Elemental Markers in Elasmobranchs: Effects of Environmental History and Growth on Vertebral Chemistry

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Smith, Wade D ^a   Miller, Jessica A ^a   Heppell, Selina S ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BARIUM; CADMIUM; CALCIUM; HYDROXYAPATITE; LANTHANUM; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; STRONTIUM; ZINC; ZIRCONIUM;

ARTICLE; BIOMINERALIZATION; BODY GROWTH; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELASMOBRANCH; FISH; NONHUMAN; OTOLITH; POPULATION MOVEMENT PATTERN; POPULATION STRUCTURE; PRECIPITATION; SALINITY; STINGRAY; TEMPERATURE; UROBATIS HALLERI; WATER TEMPERATURE;

ANIMALS; BARIUM; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CALCIUM; ELASMOBRANCHII; ENVIRONMENT; TEMPERATURE; WATER;

EID: 84885082577     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062423     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Lowenstam HA, (1954) Factors affecting the aragonite: calcite ratios in carbonate-secreting marine organisms. J Geol 62: 284-321. doi:10.1086/626163.
2. Thompson TG, Chow TJ, (1955) The strontium-calcium atom ratios in carbonate- secreting marine organisms. Deep Sea Res 3: 20-39.
3. Lea DW, (2006) Elemental and isotopic proxies of past ocean temperatures. In: Elderfield H, eds. The oceans and marine geochemistry, Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol 6. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford.
4. Campana SE, Thorrold SR, (2001) Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58: 30-38. doi:10.1139/f00-177.
5. Elsdon TS, Wells BK, Campana SE, Gillanders BM, Jones CM, et al. (2008) Otolith chemistry to describe movements and life-history parameters of fishes: hypotheses, assumptions, limitations, and inferences. Oceanogr Mar Biol 46: 297-330.
6. Sponaugle S, (2010) Otolith microstructure reveals ecological and oceanographic processes important to ecosystem-based management. Environ Biol Fishes 89: 221-238. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9676-z.
7. Stecher HA, Krantz DE, Lord CJ, Luther GW, Bock KW, (1996) Profiles of strontium and barium in Mercenaria mercenaria and Spisula solidissima shells. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 3445-3456. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00179-2.
8. Campana SE, (1999) Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 188: 263-297. doi:10.3354/meps188263.
9. Mulligan TJ, Lapi L, Kieser R, Yamada SB, Duewer DL, (1983) Salmon stock identification based on elemental composition of vertebrae. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40: 215-229. doi:10.1139/f83-327.
10. Wells BK, Thorrold SR, Jones CM, (2003) Stability of elemental signatures in the scales of spawning weakfish, Cynoscion regalis. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60: 361-369. doi:10.1139/f03-028.
11. Veinott GI, Evans RD, (1999) An examination of elemental stability in the fin ray of the white sturgeon with laser ablation sampling - inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LAS-ICP-MS). Trans Am Fish Soc 128: 352-261. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128.
12. Balter V, Lécuyer, (2010) Determination of Sr and Ba partition coefficients between apatite from fish (Sparus aurata) and seawater: The influence of temperature. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74: 3449-3458. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.015.
13. Watanabe T, Kiron V, Satoh S, (1997) Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture 151: 185-207. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01503-7.
14. Chowdhury MJ, Blust R, (2012) Strontium. In: Wood CM, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ, eds. Homeostasis and toxicology of non-essential metals, Fish Physiology Ser Vol 31B. Academic Press, Waltham, MA.
15. de Vries MC, Gillanders BM, Elsdon TS, (2005) Facilitation of barium uptake into fish otoliths: Influence of strontium concentration and salinity. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69: 4061-4072. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.052.
16. Bath-Martin G, Thorrold SR, (2005) Temperature and salinity effects on magnesium, manganese, and barium incorporation in otoliths of larval and early juvenile spot Leiostomus xanthurus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 293: 223-232. doi:10.3354/meps293223.
17. Kalish JM, (1989) Otolith microchemistry: validation of the effects of physiology, age and environment on otolith composition. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 132: 151-178. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(89)90126-3.
18. Walther BD, Kingsford MJ, O'Callaghan MD, McCulloch MT, (2010) Interactive effects of ontogeny, food ration and temperature on elemental incorporation in otoliths of a coral reef fish. Environ Biol. Fish 89: 441-451. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9661-6.
19. Clement JG, (1992) Re-examination of the fine structure of endoskeletal mineralization in Chondrichthyans: implications for growth, ageing and calcium homeostasis. Mar Freshw Res 43: 157-181. doi:10.1071/MF9920157.
