The Nervous System and Lupus

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 727-746

  Hanly, John G ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884739430     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374994-9.10040-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Hochberg M.C. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:1725.
2. West S.G. Neuropsychiatric lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994, 20:129-158.
3. Hanly J.G. Evaluation of patients with CNS involvement in SLE. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1998, 12:415-431.
4. How A., Dent P.B., Liao S.K., Denburg J.A. Antineuronal antibodies in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1985, 28:789-795.
5. American College of Rheumatology The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:599-608.
6. Ainiala H., Hietaharju A., Loukkola J., Peltola J., Korpela M., Metsanoja R., et al. Validity of the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: a population-based evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 45:419-423.
7. Brey R.L., Holliday S.L., Saklad A.R., Navarrete M.G., Hermosillo-Romo D., Stallworth C.L., et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: Prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology 2002, 58:1214-1220.
8. Hanly J.G., McCurdy G., Fougere L., Douglas J.A., Thompson K. Neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus: Attribution and clinical significance. J Rheumatol 2004, 31:2156-2162.
9. Sanna G., Bertolaccini M.L., Cuadrado M.J., Laing H., Mathieu A., Hughes G.R. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: Prevalence and association with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:985-992.
10. Sibbitt W.L., Brandt J.R., Johnson C.R., Maldonado M.E., Patel S.R., Ford C.C., et al. The incidence and prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in pediatric onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:1536-1542.
11. Hanly J.G., Fisk J.D., McCurdy G., Fougere L., Douglas J.A. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:1459-1466.
12. Hanly J.G. The neuropsychiatric SLE SLICC inception cohort study. Lupus 2008, 17:1059-1063.
13. Hanly J.G., Urowitz M.B., Sanchez-Guerrero J., Bae S.C., Gordon C., Wallace D.J., et al. Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: An international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 56:265-273.
14. Hanly J.G., Su L., Farewell V., McCurdy G., Fougere L., Thompson K. Prospective study of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:1449-1459.
15. Jonsen A., Bengtsson A.A., Nived O., Ryberg B., Sturfelt G. Outcome of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus within a defined Swedish population: Increased morbidity but low mortality. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:1308-1312.
16. Hanly J.G., Fisk J.D., Sherwood G., Eastwood B. Clinical course of cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:1825-1831.
17. Ginsburg K.S., Wright E.A., Larson M.G., Fossel A.H., Albert M., Schur P.H., et al. A controlled study of the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in randomly selected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1992, 35:776-782.
18. Hopman W.M., Towheed T., Anastassiades T., Tenenhouse A., Poliquin S., Berger C., et al. Canadian normative data for the SF-36 health survey. Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study Research Group. Can Med Assoc J 2000, 163:265-271.
19. Khanna D., Furst D.E., Clements P.J., Park G.S., Hays R.D., Yoon J., et al. Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a systemic sclerosis clinical trial. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:832-840.
20. Benzo R., Flume P.A., Turner D., Tempest M. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on quality of life in patients with COPD: The use of SF-36 summary scores as outcomes measures. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2000, 20:231-234.
21. Hanly J.G., Cassell K., Fisk J.D. Cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a 5-year prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:1542-1543.
22. Karlson E.W., Liang M.H., Eaton H., Huang J., Fitzgerald L., Rogers M.P., et al. A randomized clinical trial of a psychoeducational intervention to improve outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:1832-1841.
23. Mok C.C., Lau C.S., Wong R.W. Treatment of lupus psychosis with oral cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine maintenance: an open-label study. Am J Med 2003, 115:59-62.
24. Barile-Fabris L., Ariza-Andraca R., Olguin-Ortega L., Jara L.J., Fraga-Mouret A., Miranda-Limon J.M., et al. Controlled clinical trial of IV cyclophosphamide versus IV methylprednisolone in severe neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64:620-625.
25. McCune W.J., Golbus J., Zeldes W., Bohlke P., Dunne R., Fox D.A. Clinical and immunologic effects of monthly administration of intravenous cyclophosphamide in severe systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1988, 318:1423-1431.
26. Tokunaga M., Saito K., Kawabata D., Imura Y., Fujii T., Nakayamada S., et al. Efficacy of rituximab (anti-CD20) for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus involving the central nervous system. Ann Rheum Dis 2007, 66:470-475.
