Management of septic skin necroses

European Journal of Pediatric Surgery

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 349-358

  Mazzone, Luca ^a   Schiestl, Clemens ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Integra artificial skin; meningococcal sepsis; necrotizing fasciitis; purpura fulminans; septic skin necroses

Indexed keywords

ENDOTOXIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; PROCOAGULANT;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ALLOGRAFT; ANXIETY DISORDER; APPENDICITIS; BACTERIAL LOAD; BONE SCINTISCANNING; BURN; CELLULITIS; CHICKENPOX; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC WOUND; CIRCUMCISION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEBRIDEMENT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ECTHYMA; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ERYSIPELAS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FOLLOW UP; FOURNIER GANGRENE; FROZEN SECTION; FULMINATING PURPURA; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GAS GANGRENE; GRANULATION TISSUE; GROWTH PLATE; HEART FUNCTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYPEREMIA; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INJURY; INTENSIVE CARE; LIMB AMPUTATION; LIMB ISCHEMIA; LIMB PERFUSION; LIMB SALVAGE; MALNUTRITION; MASTITIS; MENINGOCOCCEMIA; MENTAL HEALTH; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NECROTIZING FASCIITIS; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OMPHALITIS; ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEDIATRIC SURGEON; PLASTIC SURGEON; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELL; POOR GENERAL CONDITION; PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM; REVIEW; SKIN CARE; SKIN DEFECT; SKIN NECROSIS; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; SPLIT THICKNESS SKIN GRAFT; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL WOUND; TACHYCARDIA; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; TISSUE NECROSIS; TISSUE PERFUSION; TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; UNITED STATES; VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE; VITAL SIGN; WOUND INFECTION; XENOGRAFT;

