local authorities' and NGOs' perceptions of tourism development and urbanization in Alanya', Tourism Annual Indexes, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp.309-322.
22. Chauvet, L. and Guillaumont, P. (2009) 'Aid, volatility, and growth again: when aid volatility matters and when it does not', Review of Development Economics, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp.452-463.
23. Chenery, H.B. (1960) 'Patterns of industrial growth', The American Economic Review, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp.624-654.
24. Chong, A. and Gradstein, M. (2008) 'What determines foreign aid? The donors' perspective', Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp.1-13.
25. Christiaensen, L., Demery, L. and Kuhl, J. (2010) 'The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction an empirical perspective', Worker Paper No. 2010/36, UNU-WIDER, available at http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working- papers/2010/en-GB/wp2010-36/-files/83339553673248837/default/wp2010-36.pdf (accessed on 4 March 2011).
26. De Janvry, A. and Sadoulet, E. (2009) 'Agriculture growth and poverty reduction: Additional evidence', The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp.1-20.
27. Delgado, C., Hopkins, J., Kelly, V.A. and Hazell, P.B.R. (1998) 'Agricultural growth linkages in Sub-Saharan Africa', Research Report 107, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
28. Desrochers, P. and Leppala, S. (2011) 'Creative cities and regions: the case for local economic diversity', Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.59-69.
29. Dethier, J. and Effenberger, A. (2011) 'Agriculture and development a brief review of the literature', Policy Research Working Paper WP5553, World Bank, Washington DC, available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/ WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/01/31/000158349-20110131131635/Rendered/PDF/ WPS5553.pdf (accessed on 4 March 2011).
30. Diao, X., Hazell, P.B.R., Resnick, D. and Thurlow, J. (2006) 'The role of agriculture in development: implications for Sub-Saharan Africa', IFPRI Development Strategy and Policy Division Discussion Paper No. 29, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, available at http://www.ifpri. org/sites/default/files/publications/rr153.pdf (accessed on 18 March 2011).
31. Dorosh, P. and Haggblade, S. (2003) 'Growth linkages, price effects and income distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa', Journal of African Economies, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.207-235. (Pubitemid 37030759)
32. Doward, A., Kydd, J., Morrison, J. and Urey, I. (2004) 'A policy agenda for pro-poor agricultural growth', World Development, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp.73-89. (Pubitemid 38003103)
33. Durbarry, R. (2004) 'Tourism and economic growth: the case of Mauritius', Tourism Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp.389-401. (Pubitemid 40008638)
34. Ertur, C. and Koch, W. (2007) 'Growth, technological interdependence and spatial externalities: theory and evidence', Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp.1033-1062.
35. Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C. and Tadasse, B. (2008) 'Impact of tourism on economic growth and development in Africa', Tourism Economics, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.807-818.
36. Francois, J.F. and Reinert, K.A. (1996) 'The role of services in the structure of production and trade: stylized facts from a cross-country analysis', Asia-Pacific Economic Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.35-43, available at http://www.i4ide.org/people/~francois/docs/text9505.pdf (accessed on 10 March 2011). (Pubitemid 27139345)
37. Glaeser, E.L., Rosenthal, S.S. and Strange, W.C. (2010) 'Urban economics and entrepreneurship', Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp.1-14.
38. Gollin, D., Parente, S. and Rogerson, R. (2002) 'The role of agriculture in development', The American Economic Review, Vol. 92, No. 2, pp.60-164.
39. Greenwood, J. and Jovanovic, B. (1990) 'Financial development, growth, and the distribution of income', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp.1076-1107.
40. Harrigan, J. and Wang, C. (2011) 'A new approach to the allocation of aid among developing countries: is the USA different from the rest?', World Development, Vol. 39, No. 8, pp.1281-1293.
41. Hassan, M.K., Sanchez, B. and Yu, J.S. (2011) 'Financial development and economic growth: new evidence from panel data', Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp.88-104.
42. Heckelman, J.C. and Knack, S. (2009) 'Aid, freedom and growth', Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.46-53.
43. Henderson, V. (2002) 'Urbanization in developing countries', World Bank Observer, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp.89-112. (Pubitemid 34598551)
44. Henderson, V. (2003) 'The urbanization process and economic growth: the so-what question', Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.47-71. (Pubitemid 39138156)
45. Henderson, V. (2005) 'Chapter 24 urbanization and growth', in Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf (Eds.): Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.1543-1591, Elsevier.
46. Holzner, M. (2011) 'Tourism and economic development: the beach disease?' Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp.922-933.
