Reintegration of former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: The role of caregivers and their awareness of the violence adolescents experienced during the war

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 803-828

  Borisova, Ivelina I ^a   Betancourt, Theresa S ^b   Willett, John B ^c  

^a SAVE THE CHILDREN   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION   (United States)

Author keywords

child soldiers; exposure to violence; family; mental health; Sierra Leone; war

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CAREGIVER; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD PARENT RELATION; COMMUNITY REINTEGRATION; FAMILY CENTERED CARE; FEMALE; FIGHTING; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE; SCHOOL CHILD; SIERRA LEONE; SOCIAL ATTITUDE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOLDIER; VIOLENCE; WAR;

EID: 84884661905     PISSN: 10926771     EISSN: 1545083X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2013.824059     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Ager, A. (2006). What is family The nature and functions of families in times of conflict. In N. Boothby, A. Strang, & M. Wessells (Eds.), A world turned upside down: Social ecological approaches to children in war zones (pp. 39-63). Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
2. Avinger, K. A., & Jones, R. A. (2007). Group treatment of sexually abused adolescent girls: A review of outcome studies. American Journal of Family Therapy, 35, 315-326. (Pubitemid 47263864)
3. Bal, S., Crombez, G., Van Oost, P., & Debourdeaudhuij, I. (2003). The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1377-1395. (Pubitemid 37468519)
4. Bal, S., van Oost, P., de Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Crombez, G. (2003). Avoidant coping as a mediator between self-reported sexual abuse and stress-related symptoms in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 883-897. (Pubitemid 37013583)
5. Banyard, V. L., & Williams, L. M. (2007). Adolescent survivors of sexual abuse: Developmental outcomes. Prevention Researcher, 14(2), 6-10.
6. Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2004). The psychological aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 41-62. (Pubitemid 38196254)
7. Bayer, C. P., Klasen, F., & Adam, H. (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 555-559. (Pubitemid 47204939)
8. Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I. I., Williams, T. P., Brennan, R. T., Whitfield, T. H., de la Soudiere, M., et al. (2010). Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: A follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration Child Development, 81, 1077-1095.
9. Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 760-776.
10. Booth, A., & Amato, P. (2001). Parental predivorce relations and offspring postdivorce well-being. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 63(1), 197.
11. Boothby, N. (2006a). What happens when child soldiers grow up The Mozambique case study. Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work & Counselling in Areas of Armed Conflict, 4, 244-259.
12. Boothby, N. (2006b). When former child soldiers grow up: The keys to reintegration and reconciliation. In N. Boothby, A. Strang, & M. Wessells (Eds.), A world turned upside down: Social ecological approaches to children in war zones (pp. 155-178). Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
13. Boothby, N., & Thompson, B. (2013). Child soldiers as adults: The Mozambique case study. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(7), 735-756.
14. Bradley, R. H. (2007). Parenting in the breach: How parents help children cope with developmentally challenging circumstances. Parenting: Science and Practice, 7, 99.
15. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Brookmeyer, K. A., Henrich, C. C., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2005). Adolescents who witness community violence: Can parent support and prosocial cognitions protect them from committing violence Child Development, 76, 917-929. (Pubitemid 41152626)
17. Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., Schuyten, G., & De Temmerman, E. (2004). Post-traumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers. Lancet, 363(9412), 861-863. (Pubitemid 38368836)
18. Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 79-92.
19. Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63(1), 103-115.
20. Garbarino, J. (2001). An ecological perspective on the effects of violence on children. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 361-378.
21. Guterman, N. B., & Cameron, M. (1997). Assessing the impact of community violence on children and youths. Social Work, 42, 495-505. (Pubitemid 127461413)
22. Guterman, N. B., Cameron, M., & Staller, K. (2000). Definitional and measurement issues in the study of community violence among children and youths. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 571-587.
23. Harvey, J. H. (2002). Perspectives on loss and trauma: Assaults on the self. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. Hill, H. M., & Jones, H. P. (1997). Children's and parents' perceptions of children's exposure to violence in urban neighborhoods. Journal of the National Medical Association, 89, 270-276. (Pubitemid 127455031)
