Articular osteochondrosis: A comparison of naturally-occurring human and animal disease

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage

Volumn 21, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 1638-1647

  McCoy, A M ^a   Toth, F ^a   Dolvik, N I ^b   Ekman, S ^c   Ellermann, J ^d   Olstad, K ^b   Ytrehus, B ^e   Carlson, C S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^c SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e Arendal Kristiansand   (Norway)

Author keywords

Articular epiphyseal cartilage complex; Endochondral ossification; Osteochondritis dissecans; Osteochondrosis; Pathogenesis; Translational model

Indexed keywords

ALLELE; ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; BONE MATURATION; BONE NECROSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEBRIDEMENT; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC RISK; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MINERALIZATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOCHONDROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ANIMAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPLICATION; HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION; NOMENCLATURE; PREVALENCE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; VETERINARY;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; OSSIFICATION, HETEROTOPIC; OSTEOCHONDROSIS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 84884981243     PISSN: 10634584     EISSN: 15229653     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.011     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Yonetani Y., Nakamura N., Natsuume T., Shiozaki Y., Tanaka Y., Horibe S. Histological evaluation of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: a case series. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010, 18:723-730. (Published Online First: 4 September 2009). 10.1007/s00167-009-0898-6.
2. Ytrehus B., Carlson C.S., Ekman S. Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. Vet Pathol 2007, 44:429-448. 10.1354/vp.44-4-429.
3. Olstad K., Ytrehus B., Ekman S., Carlson C.S., Dolvik N.I. Early lesions of osteochondrosis in the distal tibia of foals. JOrthop Res 2007, 25:1094-1105. (Published Online First: 5 April 2007). 10.1002/jor.20375.
4. Olstad K., Ytrehus B., Ekman S., Carlson C.S., Dolvik N.I. Early lesions of articular osteochondrosis in the distal femur of foals. Vet Pathol 2011, 48:1165-1175. (Published Online First: 14 February 2011). 10.1177/0300985811398250.
5. Ytrehus B., Grindflek E., Teige J., Stubsjøen E., Grøndalen T., Carlson C.S., et al. The effect of parentage on the prevalence, severity and location of lesions of osteochondrosis in swine. JVet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2004, 51:188-195. (Published Online First: 16 July 2004). 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00621.x.
6. Wagoner G., Cohn B.N.E. Osteochondritis dissecans: a résumé of the theories of etiology and the consideration of heredity as an etiologic factor. Arch Surg 1931, 23:1-25.
7. Edmonds E.W., Polousky J. Areview of knowledge in osteochondritis dissecans: 123 years of minimal evolution from Konig to the ROCK study Group. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013, 471:1118-1126. (Published Online First: 24 February 2012). 10.1007/s11999-012-2290-y.
8. Howald H. Zur kenntnis der osteochondrosis dissecans (osteochondrotos dissecans). Archiv für orthopädische und Unfall-Chirurgie 1942, 41:730-788.
9. Atanda A., Shah S.A., O'Brien K. Osteochondrosis: common causes of pain in growing bones. Am Fam Physician 2011, 83:285-291.
10. Pappas A.M. Osteochondrosis dissecans. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1981, 158:59-69.
11. Lindholm T.S., Osterman K., Vankka E. Osteochondritis dissecans of elbow, ankle and hip: a comparison survey. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1980, 148:245-253.
12. Schenck R.C., Goodnight J.M. Osteochondritis dissecans. JBone Joint Surg Am 1996, 78:439-456.
13. Omer G.E. Primary articular osteochondroses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1981, 158:33-40.
14. Kocher M.S., Tucker R., Ganley T.J., Flynn J.M. Management of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: current concepts review. Am J Sports Med 2006, 34:1181-1191. 10.1177/0363546506290127.
15. Dipaola J.D., Nelson D.W., Colville M.R. Characterizing osteochondral lesions by magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 1991, 7:101-104.
16. Doyle S.M., Monahan A. Osteochondroses: a clinical review for the pediatrician. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010, 22:41-46. 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328334579e.
17. Kocher M.S., Czarnecki J.J., Andersen J.S., Micheli L.J. Internal fixation of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the knee. Am J Sports Med 2007, 35:712-718. (Published Online First: 2 March 2007). 10.1177/0363546506296608.
18. Wall E., Von Stein D. Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans. Orthop Clin North Am 2003, 34:341-353.
19. Fortier L.A., Nixon A.J. New surgical treatments for osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral bone cysts. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2005, 21:673-690. vii. 10.1016/j.cveq.2005.07.005.