20. Welden BA, Cailliet GM, Flegal AR, (1987) Comparison of radiometric with vertebral age estimates in four California elasmobranchs. In: Summerfelt RC, Hall GE, eds. The age and growth of fish. The Iowa State University Press, Ames.
21. Dean MN, Summers AP, (2006) Cartilage in the skeleton of cartilaginous fishes. Zoology 109: 164-168. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.002. PubMed: 16584875.
22. Simkiss K, (1974) Calcium metabolism of fish in relation to ageing. In: Bagenal TB, eds. Ageing of fish. Unwin Brother, Ltd., Surrey.
23. Dean MN, Mull CG, Gorb SN, Summers AP, (2009) Ontogeny of the tessellated skeleton: insight from the skeletal growth of the round stingray Urobatis halleri. J Anat 215: 227-239. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01116.x. PubMed: 19627389.
24. Ashhurst DE, (2004) The cartilaginous skeleton of an elasmobranch fish does not heal. Matrix Biol 23: 15-22. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2004.02.001. PubMed: 15172034.
25. Doyle J, (1968) Ageing changes in cartilage from Squalus acanthias L. Comp Biochem Physiol 25: 201-206. doi:10.1016/0010-406X(68)90927-4. PubMed: 5657197.
26. Cailliet GM, Goldman KJ, (2004) Age determination and validation in chondrichthyan fishes. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR, eds. Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
27. Hale LF, Dudgeon JV, Mason AZ, Lowe CG, (2006) Elemental signatures in the vertebral cartilage of the round stingray, Urobatis halleri, from Seal Beach, California. Environ Biol. Fish 77: 317-325. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9124-2.
28. MacNeil MA, Skomal GB, Fisk AT, (2005) Stable isotopes from multiple tissues reveal diet switching in sharks. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 302: 199-206. doi:10.3354/meps302199.
29. Kerr LA, Andrews AH, Cailliet GM, Brown TA, Coale KA, (2006) Investigations of Δ14C, δ13C, and δ15N in vertebrae of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Environ Biol. Fish 77: 337-353. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9125-1.
30. Edmonds JS, Shibata Y, Lenanton N, Caputi N, Morita M, (1996) Elemental composition of jaw cartilage of gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus Günther. Sci Total Environ 192: 151-161. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05311-9.
31. Tillett BJ, Meekan MG, Parry D, Munksgaard N, Field IC, et al. (2011) Decoding fingerprints: elemental composition of vertebrae correlates to age-related habitat use in two morphologically similar sharks. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 434: 133-142. doi:10.3354/meps09222.
32. Werry JM, Lee SY, Otway NM, Hu Y, Sumpton W, (2011) A multi-faceted approach for quantifying the estuarine-nearshore transition in the life cycle of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas. Mar Freshw Res 62: 1421-1431. doi:10.1071/MF11136.
33. Babel JS, (1967) Reproduction, life history, and ecology of the round stingray, Urolophus halleri Cooper. Calif Fish Game. Bulletin 137: 2-104.
34. Hale LF, Lowe CG, (2008) Age and growth of the round stingray Urobatis halleri at Seal Beach, California. J Fish Biol 7: 510-523.
35. Simpfendorfer CA, (2000) Growth rates of juvenile dusky sharks, Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesuer, 1818) from southwestern Australia estimated from tag-recapture data. Fish Bull 98: 811-822.
36. Hoisington G, Lowe CG, (2005) Abundance and distribution of the round stingray, Urobatis halleri, near a heated effluent outfall. Mar Environ Res 60: 437-453. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2005.01.003. PubMed: 15924993.
37. Gillanders BM, (2002) Temporal and spatial variability in elemental composition of otoliths: implications for determining stock identity and connectivity of populations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59: 669-679. doi:10.1139/f02-040.
38. Zumholz K, Hanstten TH, Piatkowski U, Croot PL, (2007) Influence of temperature and salinity on the trace element incorporation into statoliths of the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Mar Biol 151: 1321-1330. doi:10.1007/s00227-006-0564-1.
39. Bath GE, Thorrold SR, Jones CM, Campana SE, McLaren JW, et al. (2000) Strontium and barium uptake in aragonitic otoliths of marine fish. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64: 1707-1714.
40. Miller JA, (2009) The effects of temperature and water concentration on the otolith incorporation of barium and manganese in black rockfish, Sebastes melanops. J Fish Biol 75: 39-60. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02262.x. PubMed: 20738481.
41. Gelsleichter J, Cortés E, Manire CA, Hueter RA, Musick JA, (1997) Use of calcein as a fluorescent marker for elasmobranch vertebral cartilage. Trans Am Fish Soc 126: 862-865. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126.
