Exploring the implications of small-area variation in the incidence of multiple sclerosis

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 178, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1059-1066

  Green, Chris ^a,b   Yu, Bo Nancy ^b   Marrie, Ruth Ann ^b  

^a GOVERNMENT OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

ecological analysis; geographic information system; incidence; multiple sclerosis

Indexed keywords

DATABASE; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE INCIDENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION; GIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CANADA; DEMOGRAPHY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNIC AND RACIAL GROUPS; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INCOME; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; RURAL AREA; SOCIAL STATUS; UNEMPLOYMENT;

ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; INCIDENCE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;

CANADA; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SMALL-AREA ANALYSIS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

CANADA; MANITOBA;

EID: 84884952690     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: 14766256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt092     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Beck CA, Metz LM, Svenson LW, et al. Regional variation of multiple sclerosis prevalence in Canada. Mult Scler. 2005; 11(5):516-519.
2. Dean G. How many people in the world have multiple sclerosis? Neuroepidemiology. 1994;13(1-2):1-7.
3. Marrie RA. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(12):709-718.
4. Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD, Risch NJ, et al. A genetic basis for familial aggregation in multiple sclerosis. Nature. 1995; 377(6545):150-151.
5. Alonso A, Hernan MA. Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology. 2008; 71(2):129-135.
6. Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Rosati G. The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104(3): 182-191.
7. Fromont A, Binquet C, Sauleau E, et al. National estimate of multiple sclerosis incidence in France (2001-2007). Mult Scler. 2012;18(8):1108-1115.
8. Cocco E, Sardu C, Massa R, et al. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in south-western Sardinia. Mult Scler. 2011;17(11): 1282-1289.
9. McGuigan C, McCarthy A, Quigley C, et al. Latitudinal variation in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Ireland, an effect of genetic diversity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(4):572-576.
10. Bergamaschi R, Montomoli C, Candeloro E, et al. Bayesian mapping of multiple sclerosis prevalence in the province of Pavia, northern Italy. J Neurol Sci. 2006;244(1-2):127-131.
11. Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Solinas G, et al. Multiple sclerosis prevalence among Sardinians: further evidence against the latitude gradient theory. Neurol Sci. 2001;22(2):163-165.
12. Orton SM,Wald L, Confavreux C, et al. Association of UV radiation with multiple sclerosis prevalence and sex ratio in France. Neurology. 2011;76(5):425-431.
13. Ng E,Wilkins R, Perras A. How far is it to the nearest hospital? Calculating distances using the Statistics Canada Postal Code Conversion File. Health Rep. 1993;5(2): 179-188.
14. Marrie RA, Yu N, Blanchard J, et al. The rising prevalence and changing age distribution of multiple sclerosis in Manitoba. Neurology. 2010;74(6):465-471.
15. Statistics Canada. Data Liberation Initiative. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Government of Canada; 2001. (http://www.statcan.gc. ca/dli-idd/dli-idd-eng.htm). (Accessed January 15, 2010).
16. Anselin L, Lozano N, Kochinsky J. Rate Transformations and Smoothing. Urbana-Champaign, IL: Spatial Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Illinois; 2006.
17. Talbot TO, Kulldorff M, Forand SP, et al. Evaluation of spatial filters to create smoothed maps of health data. Stat Med. 2000;19(17-18):2399-2408.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Spatial smoothing of heart disease mortality rates: Appendix B: methodological and technical notes. In:Women and heart disease (online atlas). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2002. (http://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Publications/womens-atlas/ 09-append-b.pdf ). (Accessed January 15, 2010).
19. Pfeiffer DU, Robinson TP, Stevenson M, et al. Spatial visualization. In: Pfeiffer DU, Robinson TP, eds. Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008:17-31.
20. Kulldorff M, Nagarwalla N. Spatial disease clusters: detection and inference. Stat Med. 1995;14(8):799-810.
21. Kulldorff M, Feuer EJ, Miller BA, et al. Breast cancer clusters in the northeast United States: a geographic analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(2):161-170.