27. Denburg S.D., Carbotte R.M., Denburg J.A. Corticosteroids and neuropsychological functioning in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1311-1320.
28. Mody G.M., Parag K.B., Nathoo B.C., Pudifin D.J., Duursma J., Seedat Y.K. High mortality with systemic lupus erythematosus in hospitalized African blacks. Br J Rheumatol 1994, 33:1151-1153.
29. Samanta A., Feehally J., Roy S., Nichol F.E., Sheldon P.J., Walls J. High prevalence of systemic disease and mortality in Asian subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1991, 50:490-492.
30. Jonsson H., Nived O., Sturfelt G. Outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: A prospective study of patients from a defined population. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989, 68:141-150.
31. Sibley J.T., Olszynski W.P., Decoteau W.E., Sundaram M.B. The incidence and prognosis of central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:47-52.
32. Feinglass E.J., Arnett F.C., Dorsch C.A., Zizic T.M., Stevens M.B. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis, clinical spectrum, and relationship to other features of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976, 55:323-339.
33. Kovacs J.A., Urowitz M.B., Gladman D.D. Dilemmas in neuropsychiatric lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1993, 19:795-814.
34. Karassa F.B., Ioannidis J.P., Boki K.A., Touloumi G., Argyropoulou M.I., Strigaris K.A., et al. Predictors of clinical outcome and radiologic progression in patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 2000, 109:628-634.
35. Hanly J.G., Urowitz M.B., Su L., Sanchez-Guerrero J., Bae S.C., Gordon C., et al. Short-term outcome of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus upon enrollment into an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 59:721-729.
36. Hanly J.G., Urowitz M.B., Su L., Bae S.C., Gordon C., Wallace D.J., et al. Prospective analysis of neuropsychiatric events in an international disease inception cohort of SLE patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:529-535.
37. Boers M. Understanding the window of opportunity concept in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:1771-1774.
38. Cush J.J. Early rheumatoid arthritis-Is there a window of opportunity?. J Rheumatol Suppl 2007, 80:1-7.
39. Raskin N. Headache. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 1998, 68-72. McGraw Hill, New York. 14th ed. A.S. Fauci, E. Braunwald, K.J. Isselbacher (Eds.).
40. Fernandez-Nebro A., Palacios-Munoz R., Gordillo J., Abarca-Costalago M., De Haro-Liger M., Rodriguez-Andreu J., et al. Chronic or recurrent headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case control study. Lupus 1999, 8:151-156.
41. Sfikakis P.P., Mitsikostas D.D., Manoussakis M.N., Foukaneli D., Moutsopoulos H.M. Headache in systemic lupus erythematosus: A controlled study. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:300-303.
42. Mitsikostas D.D., Sfikakis P.P., Goadsby P.J. A meta-analysis for headache in systemic lupus erythematosus: The evidence and the myth. Brain 2004, 127:1200-1209.
43. Amit M., Molad Y., Levy O., Wysenbeek A.J. Headache in systemic lupus erythematosus and its relation to other disease manifestations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999, 17:467-470.
44. Lancman M.E., Mesropian H., Granillo R.J. Chronic aseptic meningitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Can J Neurol Sci 1989, 16:354-356.
45. Kanekura T., Mizumoto J., Setoyama M. A case of lupus meningitis treated successfully with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. J Dermatol 1993, 20:566-571.
46. Escalante A., Stimmler M.M. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole induced meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:800-802.
47. Codding C., Targoff I.N., McCarty G.A. Aseptic meningitis in association with diclofenac treatment in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:1340-1341.
48. Gilbert G.J., Eichenbaum H.W. Ibuprofen-induced meningitis in an elderly patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. South Med J 1989, 82:514-515.
49. Bodani M., Kopelman M.D. A psychiatric perspective on the therapy of psychosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2003, 12:947-949.
50. Gerli R., Caponi L., Tincani A., Scorza R., Sabbadini M.G., Danieli M.G., et al. Clinical and serological associations of ribosomal P autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: Prospective evaluation in a large cohort of Italian patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:1357-1366.
51. Teh L.S., Isenberg D.A. Antiribosomal P protein antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. A reappraisal. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:307-315.
52. Bonfa E., Golombek S.J., Kaufman L.D., Skelly S., Weissbach H., Brot N., et al. Association between lupus psychosis and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:265-271.