20. Foland J.W., McIlwraith C.W., Trotter G.W. Arthroscopic surgery for osteochondritis dissecans of the femoropatellar joint of the horse. Equine Vet J 1992, 24:419-423.
21. Grøndalen T. Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. I. Incidence in animals up to 120kg live weight. Acta Vet Scand 1974, 15:1-25.
22. Jorgensen B. Longevity of breeding sows in relation to leg weakness symptoms at six months of age. Acta Vet Scand 2000, 41:105-121.
23. Jorgensen B. Osteochondrosis/osteoarthrosis and claw disorders in sows, associated with leg weakness. Acta Vet Scand 2000, 41:123-138.
24. Carlson C.S., Meuten D.J., Richardson D.C. Ischemic necrosis of cartilage in spontaneous and experimental lesions of osteochondrosis. JOrthop Res 1991, 9:317-329. (Published Online First: 18 February 2005). 10.1002/jor.1100090303.
25. Dewey C. Diseases of the nervous and locomotor systems. Diseases of Swine 1999, 861-883. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford. 8th edn. B. Straw, S. D'Allaire, W. Mengeling (Eds.).
26. Devine D.V., VanPelt S.R., Boileau M.J. What is your diagnosis? Osteochondrosis dissecans. JAm Vet Med Assoc 2011, 238:39-40. 10.2460/javma.238.1.39.
27. Bullough P.G. Atlas of Orthopedic Pathology with Clinical and Radiologic Correlations 1992, Gower Medical Publishing, New York. 2nd edn.
28. Jansson N., Ducharme N.G. Angular limb deformities in foals: treatment and prognosis. Comp Cont Educ Pract 2005, 27:134-146.
29. Nielsen N.A. Osteochondritis dissecans capitulim humeri. Acta Orthop Scand 1933, 4:307-418.
30. Linden B. The incidence of osteochondritis dissecans in the condyles of the femur. Acta Orthop Scand 1976, 47:664-667.
31. Duthie R.B., Houghton G.R. Constitutional aspects of the osteochondroses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1981, 158:19-27.
32. Kane A.J., Park R.D., McIlwraith C.W., Rantanen N.W., Morehead J.P., Bramlage L.R. Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 1: prevalence at the time of the yearling sales. Equine Vet J 2003, 35:354-365.
33. Kroll A., Hertsch B., Hoppner S. Entwicklung osteochondraler veränderungen in den fessel- und talokruralgelenken im röntgenbild beim fohlen. Pferdeheilkunde 2001, 17:489-500.
34. Carlson C.S., Hilley H.D., Meuten D.J., Hagan J.M., Moser R.L. Effect of reduced growth rate on the prevalence and severity of osteochondrosis in gilts. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:396-402.
35. Barrie H.J. Osteochondritis dissecans 1887-1987: a centennial look at König's memorable phrase. JBone Joint Surg Br 1987, 69:693-695.
36. Uozumi H., Sugita T., Aizawa T., Takahashi A., Ohnuma M., Itoi E. Histologic findings and possible causes of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Am J Sports Med 2009, 37:2003-2008. (Published Online First: 8 September 2009). 10.1177/0363546509346542.
37. Cahill B.R. Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: treatment of juvenile and adult forms. JAm Acad Orthop Surg 1995, 3:237-247.
38. Skagen P.S., Horn T., Kruse H.A., Staergaard B., Rapport M.M., Nicolaisen T. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), an endoplasmic reticulum storage disease?: a morphological and molecular study of OCD fragments. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011, 21:e17-e33.
39. van de Lest C.H., Brama P.A., van El B., DeGroot J., van Weeren P.R. Extracellular matrix changes in early osteochondrotic defects in foals: a key role for collagen?. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004, 1690:54-62.
40. Lecocq M., Girard C.A., Fogarty U., Beauchamp G., Richard H., Laverty S. Cartilage matrix changes in the developing epiphysis: early events on the pathway to equine osteochondrosis?. Equine Vet J 2008, 40:442-454.
41. Ytrehus B., Ekman S., Carlson C.S., Teige J., Reinholt F.P. Focal changes in blood supply during normal epiphyseal growth are central in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis in pigs. Bone 2004, 35(6):1294-1306. 10.1016/j.bone.2004.08.016.