42. DiMaria RA, Miller JA, Hurst TP, (2010) Temperature and growth effects on otolith elemental composition of larval Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus. Environ Biol. Fish 89: 453-462. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9665-2.
43. Smith WD, Cailliet GM, Mariano-Melendez E, (2007) Maturity and growth characteristics of a commercially exploited stingray, Dasyatis dipterura. Mar Freshw Res 58: 54-66. doi:10.1071/MF06083.
44. Miller JA, Shanks AL, (2004) Evidence for limited larval dispersal in black rockfish (Sebastes melanops): Implications for population structure and marine reserve design. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61: 1723-1735. doi:10.1139/f04-111.
45. Dove SG, Gillanders GM, Kingsford MJ, (1996) An investigation of chronological differences in the deposition of trace metals in the otoliths of two temperate reef fishes. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 205: 15-33. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02610-X.
46. Kent A, Ungerer C, (2006) Analysis of light lithophile elements (Li, Be, B) by laser ablation ICP-MS: comparison between magnetic sector and quadrupole ICP-MS. Am Mineral 91: 1401-1411. doi:10.2138/am.2006.2030.
47. Morse JW, Bender ML, (1990) Partition coefficients in calcite: Examination of factors influencing the validity of experimental results and their application to natural systems. Chem Geol 82: 265-277. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(90)90085-L.
48. Zar JH, (1996) Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, NJ.
49. Scheiner SM, (2001) MANOVA: Multiple response variables and multispecies interactions. In: Scheiner SM, Gurevitch J, eds. Design and analysis of ecological experiments, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
50. Hurst TP, Laurel BJ, Ciannelli L, (2010) Ontogentic patterns and temperature-dependent growth rates in early life stages of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Fish Bull 108: 382-392.
51. McGarigal K, Cushman S, Stafford S, (2000) Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
52. Titus K, Mosher JA, Williams BK, (1984) Chance-corrected classification for use in discriminant analysis: ecological applications. Am Midl Nat 111: 1-7. doi:10.2307/2425535.
53. Mayer I, Berger U, Markitziu A, Gedalia I, (1986) The uptake of lithium by synthetic carbonated hydroxyapatite. Calcif Tissue Int 38: 293-295. doi:10.1007/BF02556609. PubMed: 3087603.
54. Delaney ML, Bé AWH, Boyle EA, (1985) Li, Sr, Mg, and Na in foraminiferal calcite shells from laboratory culture, sediment traps, and sediment cores. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49: 1327-1341. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90284-4.
55. Marriott CS, Henderson GM, Belshaw NS, Tudhope AW, (2004) Temperature dependence of δ7 Li, δ44Ca and Li/Ca during growth of calcium carbonate. Earth Planet Sci Lett 222: 615-624. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.031.
56. Rollion-Bard C, Vigier N, Meibom A, Blamart D, Reynaud S, et al. (2009) Effect of environmental conditions and skeletal ultrastructure on the Li isotopic composition of scleractinian corals. Earth Planet Sci Lett 286: 63-70. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.015.
57. Friedrich LA, Halden NM, (2008) Alkali element uptake in otoliths: A link between environment and otolith microchemistry. Environ Sci Technol 42: 3514-3518. doi:10.1021/es072093r. PubMed: 18546682.
58. Hicks AS, Closs GP, Swearer SE, (2010) Otolith microchemistry of two amphidromous galaxiids across an experimental salinity gradient: A multi-element approach for tracking diadromous migrations. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 394: 86-97. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.07.018.
59. Chittaro PM, Usseglio P, Fryer BJ, Sale PF, (2006) Spatial variation in otolith chemistry of Lutjanus apodus at Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Estuarine Coast Shelf Sci 67: 673-680. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.12.014.
60. Fleishman DG, Saulus AA, Vasilieva VF, (1986) Lithium in marine elasmobranchs as a natural marker of rectal gland contribution in sodium balance. Comp Biochem Physiol A 84: 643-648. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(86)90379-8. PubMed: 2875828.
61. Evans DH, Piermarini PM, Choe KP, (2004) Homeostasis: Osmoregulation, pH regulation, and nitrogen. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR, eds. Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
62. Schifano G, (1982) Temperature-magnesium relations in the shell carbonate of some modern marine gastropods. Chem Geol 35: 321-332. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(82)90009-2.
63. Rosenthal Y, Boyle EA, Slowey N, (1997) Temperature control on the incorporation of magnesium, strontium, fluorine, and cadmium into benthic foraminiferal shells from Little Bahama Bank: Prospects for thermocline paleoceanography. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61: 3633-3643. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00181-6.