47. Horscroft, V. (2010) 'An eye on east asia and pacific -The role of information and communications technology in mitigating the challenges on economic geography in the Pacific Islands', World Bank, available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEASTASIAPACIFIC/Resources/ 226262-1291126731435/EOEA-Virginia-Horscroft-Nov2010.pdf (accessed on 29 December 2010).
48. Hoselitz, B.F. (1953) 'The role of cities in the economic growth of underdeveloped countries', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp.195-208.
49. Hoselitz, B.F. (1957) 'Urbanization and economic growth in Asia', Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.42-54.
50. Jalava, J. and Pohjola, M. (2008) 'The roles of electricity and ICT in economic growth: case Finland', Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp.270-287.
51. Jayaraman, T.K., Choong, C.K. and Kumar, R. (2009) 'Role of remittances in economic growth in Pacific Island Countries: A study of Samoa', Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.611-627.
52. Jayaraman, T.K., Choong, C.K. and Kumar, R. (2011a) 'Role of remittances in economic development: An empirical study of world's two most remittances dependent Pacific Island economies', MPRA Paper No. 33197, MPRA, available at http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen. de/33197/1/MPRA-paper-33197.pdf (accessed on 15 November 2011).
53. Jayaraman, T.K., Choong, C.K. and Kumar, R. (2011b) 'Role of remittances in India's economic growth', Global Business and Economic Review, (forthcoming), available at http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID= 168&action=coming (accessed on 15 November 2011).
54. Jayaraman, T.K., Choong, C.K. and Kumar, R. (2011c) 'Role of remittances in small Pacific Island economies: And empirical study of Fiji', International Journal of Economic and Business Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp.526-542.
55. Johnston, B.F. and Mellor, J.W. (1961) 'The role of agriculture in economic development', The American Economic Review, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp.566-593.
56. Katircioglu, S.T. (2009) 'Revisiting the tourism-led-growth hypothesis for Turkey using the bounds, test and Johansen approach for cointegration', Tourism Management, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.17-20.
57. Katz, R.L. (2009) 'The economic and social impact of telecommunications output a theoretical framework and empirical evidence for Spain', Intereconomics, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp.41-48.
58. Kessides, C. (2006) 'The urban transition in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for economic growth and poverty reduction', World Bank, Washington, DC, available at http://www.citiesalliance.org/ca/sites/citiesalliance.org/ files/CA-Docs/resources/paperpres/ssa/eng/ssa-english-full.pdf (accessed on 8 July 2011).
59. Khan, M. and Senhadji, A. (2003) 'Financial development and economic growth: A review and new evidence', Journal of African Economies, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.ii89-ii110. (Pubitemid 44619129)
60. King, R.G. and Levine, R. (1993a) 'Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right', Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108, No. 3, pp.717-737.
61. King, R.G. and Levine, R. (1993b) 'Finance, entrepreneurship and growth: theory and evidence', Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.513-542.
62. Kongsamut, P., Rebelo, S. and Xie, D. (2001) 'Beyond balanced growth', The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp.869-882. (Pubitemid 34004579)
63. Koutroumpis, P. (2009) 'The economic impact of broadband on growth: A simultaneous approach', Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 33, No. 9, pp.471-485.
64. Kumar, R., Naidu, V. and Kumar, R. (2011) 'Exploring the nexus between trade, visitor arrivals, remittances and income in the pacific: A study of Vanuatu', Acta Universitatis Danubius, OEconomica, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp.199-218.
65. Kumar, R.R. (2011a) 'Do remittances, exports and financial development matter for economic growth? A case study of Pakistan using bounds approach', Journal of International Academic Research, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.18-26.
66. Kumar, R.R. (2011b) 'Role of trade openness, remittances, capital inflows, and financial development in Vanuatu', in Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Dilip Ratha (Eds.): Migration and Remittances During the Global Financial Crisis and Beyond, World Bank, Washington DC.
67. Kumar, R.R. and Kumar, R. (2011a) 'Exploring sectoral elasticity vis-À-vis per worker income with a focus to agriculture: A study of Sub-Saharan Africa', African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development (forthcoming).
68. Kumar, R.R. and Kumar, R. (2011b) 'Exploring sectoral contributions vis-À-vis growth: An empirical study of Fiji using ARDL bounds approach', Journal of International Academic Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.1-14.
69. Kumar, R.R. and Kumar, R. (2012) 'Exploring the nexus between information and communications technology, tourism and growth in Fiji', Tourism Economics, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp.359-372.