42. Olstad K., Hendrickson E.H.S., Carlson C.S., Ekman S., Dolvik N.I. Transection of vessels in epiphyseal cartilage canals leads to osteochondrosis and osteochondrosis dissecans in the femoro-patellar joint of foals; a potential model of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans. Osteoarthritis Cart 2013, 21:730-738. (Published Online First: 18 February 2013). 10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.005.
43. Ytrehus B., Andreas Haga H., Mellum C.N., Mathisen L., Carlson C.S., Ekman S., et al. Experimental ischemia of porcine growth cartilage produces lesions of osteochondrosis. JOrthop Res 2004, 22(6):1201-1209. (Published Online First: 1 January 2006). 10.1016/j.orthres.2004.03.006.
44. van Weeren P.R., Barneveld A. The effect of exercise on the distribution and manifestation of osteochondrotic lesions in the Warmblood foal. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 31:16-25.
45. Lepeule J., Bareille N., Robert C., Ezanno P., Valette J.P., Jacquet S., et al. Association of growth, feeding practices and exercise conditions with the prevalence of Developmental Orthopaedic Disease in limbs of French foals at weaning. Prev Vet Med 2009, 89:167-177. (Published Online First: 28 March 2009). 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.018.
46. Douglas G., Rang M. The role of trauma in the pathogenesis of the osteochondroses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1981, 158:28-32.
47. Campbell C.J., Ranawat C.S. Osteochondritis dissecans: the question of etiology. JTrauma 1966, 6:201-221.
48. Carlson C.S., Cullins L.D., Meuten D.J. Osteochondrosis of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in young horses: evidence for a defect in cartilage canal blood supply. Vet Pathol 1995, 32:641-647.
49. Hintz H.F. Factors which influence developmental orthopedic disease. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 1987, vol. 33:159-162.
50. McIlwraith CW, Ed., American Quarter Horse Association. Summary of panel findings. In: McIlwraith CW, Ed. Proceedings Panel on Developmental Orthopedic Disease, AQHA Developmental Orthopedic Symposium. Amarillo, TX: The American Quarter Horse Association, 1986:55-61.
51. Cymbaluk N.F., Smart M.E. Areview of possible metabolic relationships of copper to equine bone disease. Equine Vet J Suppl 1993, 16:19-26.
52. Hurtig M., Green S.L., Dobson H., Mikuni-Takagaki Y., Choi J. Correlative study of defective cartilage and bone growth in foals fed a low copper diet. Equine Vet J Suppl 1993, 16:66-73.
53. Savage C.J., McCarthy R.N., Jeffcott L.B. Effects of dietary phosphorus and calcium on induction of dyschondroplasia in foals. Equine Vet J Suppl 1993, 16:80-83.
54. Savage C.J., McCarthy R.N., Jeffcott L.B. Effects of dietary energy and protein on induction of dyschondroplasia in foals. Equine Vet J Suppl 1993, 16:74-79.
55. Frantz N.Z., Andrews G.A., Tokach M.D., Nelssen J.L., Goodband R.D., Derouchey J.M., et al. Effect of dietary nutrients on osteochondrosis lesions and cartilage properties in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2008, 69:617-624. 10.2460/ajvr.69.5.617.
56. Gabel A.A., Knight D.A., Reed S.M. Comparison of incidence and severity of developmental orthopedic disease on 17 farms before and after adjustment of ration. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1987, 33:163-170.
57. van Grevenhof E.M., Heuven H.C.M., van Weeren P.R., Bijma P. The relationship between growth and osteochondrosis in specific joints in pigs. Livestock Sci 2012, 143:85-90.
58. Novotny H. Osteochondrosis dissecans in two brothers; the pre- and developed state. Acta Radiol 1952, 37:493-497.
59. Pick M.P. Familial osteochondritis dissecans. JBone Joint Surg Br 1955, 37-B:142-145.
60. Mubarak S.J., Carroll N.C. Familial osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979, 140:131-136.
61. Phillips H.O., Grubb S.A. Familial multiple osteochondritis dissecans. Report of a kindred. JBone Joint Surg Am 1985, 67:155-156.
62. Stattin E.L., Wiklund F., Lindblom K., Onnerfjord P., Jonsson B.A., Tegner Y., et al. Amissense mutation in the aggrecan C-type lectin domain disrupts extracellular matrix interactions and causes dominant familial osteochondritis dissecans. Am J Hum Genet 2010, 86:126-137. (Published Online First: 4 February 2010). 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.018.
63. Tsirikos A.I., Riddle E.C., Kruse R. Bilateral Kohler's disease in identical twins. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003, 409:195-198. 10.1097/01.blo.0000057993.41099.d5.