53. Arnett F.C., Reveille J.D., Moutsopoulos H.M., Georgescu L., Elkon K.B. Ribosomal P autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Frequencies in different ethnic groups and clinical and immunogenetic associations. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:1833-1839.
54. Wajed J., Ahmad Y., Durrington P.N., Bruce I.N. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus-Proposed guidelines for risk factor management. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004, 43:7-12.
55. Hanly J.G. Antiphospholipid syndrome: An overview. Can Med Assoc J 2003, 168:1675-1682.
56. Hanly J.G., Walsh N.M., Sangalang V. Brain pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:732-741.
57. Steens S.C., Bosma G.P., ten Cate R., Doornbos J., Kros J.M., Laan L.A., et al. A neuroimaging follow up study of a patient with juvenile central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2003, 62:583-586.
58. Ellis S.G., Verity M.A. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: A review of neuropathologic findings in 57 cases, 1955-1977. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1979, 8:212-221.
59. Johnson R.T., Richardson E.P. The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1968, 47:337-369.
60. Kur J.K., Esdaile J.M. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome-An underrecognized manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:2178-2183.
61. Jennekens F.G., Kater L. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 1. Clinical syndromes: A literature investigation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:605-618.
62. Graham J.W., Jan W. MRI and the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2003, 12:891-896.
63. Kovacs B., Lafferty T.L., Brent L.H., DeHoratius R.J. Transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: An analysis of 14 cases and review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis 2000, 59:120-124.
64. Cervera R., Asherson R.A., Font J., Tikly M., Pallares L., Chamorro A., et al. Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997, 76:203-212.
65. Katzav A., Chapman J., Shoenfeld Y. CNS dysfunction in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2003, 12:903-907.
66. Birnbaum J., Kerr D. Devic's syndrome in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of testing for the neuromyelitis optica IgG autoantibody. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 57:347-351.
67. Waters P., Jarius S., Littleton E., Leite M.I., Jacob S., Gray B., et al. Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Arch Neurol 2008, 65:913-919.
68. Lennon V.A., Kryzer T.J., Pittock S.J., Verkman A.S., Hinson S.R. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005, 202:473-477.
69. Omdal R., Loseth S., Torbergsen T., Koldingsnes W., Husby G., Mellgren S.I. Peripheral neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus-A longitudinal study. Acta Neurol Scand 2001, 103:386-391.
70. Straub R.H., Zeuner M., Lock G., Rath H., Hein R., Scholmerich J., et al. Autonomic and sensorimotor neuropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:87-92.
71. Liote F., Osterland C.K. Autonomic neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: Cardiovascular autonomic function assessment. Ann Rheum Dis 1994, 53:671-674.
72. Bloch S.L., Jarrett M.P., Swerdlow M., Grayzel A.I. Brachial plexus neuropathy as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1979, 29:1633-1634.
73. Martinez-Taboada V.M., Alonso R.B., Armona J., Fernandez-Sueiro J.L., Gonzalez Vela C., Rodriguez-Valverde V. Mononeuritis multiplex in systemic lupus erythematosus: Response to pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide. Lupus 1996, 5:74-76.
74. van Laarhoven H.W., Rooyer F.A., van Engelen B.G., van Dalen R., Berden J.H. Guillain-Barré syndrome as presenting feature in a patient with lupus nephritis, with complete resolution after cyclophosphamide treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001, 16:840-842.
75. Lewis M., Gibson T. Systemic lupus erythematous with recurrent Guillain-Barré-like syndrome treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. Lupus 2003, 12:857-859.
76. Ben-Chetrit E., Pollack A., Flusser D., Rubinow A. Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis: Two distinct populations of anti-DNA and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1990, 8:71-74.
77. Grinlinton F.M., Lynch N.M., Hart H.H. A pair of monozygotic twins who are concordant for myasthenia gravis but became discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus post-thymectomy. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:916-919.
78. Pincus T., Swearingen C., Callahan L.F. A self-report cognitive symptoms inventory to assess patients with rheumatic diseases: Results in eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:S261.
79. Sanchez M., Alarcon G., Fessler B., Bastian H., Roseman J., Lee Q., et al. Cognitive impairment (CI) in lupus is stable over time and may not be recognized by rheumatologists. Data from a multiethnic cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:S242.
80. Reeves D.L., Winter K.P., Bleiberg J., Kane R.L. ANAM genogram: Historical perspectives, description, and current endeavors. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 22(Suppl 2007, 1):S15-S37.