64. Hoff GR, Fuiman LA, (1995) Environmentally induced variation in elemental composition of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) otoliths. Bull Mar Sci 56: 578-591.
65. Bath-Martin G, Wuenschel MJ, (2006) Effect of temperature and salinity on otolith element incorporation in juvenile gray snapper Lutjanus griseus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 324: 229-239. doi:10.3354/meps324229.
66. Barnes TC, Gillanders BM, (2013) Combined effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on otolith chemistry: implications for environmental reconstructions. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 70: 1159-1166. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2012-0442.
67. Gaetani GA, Cohen AL, (2006) Element partitioning during precipitation of aragonite from seawater: A framework for understanding paleoproxies. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70: 4617-4634. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.008.
68. Aoba T, Moreno EC, Shimoda S, (1992) Competitive adsorption of magnesium and calcium ions onto synthetic and biological apatites. Calcif Tissue Int 51: 143-150. doi:10.1007/BF00298503. PubMed: 1422954.
69. Okamura M, Kitano Y, (1986) Coprecipitation of alkali metal ions with calcium carbonate. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50: 49-58. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90047-5.
70. Lloyd DC, Zacherl DC, Walker S, Paradis G, Sheehy M, et al. (2008) Egg source, temperature and culture seawater affect elemental signatures in Kelletia kelletii larval statoliths. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 353: 115-130. doi:10.3354/meps07172.
71. Fowler AJ, Campana SE, Jones CM, Thorrold SR, (1995) Experimental assessment of the effect of temperature and salinity on elemental composition of otoliths using laser ablation ICPMS. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52: 1431-1441. doi:10.1139/f95-138.
72. Mayer I, Jacobsohn O, Niazov T, Werckmann J, Iliescu M, et al. (2003) Manganese in precipitated hydroxyapatites. Eur J Inorg Chem(2003): pp. 1445-1451. doi:10.1002/ejic.200390188.
73. Madejczyk MS, Boyer JL, Ballatori N, (2009) Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of manganese in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Comp Biochem Physiol C 149: 566-571.
74. Mathews T, Fisher NS, (2009) Dominance of dietary intake of metals in marine elasmobranch and teleost fish. Sci Total Environ 407: 5156-5161. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.003. PubMed: 19580992.
75. Pentreath RJ, (1973) The accumulation from seawater of 65 Zn, 54Mn, 58Co, and 59Fe by the thornback ray, Raja clavata L. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 12: 327-334. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(73)90062-2.
76. Elsdon TS, Gillanders BM, (2002) Interactive effects of temperature and salinity on otolith chemistry: challenges for determining environmental histories of fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59: 1796-1808. doi:10.1139/f02-154.
77. Dorval E, Jones CM, Hannigan R, van Montfrans J, (2007) Relating otolith chemistry to surface water in a coastal plain estuary. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 64: 411-424. doi:10.1139/f07-015.
78. Strasser CA, Mullineaux LS, Walther BD, (2008) Growth rate and age effects on Mya Arenaria shell chemistry: Implications for biogeochemical studies. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 355: 153-163. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.022.
79. Limburg KI, Olson C, Walther Y, Dale D, Slomp CP, et al. (2011) Tracking Baltic hypoxia and cod migration over millennia with natural tags. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 177-182. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100684108. PubMed: 21518871.
80. Ranaldi MM, Gagnon MM, (2010) Trace metal incorporation in otoliths of pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) as an environmental indicator. Comp Biochem Physiol C 152: 248-255.
81. Vallee BL, (1983) Zinc in biology and biochemistry. In: Sprio TG, eds. Zinc enzymes, Metal ions in biology Vol 5. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
82. Milner NJ, (1982) The accumulation of zinc by 0-group plaice, Pleuronectes platessa (L.), from high concentrations in sea water and food. J Fish Biol 21: 325-336.
83. Willis JN, Sunda WG, (1984) Relative contributions of food and water in the accumulation of zinc by two species of marine fish. Mar Biol 80: 273-279. doi:10.1007/BF00392822.
84. Tang Y, Chappell HF, Dove MT, Reeder RJ, Lee YG, (2009) Zinc incorporation into hydroxylapatite. Biomaterials 30: 2864-2872. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.043. PubMed: 19217156.
85. Miller MB, Clough AM, Batson JN, Vachet RW, (2006) Transition metal binding in cod otolith proteins. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 329: 135-143. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2005.08.016.
86. Milton DA, Chenery SR, (2001) Sources and uptake of trace metals in otoliths of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 264: 47-65. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00301-X.