64. Mackie T., Wilkins R.M. Case report: osteochondritis dissecans in twins: treatment with fresh osteochondral grafts. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010, 468:893-897. (Published Online First: 7 August 2009). 10.1007/s11999-009-1017-1.
65. Woods K., Harris I. Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus in identical twins. JBone Joint Surg Br 1995, 77:331.
66. Grondahl A.M., Dolvik N.I. Heritability estimations of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1993, 203:101-104.
67. Reiland S., Ordell N., Lundeheim N., Olsson S.E. Heredity of osteochondrosis, body constitution and leg weakness in the pig. A correlative investigation using progeny testing. Acta Radiol Suppl 1978, 358:123-137.
68. van Grevenhof E.M., Schurink A., Ducro B.J., van Weeren P.R., van Tartwijk J.M., Bijma P., et al. Genetic variables of various manifestations of osteochondrosis and their correlations between and within joints in Dutch warmblood horses. JAnim Sci 2009, 87(6):1906-1912. (Published Online First: 11 February 2009). 10.2527/jas.2008-1199.
69. Philpsson J., Andreasson E., Sandgren B., Dalin G., Carlsten J. Osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints in Standardbred trotters. II. Heritability. Equine Vet J Suppl 1993, 16:38-41.
70. Fan B., Onteru S.K., Mote B.E., Serenius T., Stalder K.J., Rothschild M.F. Large-scale association study for structural soundness and leg locomotion traits in the pig. Genet Sel Evol 2009, 41:14. 10.1186/1297-9686-41-14.
71. Wittwer C., Hamann H., Distl O. The candidate gene XIRP2 at a quantitative gene locus on equine chromosome 18 associated with osteochondrosis in fetlock and hock joints of South German Coldblood horses. JHered 2009, 100:481-486. (Published Online First: 20 March 2009). 10.1093/jhered/esp006.
72. Andersson-Eklund L., Uhlhorn H., Lundeheim N., Dalin G., Andersson L. Mapping quantitative trait loci for principal components of bone measurements and osteochondrosis scores in a wild boar x large white intercross. Genet Res 2000, 75:223-230.
73. Dierks C., Lohring K., Lampe V., Wittwer C., Drögemüller C., Distl O. Genome-wide search for markers associated with osteochondrosis in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Mamm Genome 2007, 18:739-747. (Published Online First: 28 September 2007). 10.1007/s00335-007-9058-9.
74. Lykkjen S., Dolvik N.I., McCue M.E., Rendahl A.K., Mickelson J.R., Roed K.H. Genome-wide association analysis of osteochondrosis of the tibiotarsal joint in Norwegian Standardbred trotters. Anim Genet 2010, 41(Suppl 2):111-120. (Published Online First: 10 November 2010). 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02117.x.
75. Corbin L.J., Blott S.C., Swinburne J.E., Sibbons C., Fox-Clipsham L.Y., Helwegen M., et al. Agenome-wide association study of osteochondritis dissecans in the Thoroughbred. Mamm Genome 2012, 23:294-303. (Published Online First: 4 November 2011). 10.1007/s00335-011-9363-1.
76. Teyssèdre S., Dupuis M.C., Guérin G., Schibler L., Denoix J.M., Elsen J.M., et al. Genome-wide association studies for osteochondrosis in French Trotter horses. JAnim Sci 2012, 90:45-53. (Published Online First: 12 August 2011). 10.2527/jas.2011-4031.
77. Olstad K., Ytrehus B., Ekman S., Carlson C.S., Dolvik N.I. Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the distal femur of foals. Equine Vet J 2008, 40:433-439. (Published Online First: 5 January 2010). 10.2746/042516408X300269.
78. Ytrehus B., Carlson C.S., Lundeheim N., Mathisen L., Reinholt F.P., Teige J., et al. Vascularisation and osteochondrosis of the epiphyseal growth cartilage of the distal femur in pigs - development with age, growth rate, weight and joint shape. Bone 2004, 34:454-465. 10.1016/j.bone.2003.07.011.
79. Barnewolt C.E., Shapiro F., Jaramillo D. Normal gadolinium-enhanced MR images of the developing appendicular skeleton: part I. Cartilaginous epiphysis and physis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997, 169:183-189.
80. Blumer M.J., Longato S., Richter E., Pérez M.T., Konakci K.Z., Fritsch H. The role of cartilage canals in endochondral and perichondral bone formation: are there similarities between these two processes?. JAnat 2005, 206(4):359-372. (Published Online First: 30 March 2005). 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00404.x.