81. Reeves D.L., Kane R., Winter K. Automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM V3.11a/96) user's manual: Clinical and neurotoxicology subset (Report No. NCRF-SR-96-01) 1996, National Cognitive Foundation, San Diego.
82. Bleiberg J., Kane R.L., Reeves D.L., Garmoe W.S., Halpern E. Factor analysis of computerized and traditional tests used in mild brain injury research. Clin Neuropsychol 2000, 14:287-294.
83. Stuss D.T., Levine B. Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annu Rev Psychol 2002, 53:401-433.
84. Reicker L.I., Tombaugh T.N., Walker L., Freedman M.S. Reaction time: An alternative method for assessing the effects of multiple sclerosis on information processing speed. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007, 22:655-664.
85. Tombaugh T.N., Rees L., Stormer P., Harrison A.G., Smith A. The effects of mild and severe traumatic brain injury on speed of information processing as measured by the computerized tests of information processing (CTIP). Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007, 22:25-36.
86. Roebuck-Spencer T.M., Yarboro C., Nowak M., Takada K., Jacobs G., Lapteva L., et al. Use of computerized assessment to predict neuropsychological functioning and emotional distress in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 55:434-441.
87. Petri M., Naqibuddin M., Carson K.A., Sampedro M., Wallace D.J., Weisman M.H., et al. Cognitive function in a systemic lupus erythematosus inception cohort. J Rheumatol 2008, 35:1776-1781.
88. McLaurin E.Y., Holliday S.L., Williams P., Brey R.L. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2005, 64:297-303.
89. Hanly J.G., Omisade A., Su L., Farewell V., Linehan T., Fisk J.D. Assessment of cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis using computerized neuropsychological tests. Arthritis Rheum 2010, 62:1478-1486.
90. Bleiberg J., Garmoe W.S., Halpern E.L., Reeves D.L., Nadler J.D. Consistency of within-day and across-day performance after mild brain injury. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1997, 10:247-253.
91. Levinson D.M., Reeves D.L. Monitoring recovery from traumatic brain injury using automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM V1.0). Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1997, 12:155-166.
92. Levinson D., Reeves D., Watson J., Harrison M. Automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM) measures of cognitive effects of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2005, 20:403-408.
93. Wilken J.A., Kane R., Sullivan C.L., Wallin M., Usiskin J.B., Quig M.E., et al. The utility of computerized neuropsychological assessment of cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2003, 9:119-127.
94. Denburg S.D., Denburg J.A. Cognitive dysfunction and antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2003, 12:883-890.
95. Hanly J.G., Liang M.H. Cognitive disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus. Epidemiologic and clinical issues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997, 823:60-68.
96. Carbotte R.M., Denburg S.D., Denburg J.A. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986, 174:357-364.
97. Wekking E.M., Nossent J.C., van Dam A.P., Swaak A.J. Cognitive and emotional disturbances in systemic lupus erythematosus. Psychother Psychosom 1991, 55:126-131.
98. Hanly J.G., Fisk J.D., Sherwood G., Jones E., Jones J.V., Eastwood B. Cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:562-567.
99. Prince M.J., Bird A.S., Blizard R.A., Mann A.H. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's trial of hypertension in older adults. Br Med J 1996, 312:801-805.
100. Lowe L.P., Tranel D., Wallace R.B., Welty T.K. Type II diabetes and cognitive function. A population-based study of Native Americans. Diabetes Care 1994, 17:891-896.
101. Kozora E., Thompson L., West S., Kotzin B. Analysis of cognitive and psychological deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without overt central nervous system disease. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:2035-2045.
102. Denburg S., Carbotte R., Denburg J. Psychological aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus: Cognitive function, mood, and self-report. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:998-1003.
103. Hay E., Huddy A., Black D., Mbaya P., Tomenson B., Bernstein R., et al. Psychiatric disorder and cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1992, 35:411-416.
104. Carbotte R., Denburg S., Denburg J. Cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is independent of active disease. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:863-867.
105. Denburg S., Carbotte R., Denburg J. Cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus: A neuropsychological study of individual and group deficits. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1987, 9:323-339.
106. Fisk J., Eastwood B., Sherwood G., Hanly J. Patterns of cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1993, 32:458-462.