87. Webb SD, Woodcock SH, Gillanders BM, (2012) Sources of otolith barium and strontium in estuarine fish and the influence of salinity and temperature. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 453: 189-199. doi:10.3354/meps09653.
88. Walther BD, Thorrold SR, (2006) Water, not food, contributes the majority of strontium and barium deposited in the otoliths of a marine fish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311: 125-130. doi:10.3354/meps311125.
89. Schoenberg HP, (1963) Extent of strontium substitution for calcium in hydroxyapatite. Biochim Biophys Acta 75: 96-103. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(63)90583-3. PubMed: 14060136.
90. Beck JW, Edwards RL, Ito E, Taylor FW, Recy J, et al. (1992) Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium/calcium ratios. Science 257: 644-647. doi:10.1126/science.257.5070.644. PubMed: 17740731.
91. Wells BK, Bath GE, Thorrold SR, Jones CM, (2000) Incorporation of strontium, cadmium, and barium in juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) scales reflects water chemistry. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57: 2122-2129. doi:10.1139/f00-178.
92. Marohn L, Hilge V, Zumholz K, Klügel, Anders H, Hanel R, (2011) Temperature dependency of element incorporation into European eel (Anguilla anguilla) otoliths. Anal Bioanal Chem 399: 2175-2184. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-4412-2. PubMed: 21107822.
93. Balter V, Lécuyer, (2004) Determination of Sr and Ba partition coefficients and water from 5°C to 60°C: a potential new thermometer for aquatic paleoenvironments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68: 423-432. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00453-8.
94. Zacherl DC, Paradis G, Lea DW, (2003) Barium and strontium uptake into larval protoconchs and statoliths of the marine neogastropod Kelletia kelletii. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67: 4091-4099. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00384-3.
95. Strasser CA, Mullineaux LS, Thorrold SR, (2008) Temperature and salinity effects on elemental uptake in the shells of larval and juvenile softshell clams Mya Arenaria. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 370: 155-169. doi:10.3354/meps07658.
96. Zwolsman JJG, Van Eck BTM, Van Der Weijden CH, (1997) Geochemistry of dissolved trace metals (cadmium, copper, zinc) in the Scheldt estuary southwestern Netherlands: Impact of seasonal variability. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61: 1635-1652. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00029-X.
97. Gosnell KJ, Landing WN, Milne A, (2012) Fluorometric detection of total dissolved zinc in the southern Indian Ocean. Mar Chem 132-133: 68-76. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2012.01.004.
98. Thorrold SR, Campana SE, Jones CM, Swart PK, (1997) Factors determining d13C and d18O fractionation in aragonitic otoliths of marine fish. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61: 2909-2919. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00141-5.
99. McMahon KW, Fogel ML, Johnson BJ, Houghton LA, Thorrold SA, (2011) A new method to reconstruct fish diet and movement patterns from δ13C values in otolith amino acids. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 68: 1330-1340. doi:10.1139/f2011-070.
100. Hobson KA, Barnett-Johnson R, Cerling T, (2010) Using Isoscapes to Track Animal Migration. In: West JB, Bowen GJ, Dawson TE, Tu KP, eds. Understanding movement, pattern, and process on earth through isotope mapping. Springer Science+Business Media, NY.
101. Carlisle AB, Kim SL, Semmens BX, Madigan DJ, Jorgensen SL, et al. (2012) Using stable isotope analysis to understand the migration and trophic ecology of northeastern Pacific white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). PLOS ONE 7(2):: e30492. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.003492. PubMed: 22355313.
102. Miller JA, Banks MA, Gomez-Uchida D, Shanks AL, (2005) A comparison of population structure in black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) as determined with otolith microchemistry and microsatellite DNA. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62: 2189-2198. doi:10.1139/f05-133.
103. Cailliet GM, Smith WD, Mollet HF, Goldman KJ, (2006) Age and growth studies of chondrichthyan fishes: the need for consistency in terminology, verification, validation, and growth function fitting. Environ Biol Fishes 77: 211-228. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9105-5.
104. Swearer SE, Forrester GE, Steele MA, Brooks AJ, Lea DW, (2003) Spatio-temporal and interspecific variation in otolith trace-elemental fingerprints in a temperate estuarine fish assemblage. Estuarine Coast Shelf Sci 56: 1111-1123. doi:10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00317-7.
105. Hamer PA, Jenkins GP, (2007) Comparison of spatial variation in otolith chemistry of two fish species and relationships with water chemistry and otolith growth. J Fish Biol 71: 1035-1055. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01570.x.
106. Ridewood WG, (1921) On the calcification of the vertebral centra in sharks and rays. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 210: 311-407. doi:10.1098/rstb.1921.0008.