70. Kuppusamy, M., Raman, M. and Lee, G. (2009) 'Whose ICT investment matters to economic growth: private or public? The Malaysian perspective', The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp.1-19.
71. Kuznet, S. (1973) 'Modern economic growth: findings and reflections', American Economic Review, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp.247-258.
72. Lampard, E.E. (1955) 'The history of cities in the economically advanced areas', Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.81-102.
73. Landes, D. (1969) The Unbound Prometheus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
74. Lee, C.C. and Chang, C.P. (2008) 'Tourism development and economic growth: A closer look at panels', Tourism Management, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.180-192.
75. Levine, R. (1997) 'Financial development and economic growth: views and agenda', Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp.668-726.
76. Levine, R. and Zervos, S. (1998) 'Stock markets, banks, and economic growth', American Economic Reviews, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp.537-558. (Pubitemid 128453614)
77. Lewis, A.W. (1954) 'Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour', The Manchester School, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.139-191.
78. Liddle, B. (2011) 'Consumption-driven environmental impact and age structure change in OECD countries: A cointegration-STIRPAT analysis', Demographic Research, Vol. 24, No. 30, pp.749-770.
79. Lipton, M. (1977) Why Poor People Stay Poor: A Study of Urban Bias in World Development, Temple Smith, London.
80. Lipton, M. (1987) Improving Agriculture Aid Impact on Low-Income Countries, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex.
81. Lucas, R.E. Jr. (2004) 'Life earnings and rural-urban migration', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 112, No. S1, pp.S29-S59. (Pubitemid 38485523)
82. Lucas, R.E. Jr. (2007) 'Trade and the diffusion the industrial revolution', NBER Working Paper No. 13286, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, UK, available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w13286.pdf?new-window=1 (accessed on 31 July 2011).
83. McKinnon, R.I. (1973) Money and Capital in Economic Development, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
84. Meijerink, G. and Roza, P. (2007) 'The role of agriculture in development', Markets, Chains and Sustainable Development Strategy and Policy Paper, No. 5, Stichting DLO, Wageningen, available at http://www.boci.wur.nl/UK/ Publications/.
85. Merritt, C. (2010) 'Mobile money transfer services: the next phase in the evolution in person-toperson payments', Retail Payments Risk Forum White Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, USA, available at http://www.frbatlanta.org/ documents/rprf/rprf-resources/wp-0810.pdf (accessed on 27 October 2011).
86. Mieszkowski, P. and Mills, E. (1993) 'The causes of metropolitan suburbanization', Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp.135-147.
87. Minghetti, V. and Buhalis, D. (2010) 'Digital divide in tourism', Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp.267-281.
88. Mosley, P. (2002) 'The African green revolution as a pro-poor policy instrument', Journal of International Development, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp.695-724.
89. Narayan, P.K. (2000) 'Fiji's tourism industry: A SWOT analysis', The Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.14-15.
90. Narayan, P.K. and Chand, B.P. (2003) 'Fiji's sugar, tourism and garment industries: A survey of performance, problems and potentials', Fijian Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.3-27.
91. Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S., Prasad, A. and Prasad, B.C. (2010) 'Tourism and economic growth: A panel data analysis for Pacific Island Countries', Tourism Economics, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.169-183.
92. Neanidis, K.C. and Varvarigos, D. (2009) 'The allocation of volatile aid and economic growth: theory and evidence', European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.447-462.
93. Nowak, J.Q., Sahli, M. and Cortes-Jimenez, I. (2007) 'Tourism, capital good imports and economic growth: theory and evidence for Spain', Tourism Economics, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.515-536.
94. Odhiambo, N.M. (2010) 'Finance-investment-growth nexus in South Africa: An ARDL-bounds testing procedure', Economic Change and Restructuring, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp.205-219.
95. Oh, C.O. (2005) 'The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy', Tourism Management, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp.39-44.
96. Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. (2001) 'Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships', Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.289-326.
97. Polese, M. (2005) 'Cities and national economic growth: A reappraisal', Urban Studies, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp.1429-1451. (Pubitemid 40990137)
98. Porter, M. (2001) 'Strategy and the internet', Harvard Business Review, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp.63-78.
99. Puga, D. (2010) 'The magnitude and causes of agglomeration economies', Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp.203-219.
100. Rajan, R.G. and Subramanian, A. (2011) 'Aid, Dutch disease, and manufacturing growth', Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp.106-118.