81. Visco D.M., Van Sickle D.C., Hill M.A., Kincaid S.A. The vascular supply of the chondro-epiphyses of the elbow joint in young swine. JAnat 1989, 163:215-229.
82. Olstad K., Ytrehus B., Ekman S., Carlson C.S., Dolvik N.I. Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the tarsus of foals and relationship to osteochondrosis. Equine Vet J 2008, 40(1):30-39. (Published Online First: 5 January 2010). 10.2746/042516407X239836.
83. Jans L.B., Jaremko J.L., Ditchfield M., Verstraete K.L. Evolution of femoral condylar ossification at MR imaging: frequency and patient age distribution. Radiology 2011, 258:880-888. (Published Online First: 21 December 2010). 10.1148/radiol.10101103.
84. Jans L.B., Jaremko J.L., Ditchfield M., Huysse W.C., Verstraete K.L. MRI differentiates femoral condylar ossification evolution from osteochondritis dissecans. A new sign. Eur Radiol 2011, 21:1170-1179. (Published Online First: 26 January 2011). 10.1007/s00330-011-2058-x.
85. Baker C.L., Romeo A.A., Baker C.L. Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Am J Sports Med 2010, 38:1917-1928. 10.1177/0363546509354969.
86. Hixon A.L., Gibbs L.M. Osteochondritis dissecans: a diagnosis not to miss. Am Fam Physician 2000, 61:151-156. 158.
87. Theiss F., Hilbe M., Furst A., Klein K., von Rechenberg B. Histological evaluation of intraarticular osteochondral fragments. Pferdeheilkunde 2010, 26:541-552.
88. Fisher D.R., De Smet A.A. Radiologic analysis of osteochondritis dissecans and related osteochondral lesions. Contemp Diag Rad 1993, 16:1-5.
89. Thacker M.M., Dabney K.W., Mackenzie W.G. Osteochondritis dissecans of the talar head: natural history and review of literature. JPediatr Orthop B 2012, 21:373-376. 10.1097/BPB.0b013e328346c076.
90. Bui-Mansfield L.T., Kline M., Chew F.S., Rogers L.F., Lenchik L. Osteochondritis dissecans of the tibial plafond: imaging characteristics and a review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000, 175:1305-1308.
91. Van Weeren P.R. Osteochondrosis. Equine Surgery 2012, 1239-1255. Elsevier, St. Louis. 4th edn. J.A. Auer, J.A. Stick (Eds.).
92. Relave F., Meulyzer M., Alexander K., Beauchamp G., Marcoux M. Comparison of radiography and ultrasonography to detect osteochondrosis lesions in the tarsocrural joint: a prospective study. Equine Vet J 2009, 41:34-40.
93. Oliver L.J., Baird D.K., Baird A.N., Moore G.E. Prevalence and distribution of radiographically evident lesions on repository films in the hock and stifle joints of yearling Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. NZ Vet J 2008, 56:202-209. (Published Online First: 18 February 2011). 10.1080/00480169.2008.36834.
94. Crijns C.P., Gielen I.M., van Bree H.J., Bergman E.H. The use of CT and CT arthrography in diagnosing equine stifle injury in a Rheinlander gelding. Equine Vet J 2010, 42:367-371. (Published Online First: 15 April 2010). 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00082.x.
95. Bojanic I., Smoljanovic T., Kubat O. Osteochondritis dissecans of the first metatarsophalangeal joint: arthroscopy and microfracture technique. JFoot Ankle Surg 2011, 50:623-665. (Published Online First: 1 June 2011). 10.1053/j.jfas.2011.04.028.
96. Hermanson E., Ferkel R.D. Bilateral osteochondral lesions of the talus. Foot Ankle Int 2009, 30:723-727. 10.3113/FAI.2009.0723.
97. Bravo C., Kawamura H., Yamaguchi T., Hotokebuchi T., Sugioka Y. Experimental osteochondritis dissecans - the role of cartilage canals in chondral fractures of young rabbits. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 1996, 87:133-141.
98. Hoppe F. Radiological investigations of osteochondrosis dissecans in Standardbred Trotters and Swedish Warmblood horses. Equine Vet J 1984, 16:425-429.
99. Siffert R.S. Classification of the osteochondroses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1981, 158:10-18.
100. Rejno S., Stromberg B. Osteochondrosis in the horse. II. Pathology. Acta Radiol Suppl 1978, 358:153-178.