107. Waterloo K., Omdal R., Husby G., Mellgren S.I. Neuropsychological function in systemic lupus erythematosus: A five-year longitudinal study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:411-415.
108. Hay E.M., Huddy A., Black D., Mbaya P., Tomenson B., Bernstein R.M., et al. A prospective study of psychiatric disorder and cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1994, 53:298-303.
109. Carlomagno S., Migliaresi S., Ambrosone L., Sannino M., Sanges G., Di Iorio G. Cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus: A follow-up study. J Neurol 2000, 247:273-279.
110. Hanly J.G., Hong C., Smith S., Fisk J.D. A prospective analysis of cognitive function and anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:728-734.
111. Menon S., Jameson-Shortall E., Newman S.P., Hall-Craggs M.R., Chinn R., Isenberg D.A. A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody levels and cognitive functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:735-741.
112. Hanly J.G., Fisk J.D., Eastwood B. Brain reactive autoantibodies and cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1994, 3:193-199.
113. Hanly J.G., Walsh N.M., Fisk J.D., Eastwood B., Hong C., Sherwood G., et al. Cognitive impairment and autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1993, 32:291-296.
114. Hanly J.G. New insights into central nervous system lupus: A clinical perspective. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007, 9:116-124.
115. Belmont H.M., Abramson S.B., Lie J.T. Pathology and pathogenesis of vascular injury in systemic lupus erythematosus. Interactions of inflammatory cells and activated endothelium. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:9-22.
116. Hanly J.G. Neuropsychiatric lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005, 31:273-298.
117. DeGiorgio L.A., Konstantinov K.N., Lee S.C., Hardin J.A., Volpe B.T., Diamond B. A subset of lupus anti-DNA antibodies cross-reacts with the NR2 glutamate receptor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med 2001, 7:1189-1193.
118. Harrison M.J., Ravdin L.D., Lockshin M.D. Relationship between serum NR2a antibodies and cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:2515-2522.
119. Hanly J.G., Robichaud J., Fisk J.D. Anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies and cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:1553-1558.
120. Lapteva L., Nowak M., Yarboro C.H., Takada K., Roebuck-Spencer T., Weickert T., et al. Anti- N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies, cognitive dysfunction, and depression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:2505-2514.
121. Omdal R., Brokstad K., Waterloo K., Koldingsnes W., Jonsson R., Mellgren S.I. Neuropsychiatric disturbances in SLE are associated with antibodies against NMDA receptors. Eur J Neurol 2005, 12:392-398.
122. Arinuma Y., Yanagida T., Hirohata S. Association of cerebrospinal fluid anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies with diffuse neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:1130-1135.
123. Yoshio T., Onda K., Nara H., Minota S. Association of IgG anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:675-678.
124. Schneebaum A.B., Singleton J.D., West S.G., Blodgett J.K., Allen L.G., Cheronis J.C., et al. Association of psychiatric manifestations with antibodies to ribosomal P proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1991, 90:54-62.
125. Karassa F.B., Afeltra A., Ambrozic A., Chang D.M., De Keyser F., Doria A., et al. Accuracy of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody testing for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: An international meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:312-324.
126. Koren E., Reichlin M.W., Koscec M., Fugate R.D., Reichlin M. Autoantibodies to the ribosomal P proteins react with a plasma membrane-related target on human cells. J Clin Invest 1992, 89:1236-1241.
127. Matus S., Burgos P.V., Bravo-Zehnder M., Kraft R., Porras O.H., Farias P., et al. Antiribosomal-P autoantibodies from psychiatric lupus target a novel neuronal surface protein causing calcium influx and apoptosis. J Exp Med 2007, 204:3221-3234.
128. Santer D.M., Yoshio T., Minota S., Moller T., Elkon K.B. Potent induction of IFN-alpha and chemokines by autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. J Immunol 2009, 182:1192-1201.
129. Hanly J.G., Urowitz M.B., Siannis F., Farewell V., Gordon C., Bae S.C., et al. Autoantibodies and neuropsychiatric events at the time of systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis: Results from an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:843-853.
130. Briani C., Lucchetta M., Ghirardello A., Toffanin E., Zampieri S., Ruggero S., et al. Neurolupus is associated with anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies: An inception cohort study. J Autoimmun 2009, 32:79-84.
131. Sibbitt W.L., Sibbitt R.R., Brooks W.M. Neuroimaging in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:2026-2038.