22. Kulldorff M, Athas WF, Feurer EJ, et al. Evaluating cluster alarms: a space-Time scan statistic and brain cancer in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(9): 1377-1380.
23. Kulldorff M, Song C, Gregorio D, et al. Cancer map patterns: Are they random or not? Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(2 suppl): 37S-49S.
24. Measuring health inequalities: Gini coefficient and concentration index. Epidemiol Bull. 2001;22(1):3-4.
25. Llorca J, Delgado-Rodriguez M. Visualising exposure-disease association: the Lorenz curve and the Gini index. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(10):MT193-MT197.
26. Schneider MC, Castillo-Salgado C, Loyola-Elizondo E, et al. Trends in infant mortality inequalities in the Americas: 1955-1995. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(7): 538-541.
27. Slater J, Green C, Sevenhuysen G, et al. Socio-demographic and geographic analysis of overweight and obesity in Canadian adults using the Canadian Community Health Survey (2005). Chronic Dis Can. 2009;30(1):4-15.
28. Green CG, Krause DO, Wylie JL. Spatial analysis of campylobacter infection in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:2.
29. Zivadinov R, Iona L, Monti-Bragadin L, et al. The use of standardized incidence and prevalence rates in epidemiological studies on multiple sclerosis. A meta-analysis study. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22(1):65-74
30. Poppe AY,Wolfson C, Zhu B. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008;35(5): 593-601.
31. Svenson LW,Warren S,Warren KG, et al. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in First Nations people of Alberta. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34(2):175-180.
32. Etemadifar M, Janghorbani M, Shaygannejad V, et al. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;27(1):39-44.
33. Ahlgren C, Oden A, Lycke J. High nationwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Sweden. Mult Scler. 2011;17(8):901-908.
34. Smestad C, Sandvik L, Holmoy T, et al. Marked differences in prevalence of multiple sclerosis between ethnic groups in Oslo, Norway. J Neurol. 2008;255(1):49-55.
35. Guimond C, Dyment D, Ramagopalan S, et al. Prevalence of MS in Iranian immigrants to British Columbia, Canada. J Neurol. 2010;257(4):667-668.
36. Leibowitz U, Sharon D, Alter M. Geographical considerations in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 1967;90(4):871-886.
37. Leibowitz U, Antonovsky A, Medalie J, et al. Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in Israel. II. Multiple sclerosis and level of sanitation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1966; 29(1):60-68.
38. Rook G. Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42(1):5-15.
39. Green C, Elliott L, Beaudoin C, et al. A population-based ecologic study of inflammatory bowel disease: searching for etiologic clues. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(7):615-623.
40. Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(3):427-432.
41. Schwartz S. The fallacy of the ecological fallacy: the potential misuse of a concept and the consequences. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(5):819-824.
42. Krieger N, Gordon D. Use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(8): 892-896.
43. Krieger N, Chen JT,Waterman PD, et al. Choosing area based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in low birth weight and childhood lead poisoning: the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(3):186-199.
44. Mustard CA, Derksen S, Berthelot JM, et al. Assessing ecologic proxies for household income: a comparison of household and neighbourhood level income measures in the study of population health status. Health Place. 1999;5(2): 157-171.
45. Mittlbock M, Heinzl H. A note on R2 measures for Poisson and logistic regression models when both models are applicable. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(1):99-103.
46. Hurley SE, Reynolds P, Goldberg DE, et al. Residential mobility in the California Teachers Study: implications for geographic differences in disease rates. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 60(7):1547-1555.
47. Rogerson PA, Han D. The effects of migration on the detection of geographic differences in disease risk. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55(10):1817-1828.
48. Pfeiffer D, Robinson T, Stevenson M, et al. Identifying factors associated with the spatial distribution of disease. In: Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008:81-109.
49. Birnbaum D. Who is at risk of what? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(10):706-707.
50. Fotheringham AS, Brunsdon C. Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships. West Sussex, England: JohnWiley & Sons; 2002.