25. Howard, D. E., Cross, S. I., Li, X., & Huang, W. (1999). Parent-youth concordance regarding violence exposure: Relationship to youth psychosocial functioning. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 396-406.
26. Kaplow, J. B., Dodge, K. A., Amaya-Jackson, L., & Saxe, G. N. (2005). Pathways to PTSD: Part II. Sexually abused children. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1305-1310. (Pubitemid 40905581)
27. Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children's adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52, 352-362. (Pubitemid 37395718)
28. Kerig, P. K., & Wainryb, C. (2013). Introduction to the special issue, Part I: New research on trauma, psychopathology, and resilience among child soldiers around the world. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(7), 685-697.
29. Kerig, P. K., Wainryb, C., Twali, M. S., & Chaplo, S. D. (2013). America's child soldiers: Toward a research agenda for studying gang-involved youth in the United States. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(7), 773-795.
30. Kinzie, J. D. (2006). Immigrants and refugees: The psychiatric perspective. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 577-591.
31. Kinzie, J. D., Sack, W., Angell, R., Clarke, G., & Ben, R. (1989). A three-year follow-up of Cambodian young people traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 501-504. (Pubitemid 19196286)
32. Kliewer, W., Lepore, S. J., Oskin, D., & Johnson, P. D. (1998). The role of social and cognitive processes in children's adjustment to community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 199-209. (Pubitemid 28086823)
33. Kliewer, W., Murrelle, L., Mejia, R., Torres de, Y., & Angold, A. (2001). Exposure to violence against a family member and internalizing symptoms in Colombian adolescents: The protective effects of family support. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 971-982. (Pubitemid 33140498)
34. Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J., Tol, W. A., Speckman, R. A., Maharjan, S. M., Worthman, C. M., et al. (2008). Comparison of mental health between former child soldiers and children never conscripted by armed groups in Nepal. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 691-702.
35. Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88. (Pubitemid 126418109)
36. MacMullin, C., & Loughry, M. (2004). Investigating psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers in Sierra Leone and Uganda. Journal of Refugee Studies, 17, 460-472. (Pubitemid 40019941)
37. Martinez, P., & Richters, J. E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: II. Children's distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 56, 22-35.
38. Masten, A. S., & Obradovic, J. (2008). Disaster preparation and recovery: Lessons from research on resilience in human development. Ecology and Society, 13(1), 1-16.
39. McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008). Multivariate models of parent-late adolescent gender dyads: The importance of parenting processes in predicting adjustment. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 147-170. (Pubitemid 351347939)
40. Morley, C. A., & Kohrt, B. A. (2013). Impact of peer support on PTSD, hope, and function impairment: A mixed-methods study of child soldiers in Nepal. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(7), 714-734.
41. Netland, M. (2001). Assessment of exposure to political violence and other potentially traumatizing events. A critical review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 311-326. (Pubitemid 32641696)
42. Netland, M. (2005). Event-list construction and treatment of exposure data in research on political violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 507-517. (Pubitemid 46421967)
43. Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823-832. (Pubitemid 27383372)
44. Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 56(1), 7-21.
45. Smetana, J. G. (2010). Adolescents, families, and social development: How teens construct their worlds. Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
46. Stanton, B. F., Li, X., Galbraith, J., Cornick, G., Feigelman, S., Kaljee, L., et al. (2000). Parental underestimates of adolescent risk behavior: A randomized, controlled trial of a parental monitoring intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26, 18-26. (Pubitemid 30003973)
47. Swanston, H. Y., Nunn, K. P., Oates, R. K., Tebutt, J. S., & O'Toole, B. I. (1999). Hoping and coping in youg people who have been sexually abused. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8, 134-142. (Pubitemid 29327333)
48. Thabet, A. A., & Vostanis, P. (2000). Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 291-298. (Pubitemid 30029165)
49. Yang, H., Stanton, B., Cottrel, L., Kaljee, L., Galbraith, J., Li, X., et al. (2006). Parental awareness of adolescent risk involvement: Implications of overestimates and underestimates. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 353-361. (Pubitemid 44224114)