Labeling of genetically modified food

Politics and the Life Sciences

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 73-84

  Wohlers, Anton E ^a  

^a CAMERON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Genetically modified foods; GMorganisms; millions againstMonsanto; Proposition 37; Whole Foods announcement

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY CARE; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; FOOD PACKAGING; GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD; LEGAL ASPECT; PUBLIC OPINION; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

COMMUNITY NETWORKS; FOOD LABELING; FOOD, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; PUBLIC OPINION; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 84884549678     PISSN: 07309384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2990/32_1_73     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Carey Polis, ''Whole Foods GMO labeling to be mandatory by 2018,'' The Huffington Post, March 3, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/08/whole- foods-gmolabeling- 2018-n-2837754.html
2. Food and Drug Administration, ''Statement of policy: Foods derived from new plant varieties,'' 1992 http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/ GuidanceDocuments RegulatoryInformation/Biotechnology/ucm096095.htm
3. Food and Drug Administration, Biotechnology of Food, FDA Backgrounder BG94-4, (Washington DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, May 18, 1994).
4. Food and Drug Administration, ''First biotech tomato marketed,'' FDA Consumer Magazine, 1994 (September): 3-4.
5. Darrell M. West, Biotechnology Policy Across National Boundaries. The Science-Industrial Complex (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007).
6. Clive James, ''ISAAA brief 43, global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2011,'' ISAAA Briefs, February 7, 2012 (Ithaca, New York: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications), http://www.isaaa. org/resources/publications/briefs/43/
7. Center for Food Safety,AboutGeneticallyEngineered Foods, 2013 (Washington, DC), http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/311/ge-foods/about- ge-foods
8. P. Byrne, ''Labeling of genetically engineered foods,'' Fact Sheet No. 9.371. Food and Nutrition Series, September 2010 (Fort Collins: Colorado State University Extension), http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09371.pdf
9. Center for Food Safety, International Labeling Laws, 2013 (Washington, DC), http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/ international-labeling-laws
10. Katia Moskvitch, ''Salmon steak from GM fish could soon be on your plate,'' BBC News online, January 22, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ technology-21078731
11. Georgina Gustin, ''Push to label genetically modified food gains steam biotech industry claims tracing ingredients would be complex, costly,'' St. Louis Post Dispatch, March 3, 2012, http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/push- to-label-genetically-modified-food-gains-traction/article-397471e6-625a-11e1- a317-001a4bcf6878.html
12. Nina Fedoroff, ''Genetically modified foods: Making the Earth say beans,'' Science Journal, 2007 (Spring): 1-5.
13. A. Pandey, M. Kamle, L. P. Yadava, M. Muthukumar, P. Kumar, V. Gupta, M. Ashfaque, and B.K. Pandey, ''Genetically modified food: Its users, future prospects and safety assessments.'' Biotechnology, 2011 (9): 444-458.
14. Michael Bennett Homer, ''Frankenfish, it's what's for dinner: The FDA, genetically engineered salmon, and the flawed regulation of biotechnology,'' Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 2012 (45): 90-91.
15. Aqua Bounty Technologies, ''Environmental assessment for AquAdvantage Salmon. An Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) bearing a single copy of the stably integrated a-form of the opAFP- GHc2 gene construct at the a-locus in the EO- 1aline,'' August 25, 2010, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/ CommitteesMeetingMaterials/VeterinaryMedicineAdvisoryCommittee/UCM224760.pdf
16. Dene Moore, ''Tens of thousands of comments come into U.S. FDA on Canadian GM salmon.'' Canadian Press, February 13, 2013, http://www.canada.com/ technology/TensthousandscommentscomeintoCanadiansalmon/7959963/story.html