AMPUTATION; CHILD; CHONDROITIN SULFATES; COLLAGEN; DEBRIDEMENT; FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING; HUMANS; LIMB SALVAGE; MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; NEGATIVE-PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; PURPURA FULMINANS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; SKIN, ARTIFICIAL; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84884592928     PISSN: 09397248     EISSN: 1439359X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1352530     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Murphy J. J., Granger R., Blair G. K., Miller G. G., Fraser G. C., Magee J. F. Necrotizing fasciitis in childhood. J Pediatr Surg: 1995; 30 8 1131 1134
2. Lally K. P., Atkinson J. B., Woolley M. M., Mahour G. H. Necrotizing fasciitis. A serious sequela of omphalitis in the newborn. Ann Surg: 1984; 199 1 101 103
3. Fustes-Morales A., Gutierrez-Castrellon P., Duran-Mckinster C., Orozco-Covarrubias L., Tamayo-Sanchez L., Ruiz-Maldonado R. Necrotizing fasciitis: report of 39 pediatric cases. Arch Dermatol: 2002; 138 & 893 899
4. Moss R. L., Musemeche C. A., Kosloske A. M. Necrotizing fasciitis in children: prompt recognition and aggressive therapy improve survival. J Pediatr Surg: 1996; 31 8 1142 1146
5. Weber D. M., Freeman N. V., Elhag K. M. Periumbilical necrotizing fasciitis in the newborn. Eur J Pediatr Surg: 2001; 11 2 86 91
6. Hsieh W. S., Yang P. H., Chao H. C., Lai J. Y. Neonatal necrotizing fasciitis: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics: 1999; 103 4 e53
7. Lodha A., Wales P. W., James A., Smith C. R., Langer J. C. Acute appendicitis with fulminant necrotizing fasciitis in a neonate. J Pediatr Surg: 2003; 38 11 E5 E6
8. Nazir Z. Necrotizing fasciitis in neonates. Pediatr Surg Int: 2005; 21 8 641 644
9. Bingöl-Koloǧlu M., Yildiz R. V., Alper B., et al. Necrotizing fasciitis in children: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. J Pediatr Surg: 2007; 42 11 1892 1897
10. Simonart T. Early diagnosis of fulminant group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis. J Am Acad Dermatol: 2003; 49 6 1199 1200, author reply 1200
11. Malghem J., Lecouvet F. E., Omoumi P., Maldague B. E., Vande Berg B. C. Necrotizing fasciitis: contribution and limitations of diagnostic imaging. Joint Bone Spine: 2013; 80 2 146 154
12. Cunningham J. D., Silver L., Rudikoff D. Necrotizing fasciitis: a plea for early diagnosis and treatment. Mt Sinai J Med: 2001; 68 4-5 253 261
13. Chao H. C., Kong M. S., Lin T. Y. Diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis in children. J Ultrasound Med: 1999; 18 4 27& 281
14. Andreasen T. J., Green S. D., Childers B. J. Massive infectious soft-tissue injury: diagnosis and management of necrotizing fasciitis and purpura fulminans. Plast Reconstr Surg: 2001; 10& 4 1025 1035
15. Stamenkovic I., Lew P. D. Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis. The use of frozen-section biopsy. N Engl J Med: 1984; 310 26 1689 1693
16. Filbin M. R., Ring D. C., Wessels M. R., Avery L. L., Kradin R. L. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 2-2009. A 25-year-old man with pain and swelling of the right hand and hypotension. N Engl J Med: 2009; 360 3 281 290
17. Freischlag J. A., Ajalat G., Busuttil R. W. Treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections. The need for a new approach. Am J Surg: 1985; 149 6 751 755
18. Waldhausen J. H., Holterman M. J., Sawin R. S. Surgical implications of necrotizing fasciitis in children with chickenpox. J Pediatr Surg: 1996; 31 8 1138 1141
19. Wakhlu A., Chaudhary A., Tandon R. K., Wakhlu A. K. Conservative management of necrotizing fascitis in children. J Pediatr Surg: 2006; 41 6 1144 1148
20. Gangopadhyay A. N., Pandey A., Upadhyay V. D., Sharma S. P., Gupta D. K., Kumar V. Neonatal necrotising fasciitis-Varanasi experience. Int Wound J: 2008; 5 1 108 112
21. Norrby-Teglund A., Muller M. P., Mcgeer A., et al. Successful management of severe group A streptococcal soft tissue infections using an aggressive medical regimen including intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin together with a conservative surgical approach. Scand J Infect Dis: 2005; 3& 3 166 172
22. Norrby-Teglund A. LD, Kotb M. Intravenous immunoglobulin adjunctive therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. In: Cytokines and Chemokines in Infectious Diseases Handbook. New Jersey Humana Press: 2003; 409 423
23. Kotb M., Norrby-Teglund A., McGeer A., et al. An immunogenetic and molecular basis for differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections. Nat Med: 2002; 8 12 1398 1404
24. Schiestl C., Neuhaus K., Biedermann T., Böttcher-Haberzeth S., Reichmann E., Meuli M. Novel treatment for massive lower extremity avulsion injuries in children: slow, but effective with good cosmesis. Eur J Pediatr Surg: 2011; 21 2 106 110
25. Stiefel D., Schiestl C. M., Meuli M. The positive effect of negative pressure: vacuum-assisted fixation of Integra artificial skin for reconstructive surgery. J Pediatr Surg: 2009; 44 3 575 580