132. McCune W.J., MacGuire A., Aisen A., Gebarski S. Identification of brain lesions in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus by magnetic resonance scanning. Arthritis Rheum 1988, 31:159-166.
133. Rovaris M., Viti B., Ciboddo G., Gerevini S., Capra R., Iannucci G., et al. Brain involvement in systemic immune mediated diseases: Magnetic resonance and magnetisation transfer imaging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 68:170-177.
134. Sibbitt W.L., Schmidt P.J., Hart B.L., Brooks W.M. Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:1983-1989.
135. Bell C.L., Partington C., Robbins M., Graziano F., Turski P., Kornguth S. Magnetic resonance imaging of central nervous system lesions in patients with lupus erythematosus. Correlation with clinical remission and antineurofilament and anticardiolipin antibody titers [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:432-441.
136. Gonzalez-Crespo M.R., Blanco F.J., Ramos A., Ciruelo E., Mateo I., Lopez Pino M.A., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:1055-1060.
137. Stimmler M.M., Coletti P.M., Quismorio F.P. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993, 22:335-349.
138. Cauli A., Montaldo C., Peltz M.T., Nurchis P., Sanna G., Garau P., et al. Abnormalities of magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus correlate with disease severity. Clin Rheumatol 1994, 13:615-618.
139. Nossent J.C., Hovestadt A., Schonfeld D.H., Swaak A.J. Single-photon-emission computed tomography of the brain in the evaluation of cerebral lupus. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:1397-1403.
140. Oku K., Atsumi T., Furukawa S., Horita T., Sakai Y., Jodo S., et al. Cerebral imaging by magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission computed tomography in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003, 42:773-777.
141. Rubbert A., Marienhagen J., Pirner K., Manger B., Grebmeier J., Engelhardt A., et al. Single-photon-emission computed tomography analysis of cerebral blood flow in the evaluation of central nervous system involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum 1993, 36:1253-1262.
142. Rogers M.P., Waterhouse E., Nagel J.S., Roberts N.W., Stern S.H., Fraser P., et al. I-123 iofetamine SPECT scan in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with cognitive and other minor neuropsychiatric symptoms: A pilot study. Lupus 1992, 1:215-219.
143. Kovacs J.A., Urowitz M.B., Gladman D.D., Zeman R. The use of single photon emission computerized tomography in neuropsychiatric SLE: A pilot study [see comments]. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:1247-1253.
144. Waterloo K., Omdal R., Sjoholm H., Koldingsnes W., Jacobsen E.A., Sundsfjord J.A., et al. Neuropsychological dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is not associated with changes in cerebral blood flow. J Neurol 2001, 248:595-602.
145. Feeney D.M., Baron J.C. Diaschisis. Stroke 1986, 17:817-830.
146. Brooks W.M., Jung R.E., Ford C.C., Greinel E.J., Sibbitt W.L. Relationship between neurometabolite derangement and neurocognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999, 26:81-85.
147. Sabet A., Sibbitt W.L., Stidley C.A., Danska J., Brooks W.M. Neurometabolite markers of cerebral injury in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1998, 29:2254-2260.
148. Diwadkar V.K., Keshavan M.S. Newer techniques in magnetic resonance imaging and their potential for neuropsychiatric research. J Psychosom Res 2002, 53:677-685.
149. Peterson P.L., Howe F.A., Clark C.A., Axford J.S. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2003, 12:897-902.
150. Bosma G.P., Rood M.J., Zwinderman A.H., Huizinga T.W., van Buchem M.A. Evidence of central nervous system damage in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, demonstrated by magnetization transfer imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:48-54.
151. Bosma G.P., Rood M.J., Huizinga T.W., de Jong B.A., Bollen E.L., van Buchem M.A. Detection of cerebral involvement in patients with active neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus by the use of volumetric magnetization transfer imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:2428-2436.
152. Bosma G.P., Middelkoop H.A., Rood M.J., Bollen E.L., Huizinga T.W., van Buchem M.A. Association of global brain damage and clinical functioning in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:2665-2672.
153. Huizinga T.W., Steens S.C., van Buchem M.A. Imaging modalities in central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001, 13:383-388.
154. Bosma G.P., Huizinga T.W., Mooijaart S.P., Van Buchem M.A. Abnormal brain diffusivity in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003, 24:850-854.
