Impact of peer support on PTSD, Hope, and functional impairment: A mixed-methods study of child soldiers in Nepal

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma

Volumn 22, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 714-734

  Morley, Christopher A ^a   Kohrt, Brandon A ^b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

child soldiers; Nepal; post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); psychosocial; war

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BATTERING; BATTLE INJURY; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT; CHILD HOPE SCALE; CHILD SOLDIER; FAMILY; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HOPE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; NATURAL DISASTER; NEPAL; PEER GROUP; PHYSICAL ABUSE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUANTITATIVE STUDY; RATING SCALE; SCHOOL CHILD; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL STIGMA; SOLDIER; TEACHER; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY; TORTURE; WELLBEING; WITNESS;

EID: 84884623280     PISSN: 10926771     EISSN: 1545083X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2013.813882     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Annan, J., Green, E., and, Brier, M. 2013. Promoting recovery after war in northern Uganda: Reducing daily stressors by alleviating poverty. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 22 (8), 849-868.
2. Betancourt, T. S., Agnew-Blais, J., Gilman, S. E., Williams, D. R., and, Ellis, B. H. 2010. Past horrors, present struggles: The role of stigma in the association between war experiences and psychosocial adjustment among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Social Science & Medicine, 70: 17-26.
3. Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I. I., Williams, T. P., Brennan, R. T., Whitfield, T. H., de la Soudiere, M. 2010. Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: A follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration. Child Development, 81: 1077-1095.
4. Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I., Williams, T. P., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Rubin-Smith, J. E., Annan, J. 2013. Research review: Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers-A systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54: 17-36.
5. Betancourt, T. S., and, Khan, K. T. 2008. The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 20: 317-328. (Pubitemid 351882969)
6. Betancourt, T. S., Simmons, S., Borisova, I., Brewer, S. E., Iweala, U., and, de la Soudiere, M. 2008. High hopes, grim reality: Reintegration and the education of former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Comparative Education Review, 52: 565-587.
7. Bolton, P., and, Tang, A. M. 2002. An alternative approach to cross-cultural function assessment. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37: 537-543. (Pubitemid 36097283)
8. Boothby, N. 2006. What happens when child soldiers grow up? The Mozambique case study. Intervention, 4: 244-259.
9. Borisova, I. I., Betancourt, T. S., and, Willett, J. B. 2013. Reintegration of former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: The role of caregivers and their awareness of the violence adolescents experienced during the war. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 22 (8), 803-828.
10. Braun, V., and, Clarke, V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3: 77-101.
11. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., and, Valentine, J. D. 2000. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68: 748-766.
12. Dishion, T. J., and, Tipsord, J. M. 2011. Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189-214.
13. Flanders, W. D., Lin, L., Pirkle, J. L., and, Caudill, S. P. 1991. Assessing the direction of causality in cross-sectional studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135: 926-935.
14. Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., and, Perry, K. 1997. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9: 445-451. (Pubitemid 28137200)
15. Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., and, Treadwell, K. R. 2001. The child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30: 376-384. (Pubitemid 33658629)
16. Hruschka, D. J. 2010. Friendship: Development, ecology, and evolution of a relationship, Berkeley: University of California Press.
17. Human Rights Watch. 2007. Children in the ranks: The Maoists use of child soldiers in Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal: Author.
18. Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Kohrt, B. A., Luitel, N. P., Macy, R. D. 2010. Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: A cluster randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 51: 818-826.
19. Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Ndayisaba, A., Nisabwe, T., and, Kohrt, B. A. 2012. Reintegration of child soldiers in Burundi: A tracer study. BMC Public Health, 12: e905.
20. Kaufman, J., Chambers, W., Puig-Antich, J., Birmaher, B., Rao, U., and, Ryan, N. D. 1996. Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime version, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