17. Food and Drug Administration, ''Draft environmental assessment and preliminary finding of no significant impact concerning a genetically engineered Atlantic salmon,'' Federal Register, December 26, 2012 (77): 76050. http://www.gpo. gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-12-26/pdf/2012-31118.pdf
18. Igor I. Solar, ''FDA: Genetically modified salmon may be approved in 2013,'' Digital Journal, May 7, 2013, http://digitaljournal.com/article/349660
19. Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, ''Catch of the day: Transgenic salmon? Not so fast,'' The Huffington Post, May 6, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/onearth/ catch-of-the-daytransgen- b-3224374.html
20. John E. Losey, Linda S. Raynor, and Maureen E. Carter, ''Transgenic pollen harms Monarch larvae,'' Nature, 1999 (399): 214. (Pubitemid 29246442)
21. Anthony M. Shelton and Mark K. Sears, ''The Monarch butterfly controversy: Scientific interpretations of a phenomenon,'' The Plant Journal, 2001 (27): 483-488. (Pubitemid 32956310)
22. C. I. Wraight, A.R. Zangeri, M. J. Carroll, and M.R. Berenbaum, ''Absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions,'' Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000 (97): 7700-7703. (Pubitemid 30460710)
23. Maria Alice Garcia and Miguel A. Altieri, ''Transgenic crops: Implications for biodiversity and sustainable agriculture,'' Bulletin of Science, 2005 (25): 335-353. (Pubitemid 41770715)
24. The Royal Society of Canada, ''Elements of precaution: Recommendations for the regulation of food biotechnology in Canada,'' January 2001 (Ottawa, Canada), http://www. canadians.org/food/documents/rsc-feb05.pdf
25. Julie A. Nordlee, Steve L. Taylor, Jeffrey A. Townsend, Laurie A. Thomas, and Robert K. Bush, ''Identification of a brazil nut allergen in transgenic soybeans,'' New England Journal of Medicine, 1996 (334): 688.
26. Katharina A. Van Tassel, ''Genetically modified plants used for food. Risk assessment and uncertainty principles: Does the transition from ignorance to indeterminacy trigger the need for post-market surveillance?'' Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law, 2009 (15): 220-251.
27. W. A. Munro and R. A. Schurman, ''Sustaining outrage: Cultural capital, strategic location and motivating sensibilities in the U.S. anti-genetic engineering movement,'' in Wynne Wright and Gerad Middendorf, eds., The Fight Over Food: Producers, Consumers, and Activists Challenge the Global Food System (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008), pp. 145-176.
28. Lisa H. Wiesel, Food Fray: Inside the Controversy Over Genetically Modified Food (New York: American Management Association, 2009).
29. Hope Shand, ''The big six: A profile of corporate power in seeds, agrochemicals and biotech,'' The Heritage Farm Companion, 2012 (Summer): 10-15, www.seedsavers.org/site/pdf/HeritageFarmCompanion-BigSix.pdf
30. Ken Roseboro, ''The GMO cartel,'' The Organic& Non- GMO Report, February 1, 2013, http://www.non-gmoreport. com/articles/february2013/the-gmo- seed-cartel.php
31. Charu Verma, Surabhi Nanda, R.K. Singh, R.B. Singh, and Sanjay Mishra. ''A review on impacts of genetically modified food on human health,'' Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2011 (4): 3-11.
32. L. Levidow, S. Carr and D. Wield, ''Genetically modified crops in the European Union: Regulatory conflict and precautionary opportunities,'' Journal of Risk Research, 2000 (3): 189-208.
33. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Biotechnology. Concepts and Principles (Paris: Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 1993).
34. Mark Cantley and Maurice Lex, ''Genetically modified foods and crops,'' in Jonathan B. Wiener, Michael D. Rogers, James K. Hammitt, and Peter H. Sand, eds., The Reality of Precaution: Comparing Risk Regulation in the United States and Europe (New York: Earthscan, 2011), pp. 39-64.
35. European Union, ''Regulation (EC) no. 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed,'' Official Journal of the European Union, http://ec.europa.eu/food/ food/animalnutrition/labelling/Reg-1829-2003-en.pdf
36. Food Standards Agency, ''Short consultation: EU harmonisation of 'GM-free' labeling,'' January 30, 2013 (London, UK), http://www.food.gov.uk/ multimedia/pdfs/gm-labelling-short-consultation.pdf
