Sweat constitutes several natural moisturizing factors, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium

Journal of Dermatological Science

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 177-182

  Watabe, Akiko ^a   Sugawara, Tomoko ^b   Kikuchi, Katsuko ^a   Yamasaki, Kenshi ^a   Sakai, Shingo ^b   Aiba, Setsuya ^a  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b KANEBO LTD   (Japan)

Author keywords

Amino acid; Anhidrosis; Lactate; Natural moisturizing factor; Pyrrolidone carbonic acid; Urea

Indexed keywords

2 PYRROLIDONE DERIVATIVE; AMINO ACID; CARBONIC ACID; IODINE; LACTIC ACID; POTASSIUM; PYRROLIDONE CARBONIC ACID; SODIUM; STARCH; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UREA; LACTIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AMINO ACID ANALYSIS; ANHIDROSIS; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CUTANEOUS PARAMETERS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMIDIFIER; HYDRATION; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN CONDUCTANCE; SKIN EXAMINATION; SKIN FUNCTION; SKIN PERMEABILITY; SKIN SURFACE; STRATUM CORNEUM; SWEAT GLAND DISEASE; SWEATING; CHEMISTRY; EPIDERMIS; INFANT; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOLOGY; PH; SKIN; SWEAT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AMINO ACIDS; CARBONIC ACID; EPIDERMIS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; HYPOHIDROSIS; INFANT; LACTATES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POTASSIUM; PYRROLIDINONES; SKIN; SODIUM; SWEAT; UREA;