21. Keen, J., and, Packwood, T. 1995. Case study evaluation. British Medical Journal, 311: 444-446.
22. Kohrt, B. A., and, Hruschka, D. J. 2010. Nepali concepts of psychological trauma: The role of idioms of distress, ethnopsychology and ethnophysiology in alleviating suffering and preventing stigma. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 34: 322-352.
23. Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J., Tol, W. A., Luitel, N. P., Maharjan, S. M., and, Upadhaya, N. 2011. Validation of cross-cultural child mental health and psychosocial research instruments: Adapting the Depression Self-Rating Scale and Child PTSD Symptom Scale in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 11: e127
24. Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Perera, E., Karki, R., Koirala, S. 2010. Social ecology of child soldiers: Child, family, and community determinants of mental health, psychosocial well-being, and reintegration in Nepal. Transcultural Psychiatry, 47: 727-753.
25. Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Speckman, R. A., Maharjan, S. M., Worthman, C. M. 2008. Comparison of mental health between former child soldiers and children never conscripted by armed groups in Nepal. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300: 691-702.
26. Kohrt, B. A., and, Maharjan, S. M. 2009. When a child is no longer a child: Nepali ethnopsychology of child development and violence. Studies in Nepali History and Society, 14: 107-142.
27. Kohrt, B. A., Speckman, R. A., Kunz, R. D., Baldwin, J. L., Upadhaya, N., Acharya, N. R. 2009. Culture in psychiatric epidemiology: Using ethnography and multiple mediator models to assess the relationship of caste with depression and anxiety in Nepal. Annals of Human Biology, 36: 261-280.
28. Kohrt, B. A., Tol, W. A., Pettigrew, J., and, Karki, R. 2010. " Children and revolution: The mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of child soldiers in Nepal's Maoist army ". In The war machine and global health, Edited by: Singer, M. and Hodge, G. D. 89-116. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press. InEds.pp.
29. Naar-King, S., Outlaw, A., Green-Jones, M., Wright, K., and, Parsons, J. T. 2009. Motivational interviewing by peer outreach workers: A pilot randomized clinical trial to retain adolescents and young adults in HIV care. AIDS Care, 21: 868-873.
30. Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., and, Weiss, D. S. 2003. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (1): 52-73. (Pubitemid 41103268)
31. Peltonen, K., Qouta, S., El Sarraj, E., and, Punamäki, R.-L. 2010. Military trauma and social development: The moderating and mediating roles of peer and sibling relations in mental health. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34: 554-563.
32. Resnick, M. D. R. 2000. Protective factors, resiliency, and healthy youth development. Adolescent Medicine, 11: 157-164.
33. Savin-Williams, R. C., and, Berndt, T. J. 1990. " Friendships and peer relations during adolescence ". In At the threshold: The developing adolescent, Edited by: Feldman, S. S. and Elliott, G. R. 277-307. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. InEds.pp.
34. Sherman, S. G., Sutcliffe, C., Srirojn, B., Latkin, C. A., Aramratanna, A., and, Celentano, D. D. 2009. Evaluation of a peer network intervention trial among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Social Science & Medicine, 68: 69-79.
35. Singh, S. 2004. Posttraumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers. Lancet, 363: 1648
36. Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M. 1997. The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychiatry, 22: 399-421. (Pubitemid 27264031)
37. Thapa, D., and, Sijapati, B. 2005. A kingdom under siege: Nepal's Maoist insurgency, 1996 to 2004, London: Zed Books.
38. United Nations Children's Fund. 2007. The Paris commitments to protect children from unlawful recruitment or use by armed forces or armed groups, Paris: Author.
39. Wagenaar, B. H., Hagaman, A. K., Kaiser, B. N., McLean, K. E., and, Kohrt, B. A. 2012. Depression, suicidal ideation, and associated factors: A cross-sectional study in rural Haiti. BMC Psychiatry, 12: e149
40. Wagenaar, B. H., Kohrt, B. A., Hagaman, A. K., McLean, K. E., and, Kaiser, B. N. 2013. Determinants of care seeking for mental health problems in rural Haiti: Culture, cost, or competency. Psychiatric Services, 64: 366-372.
41. Walsh, S. D., Harel-Fisch, Y., and, Fogel-Grinvald, H. 2010. Parents, teachers and peer relations as predictors of risk behaviors and mental well-being among immigrant and Israeli born adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 70: 976-984.
42. Wessells, M. G. 2006. Child soldiers: From violence to protection, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. World Bank.2011 Nepal at a glance. Washington, DC: Development Economics LDB database. Retrieved from http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/npl-aag.pdf