101. Rao, B.B. (2010) 'Estimates of the steady state growth rates for selected Asian countries with an extended Solow model', Economic Modelling, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.46-53.
102. Ravallion, M. and Chen, S. (2007) 'China's (uneven) progress against poverty', Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp.1-42. (Pubitemid 44734662)
103. Reserve Bank of Fiji (RBF) (2010) RBF Quarterly Review September 2010, RBF, Suva, Fiji.
104. Robinson, S. (1971) 'Sources of growth in less developed countries: A cross-section study', Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp.391-408.
105. Rodrik, D. (2008) 'Understanding South Africa's economic puzzles', Economics of Transition, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.769-797.
106. Rosenstein-Rodan, P.N. (1961) 'International aid for underdeveloped', Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp.107-138.
107. Savvides, A. (1995) 'Economic growth in Africa', World Development, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp.449-458.
108. Schubert, S.F., Brida, J.G. and Risso, W.A. (2011) 'The impacts of international tourism demand on economic growth of small economies dependent on tourism', Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.377-385.
109. Seetanah, B. (2011) 'Assessing the dynamic economic impact of tourism for island economies', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp.291-308.
110. Self, S. and Grabowski, R. (2007) 'Economic development and the role of agriculture technology', Agricultural Economics, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp.395-404. (Pubitemid 46713308)
111. Sheldon, P. (1997) Tourism Information Technologies, CAB, Oxford.
112. Shleifer, A. (2009) 'Peter Bauer and the failure of foreign aid', Cato Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp.379-390.
113. Sobhee, S.K. and Nath, S. (2010) 'Is donors' concern about the fungibility of foreign aid justified? A panel data analysis', Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp.299-311.
114. Solow, R.M. (1956) 'A contribution to the theory of economic growth', Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp.65-94.
115. Soubbotina, T.P. and Sheram, K.A. (2000) Economic Growth Meeting the Challenges of Global Development, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
116. Stel, A. and Suddle, K. (2008) 'The impact of new firm formation on regional development in the Netherlands', Small Business Economics, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.31-47.
117. Sumra, S.H., Manzoor, M., Sumra, H. and Abbas, M. (2011) 'The impact of e-banking on the profitability of banks: A study of Pakistani banks', Journal of Public Administration and Governance, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.31-38.
118. Tiffin, R. and Irz, X. (2006) 'Is agriculture the engine of growth?', Agricultural Economics, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp.79-89. (Pubitemid 43846408)
119. Timmer, C.P. (2002) 'Agriculture and economics development', in B. Gardner and G. Rausser (Eds.): Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 2A, pp.1487-1546, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
120. UN-HABITAT (2008) State of the World's Cities 2010/2011 Bridging the Urban Divide, Earthscan, UK.
121. UNWTO (2010a) 'UNWTO world tourism barometer committed to tourism, travel and the millennium development goals', UNWTO, Vol 8, No. 3, pp.1-10, available at http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO-Barom10-3-en-excerpt.pdf (accessed on 28 December 2010).
122. UNWTO (2010b) UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2010 Edition, UNWTO.
123. Venturini, F. (2009) 'The long-run impact of ICT', Empirical Economics, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp.497-515.
124. Werker, E., Ahmed, F.Z. and Cohen, C. (2009) 'How is foreign aid spent? Evidence from a natural experiment', American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.225-244.
125. Williamson, J. (1988) 'Migration and urbanization', in Chenery, H. and Srinavasan, T.N. (Eds.): Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier, New York.
126. World Bank (2010) World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance, World Bank, Washington DC, available at http://databank.worldbank.org/ ddp/home.do?Step=1&id=4 (accessed on 24 February 2011).
127. World Trade Organization (WTO) (2009) Trade Policy Review, WT/TPR/S/213/Rev.1, Doc. # 09-2965, World Trade Organization, available at http://docsonline.wto.org/GEN-highLightParent.asp?qu=%28+%40meta%5FSymbol+WT%F CTPR%2A+OR+PRESS%FCTPRB%FC%2A+%29+and+%28+%40meta%5FTitle+Fiji+%29+&doc= D%3A%2FDDFDOCUMENTS%2FT%2FWT%2FTPR%2FS213R1%2D00%2EDOC%2EHTM&curdoc= 9&popTitle=WT%2FTPR%2FS%2F213%2FRev%2E1 (accessed on 27 December 2010).
128. Wu, Y., Zhang, X. and Shen, L. (2011) 'The impact of urbanization policy on land use change: A scenario analysis', Cities, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.147-159.