26. Argenta L. C., Morykwas M. J. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg: 1997; 38 6 563 576, discussion 577
27. Morykwas M. J., Argenta L. C., Shelton-Brown E. I., McGuirt W. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg: 1997; 38 6 553 562
28. Burke J. F., Yannas I. V., Quinby W. C. Jr, Bondoc C. C., Jung W. K. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg: 1981; 194 4 413 428
29. Nguyen D. Q., Potokar T. S., Price P. An objective long-term evaluation of Integra (a dermal skin substitute) and split thickness skin grafts, in acute burns and reconstructive surgery. Burns: 2010; 36 1 23 28
30. Schiestl C., Stiefel D., Meuli M. Giant naevus, giant excision, eleg(i)ant closure? Reconstructive surgery with Integra Artificial Skin to treat giant congenital melanocytic naevi in children. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg: 2010; 63 4 610 615
31. Adcock D. M., Brozna J., Marlar R. A. Proposed classification and pathologic mechanisms of purpura fulminans and skin necrosis. Semin Thromb Hemost: 1990; 16 4 333 340
32. Darmstadt G. L. Acute infectious purpura fulminans: pathogenesis and medical management. Pediatr Dermatol: 1998; 15 3 169 183
33. Rosenstein N. E., Perkins B. A., Stephens D. S., Popovic T., Hughes J. M. Meningococcal disease. N Engl J Med: 2001; 344 18 1378 1388
34. Pathan N., Faust S. N., Levin M. Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Arch Dis Child: 2003; 88 & 601 607
35. Betrosian A. P., Berlet T., Agarwal B. Purpura fulminans in sepsis. Am J Med Sci: 2006; 332 6 339 345
36. Alexander G., Basheer H. M., Ebrahim M. K., Ghoneim I. Idiopathic purpura fulminans and varicella gangrenosa of both hands, toes and integument in a child. Br J Plast Surg: 2003; 56 2 194 195
37. Allport T., Read L., Nadel S., Levin M. Critical illness and amputation in meningococcal septicemia: is life worth saving? Pediatrics: 2008; 122 3 629 632
38. Gaieski D. F., Mikkelsen M. E., Band R. A., et al. Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med: 2010; 38 4 1045 1053
39. Morris M. E., Maijub J. G., Walker S. K., Gardner G. P., Jones R. G. Meningococcal sepsis and purpura fulminans: the surgical perspective. Postgrad Med J: 2013; 89 1052 340 345
40. Leclerc F., Leteurtre S., Cremer R., Fourier C., Sadik A. Do new strategies in meningococcemia produce better outcomes? Crit Care Med: 2000; 28 (9, Suppl): S60 S63
41. Huang D. B., Price M., Pokorny J., Gabriel K. R., Lynch R., Paletta C. E. Reconstructive surgery in children after meningococcal purpura fulminans. J Pediatr Surg: 1999; 34 4 595 601
42. Potokar T. S., Oliver D. W., Ross Russell R., Hall P. N. Meningococcal septicaemia and plastic surgery-A strategy for management. Br J Plast Surg: 2000; 53 2 142 148
43. Boeckx W. D., Nanhekhan L., Vos G. D., Leroy P., Van den Kerckhove E. Minimizing limb amputations in meningococcal sepsis by early microsurgical arteriolysis. J Pediatr Surg: 2009; 44 8 1625 1630
44. Klebanovas J., Barauskas V., Cekanauskas E., Malcius D., Grinkeviciute D. Purpura fulminans-soft tissue damage as a manifestation of bacterial sepsis. Eur J Pediatr Surg: 2005; 15 2 120 124
45. Sheridan R. L., Briggs S. E., Remensnyder J. P., Tompkins R. G. Management strategy in purpura fulminans with multiple organ failure in children. Burns: 1996; 22 1 53 56
46. Adendorff D. J., Lamont A., Davies D. Skin loss in meningococcal septicaemia. Br J Plast Surg: 1980; 33 2 251 255
47. Wheeler J. S., Anderson B. J., De Chalain T. M. Surgical interventions in children with meningococcal purpura fulminans-A review of 11& procedures in 21 children. J Pediatr Surg: 2003; 38 4 59& 603
48. Lowery K., Shirley R., Shelley O. P., Kaniorou-Larai M., Philp B., Dziewulski P. Purpura fulminans skin loss: surgical management protocols at a regional burns centre. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg: 2008; 61 12 1520 1523
49. Hamdy R. C., Babyn P. S., Krajbich J. I. Use of bone scan in management of patients with peripheral gangrene due to fulminant meningococcemia. J Pediatr Orthop: 1993; 13 4 44& 451
50. Hogan M. J., Long F. R., Coley B. D. Preamputation MR imaging in meningococcemia and comparison to conventional arteriography. Pediatr Radiol: 1998; 28 6 426 428
51. Duteille F., Thibault F., Perrot P., Renard B., Pannier M. Salvaging limbs in cases of severe purpura fulminans: advantages of free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg: 2006; 118 3 681 685, discussion 686-687
52. MacLennan S. E., Kitzmiller W. J., Yakuboff K. P. Free-tissue transfer for limb salvage in Purpura fulminans. Plast Reconstr Surg: 2001; 10& 6 143& 1442
53. Amputations. POSNA: The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. Available at: http://www.posna.org/education/StudyGuide/amputations.asp. Accessed June 14, 2013
54. Canavese F., Krajbich J. I., LaFleur B. J. Orthopaedic sequelae of childhood meningococcemia: management considerations and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am: 2010; 92 12 2196 2203