EID: 84885082820     PISSN: 09231811     EISSN: 1873569X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.005     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Harding C.R. The stratum corneum: structure and function in health and disease. Dermatol Ther 2004, 17(Suppl. 1):6-15.
2. Rawlings A.V., Harding C.R. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther 2004, 17(Suppl. 1):43-48.
3. Verdier-Sevrain S., Bonte F. Skin hydration: a review on its molecular mechanisms. J Cosmet Dermatol 2007, 6:75-82.
4. Yamamura T., Tezuka T. The water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum measured by 1H-NMR. J Invest Dermatol 1989, 93:160-164.
5. Yadav S., Wickett R.R., Pinto N.G., Kasting G.B., Thiel S.W. Comparative thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of water interaction with human stratum corneum. Skin Res Technol 2009, 15:172-179.
6. Scott I.R., Harding C.R. Studies on the synthesis and degradation of a high molecular weight, histidine-rich phosphoprotein from mammalian epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981, 669:65-78.
7. Scott I.R., Harding C.R., Barrett J.G. Histidine-rich protein of the keratohyalin granules. Source of the free amino acids, urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid in the stratum corneum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982, 719:110-117.
8. Brown S.J., McLean W.H. One remarkable molecule: filaggrin. J Invest Dermatol 2011, 132:751-762.
9. Fluhr J.W., Elias P.M., Man M.Q., Hupe M., Selden C., Sundberg J.P., et al. Is the filaggrin-histidine-urocanic acid pathway essential for stratum corneum acidification?. J Invest Dermatol 2010, 130:2141-2144.
10. Egawa M., Tagami H. Comparison of the depth profiles of water and water-binding substances in the stratum corneum determined in vivo by Raman spectroscopy between the cheek and volar forearm skin: effects of age, seasonal changes and artificial forced hydration. Br J Dermatol 2008, 158:251-260.
11. Dahl M.V., Dahl A.C. 12% lactate lotion for the treatment of xerosis. A double-blind clinical evaluation. Arch Dermatol 1983, 119:27-30.
12. Van Scott E.J., Yu R.J. Hyperkeratinization, corneocyte cohesion, and alpha hydroxy acids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984, 11:867-879.
13. Gournay A., Navarro R., Mathieu J., Riviere M. Water retention of treated stratum corneum measured by a coupling method: thermal desorption-mass spectrometry. Int J Cosmet Sci 1995, 17:165-172.
14. Nakagawa N., Sakai S., Matsumoto M., Yamada K., Nagano M., Yuki T., et al. Relationship between NMF (lactate and potassium) content and the physical properties of the stratum corneum in healthy subjects. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 122:755-763.
15. Nakagawa N., Naito S., Yakumaru M., Sakai S. Hydrating effect of potassium lactate is caused by increasing the interaction between water molecules and the serine residue of the stratum corneum protein. Exp Dermatol 2011, 20:826-831.
16. al-Tamer Y.Y., Hadi E.A. Age dependent reference intervals of glucose, urea, protein, lactate and electrolytes in thermally induced sweat. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1994, 32:71-77.
17. Patterson M.J., Galloway S.D., Nimmo M.A. Variations in regional sweat composition in normal human males. Exp Physiol 2000, 85:869-875.
18. Caspers P.J., Lucassen G.W., Carter E.A., Bruining H.A., Puppels G.J. In vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy of the skin: noninvasive determination of molecular concentration profiles. J Invest Dermatol 2001, 116:434-442.
19. Sugawara T., Kikuchi K., Tagami H., Aiba S., Sakai S. Decreased lactate and potassium levels in natural moisturizing factor from the stratum corneum of mild atopic dermatitis patients are involved with the reduced hydration state. J Dermatol Sci 2012, 66:154-159.
20. Nakazato Y., Tamura N., Ohkuma A., Yoshimaru K., Shimazu K. Idiopathic pure sudomotor failure: anhidrosis due to deficits in cholinergic transmission. Neurology 2004, 63:1476-1480.
21. Kobayashi H., Aiba S., Yamagishi T., Tanita M., Hara M., Saito H., et al. Cholinergic urticaria, a new pathogenic concept: hypohidrosis due to interference with the delivery of sweat to the skin surface. Dermatology 2002, 204:173-178.
22. Rajka G. Sweat secretion. Essential aspects of atopic dermatitis 1989, 174-176. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. G. Rajka (Ed.).
23. Cormia F.E., Kuykendall V. Studies on sweat retention in various dermatoses. AMA Arch Derm 1955, 71:425-435.
24. Sulzberger M.B., Herrmann F., Morrill S.D., Pascher F., Miller K. Studies of sweat, lipids, and histopathology in children with dry skin (xerosis). Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1959, 14:129-143.
25. Palmer C.N., Irvine A.D., Terron-Kwiatkowski A., Zhao Y., Liao H., Lee S.P., et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006, 38:441-446.
26. Weidinger S., Illig T., Baurecht H., Irvine A.D., Rodriguez E., Diaz-Lacava A., et al. Loss-of-function variations within the filaggrin gene predispose for atopic dermatitis with allergic sensitizations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 118:214-219.
27. Akiyama M. FLG mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema: spectrum of mutations and population genetics. Br J Dermatol 2010, 162:472-477.
28. Howell M.D., Kim B.E., Gao P., Grant A.V., Boguniewicz M., Debenedetto A., et al. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007, 120:150-155.
29. Nemoto-Hasebe I., Akiyama M., Nomura T., Sandilands A., McLean W.H., Shimizu H. FLG mutation p.Lys4021X in the C-terminal imperfect filaggrin repeat in Japanese patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 2009, 161:1387-1390.
30. Kezic S., Kemperman P.M., Koster E.S., de Jongh C.M., Thio H.B., Campbell L.E., et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene lead to reduced level of natural moisturizing factor in the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 2008, 128:2117-2119.
31. Kawasaki H., Nagao K., Kubo A., Hata T., Shimizu A., Mizuno H., et al. Altered stratum corneum barrier and enhanced percutaneous immune responses in filaggrin-null mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 129. 1538-46 e1536.
32. Parkkinen M.U., Kiistala R., Kiistala U. Sweating response to moderate thermal stress in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1992, 126:346-350.
33. Kubo A., Ishizaki I., Kawasaki H., Nagao K., Ohashi Y., Amagai M. The stratum corneum comprises three layers with distinct metal-ion barrier properties. Sci Rep 2013, 3:1731.