155. Moritani T., Shrier D.A., Numaguchi Y., Takahashi C., Yano T., Nakai K., et al. Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging of CNS involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Acad Radiol 2001, 8:741-753.
156. Fitzgibbon B.M., Fairhall S.L., Kirk I.J., Kalev-Zylinska M., Pui K., Dalbeth N., et al. Functional MRI in NPSLE patients reveals increased parietal and frontal brain activation during a working memory task compared with controls. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008, 47:50-53.
157. DiFrancesco M.W., Holland S.K., Ris M.D., Adler C.M., Nelson S., DelBello M.P., et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cognitive function in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: A pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 56:4151-4163.
158. Barile L., Lavalle C. Transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus-The effect of IV pulse methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:370-372.
159. Eyanson S., Passo M.H., Aldo-Benson M.A., Benson M.D. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy for nonrenal lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1980, 39:377-380.
160. Trevisani V.F., Castro A.A., Neves Neto J.F., Atallah A.N. Cyclophosphamide versus methylprednisolone for the treatment of neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (Cochrane review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2000.
161. Baca V., Lavalle C., Garcia R., Catalan T., Sauceda J.M., Sanchez G., et al. Favorable response to intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide in children with severe neuropsychiatric lupus. J Rheumatol 1999, 26:432-439.
162. Leung F.K., Fortin P.R. Intravenous cyclophosphamide and high dose corticosteroids improve MRI lesions in demyelinating syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:1871-1873.
163. Boumpas D.T., Yamada H., Patronas N.J., Scott D., Klippel J.H., Balow J.E. Pulse cyclophosphamide for severe neuropsychiatric lupus. Q J Med 1991, 81:975-984.
164. Neuwelt C.M., Lacks S., Kaye B.R., Ellman J.B., Borenstein D.G. Role of intravenous cyclophosphamide in the treatment of severe neuropsychiatric
165. Ramos P.C., Mendez M.J., Ames P.R., Khamashta M.A., Hughes G.R. Pulse cyclophosphamide in the treatment of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996, 14:295-299.
166. Mok C.C., Lau C.S., Chan E.Y., Wong R.W. Acute transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. J Rheumatol 1998, 25:467-473.
167. Galindo-Rodriguez G., Avina-Zubieta J.A., Pizarro S., Diaz de Leon V., Saucedo N., Fuentes M., et al. Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in optic neuritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus: An open trial. Am J Med 1999, 106:65-69.
168. Gorman C., Leandro M., Isenberg D. Does B cell depletion have a role to play in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus?. Lupus 2004, 13:312-316.
169. Saito K., Nawata M., Nakayamada S., Tokunaga M., Tsukada J., Tanaka Y. Successful treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) of life-threatening refractory systemic lupus erythematosus with renal and central nervous system involvement. Lupus 2003, 12:798-800.
170. Sanna G., Bertolaccini M.L., Cuadrado M.J., Khamashta M.A., Hughes G.R. Central nervous system involvement in the antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003, 42:200-213.
171. Khamashta M.A., Cuadrado M.J., Mujic F., Taub N.A., Hunt B.J., Hughes G.R. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:993-997.
172. Crowther M.A., Ginsberg J.S., Julian J., Denburg J., Hirsh J., Douketis J., et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1133-1138.
173. Krupp L.B., Christodoulou C., Melville P., Scherl W.F., MacAllister W.S., Elkins L.E. Donepezil improved memory in multiple sclerosis in a randomized clinical trial. Neurology 2004, 63:1579-1585.
174. Doraiswamy P.M., Rao S.M. Treating cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis: Are we there yet?. Neurology 2004, 63:1552-1553.
175. Harrison M.J., Morris K., Barsky J., Horton R., Toglia J., Robbins L., et al. Development of a unique and novel psycho-educational program for active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with self-perceived cognitive difficulties. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 49:S1685.
176. Harrison M.J., Morris K., Barsky J., Horton R., Toglia J., Robbins L., et al. Preliminary results of a novel psycho-educational program designed for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with self-perceived cognitive difficulties. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 49:S1058.
177. Harrison M.J., Toglia J., Chait S., Morris K., Barsky J., Horton R., et al. MINDFULL: Mastering the Intellectual Navigation of Daily Functioning and Undoing the Limitations of Lupus-A pilot study to improve quality of life in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:S242.