37. Food and Drug Administration, ''Guidance for industry: Voluntary labeling indicating whether foods have or have not been developed using bioengineering,'' January 2001 (Washington, DC) http://www.fda.gov/Food/ GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ ucm059098.htm
38. Food and Drug Administration, ''Inspections, compliance, enforcement, and criminal investigations. Court updates and other enforcement activities 2001,'' August 7, 2003 (Washington, DC), http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ EnforcementStory/EnforcementStoryArchive/ucm109493.htm
39. Lauren Zeichner, ''Product vs. process: Two labeling regimes for genetically engineered foods and how they relate to consumer preference,'' Environs, 2002-03 (27)2: 482-483.
40. Wallace E. Huffman, ''Production, identity preservation, and labeling in a marketplace with genetically modified and non-genetically modified foods,'' Plant Physiology, 2004 (134): 3-10.
41. Gary E. Merchant, Guy A. Cardineau, and Thomas P. Redick, Thawing Consumer Choice. The Case Against Mandatory Labeling for Genetically Modified Foods (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 2010).
42. Colin O'Neil, ''Consumers call on FDA to label GE foods,'' Gene Watch, 2011 (October-November): 31-33.
43. Center for Food Safety, ''Citizen petition before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,'' 2011 (Washington, DC), http://justlabelit.org/wp-content/ uploads/2011/09/gelabelingpetition.pdf
44. Ellen Moyer, ''Telling the truth about food ingredients helps the consumer, the economy and the environment,'' The Huffington Post, February 6, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost. com/ellen-moyer-phd/gmo-labeling-b-2619074. html?irFood
45. Food and Drug Administration, ''Foods derived from genetically engineered plants,'' April 8, 2013 (Washington, DC), http://www.fda.gov/Food/ FoodScienceResearch/Biotechnology/ucm346858.htm
46. The Library of Congress, Bill Summary & Status. 112th Congress (2011-2012) S. AMDT. 2310, http://thomas.loc. gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d112:sp2310:
47. Label It Yourself, http://labelityourself.org/about
48. Organic Consumer Association, Campaigning for Health, Justice, Sustainability, Peace, and Democracy (Finland, MN), http://organicconsumers.org/
49. Tom Philpott, ''Could the election kill Monsanto's mutant seeds?'' Mother Jones 2012 (37): 6, http://www. questia.com/library/1P3-2787097341/could-this- electionkill- monsanto-s-mutant-seeds
50. Claire Mitchell and Stoel Rives, ''California's GE labeling ballot initiative could be a game changer,'' Guide to U.S. Food Labeling Law, 2012 (August): http://www.stoel. com/files/Mitchell-food2012-08.pdf
51. Alaska State Legislature, ''Relating to labeling and identification of genetically modified fish and fish products,'' 24th Legislature (2005-06), http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get-bill-text.asp?hsidSB0025Z&session24
52. A. Colin, Guillaume Carter, P. Grure, Patrick McLaughlin, and Matthew MacLachlan, ''California's Proposition 37: Effects of mandatory labeling of GM food,'' Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, 2012, http://giannini.ucop.edu/media/are-update/files/articles/V15N6-2.pdf
53. Sunlight Foundation, Open States: Discover Politics in Your State, http://openstates.org/
54. Jonathan H. Adler, ''How not to label biotech foods,'' The New Atlantis 2012 (Summer): 39-42.
55. Ronnie Cummings, ''Are Walmart and big food lobbying for a GMO law?'' AlterNet, January 10, 2013, http://www. alternet.org/food/are-wal-mart-and-big- food-lobbying-fdagmo- labeling-law
56. Stephene Strom, ''Genetic changes to food may get uniform labeling,'' New York Times, January 31, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/01/business/ foodcompanies- meet-to-weigh-federal-label-for-geneengineered- ingredients.html?pagewantedall&-r1&
57. Cookson Beecher, ''Whole Foods to require labeling of GMO foods,'' Food Safety News, March 15, 2013, http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/03/whole-foods- torequire- labeling-of-gmo-foods/#.UYXL4kpKXDs
58. Julie Gallagher, ''Industry reacts to mandate,'' Supermarket News, 2013 (61): 1-2.