Neurocognitive outcomes of cardiac surgery

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 958-971

  Uysal, Suzan ^a   Reich, David L ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiac surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass; central nervous system; complications; Neurocognitive; outcomes

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATTENTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OXYGENATION; PERFUSION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

CARDIAC SURGERY; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COMPLICATIONS; NEUROCOGNITIVE; OUTCOMES;

ANIMALS; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84884533328     PISSN: 10530770     EISSN: 15328422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.11.021     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. S. Gilman Cerebral disorders after open-heart operations N Engl J Med 272 1965 489 498
2. J.B. Brierly Neuropathological findings in patients dying after open heart surgery Thorax 18 1963 291 304
3. K.A. Eagle, R.A. Guyton, and R. Davidoff ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Executive summary and recommendations. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1991 guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery) Circulation 100 1999 1464 1480
4. J.A. Savageau, B.A. Stanton, and C.D. Jenkins Neuropsychological dysfunction following elective cardiac operation. I. Early assessment J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 84 1982 585 594
5. J.A. Savageau, B.A. Stanton, and C.D. Jenkins Neuropsychological dysfunction following elective cardiac operation. II. A six-month reassessment J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 84 1982 595 600
6. P.J. Shaw, D. Bates, and N.E.F. Cartlidge Early intellectual dysfunction following coronary bypass surgery Q J Med 58 1986 59 68
7. P.J. Shaw, D. Bates, and N.E.F. Cartlidge Long-term intellectual dysfunction following coronary bypass surgery: A six-month follow-up study Q J Med 62 1987 259 268
8. J.M. Murkin, S.P. Newman, and D.A. Stump Statement of consensus on assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 59 1995 1289 1295
9. J.M. Murkin, D.A. Stump, and J.A. Blumenthal Defining dysfunction: Group mean versus incidence analysis - A statement of consensus Ann Thorac Surg 64 1997 904 905
10. J.L. Rudolph, K.A. Schreiber, and D.J. Culley Measurement of post-operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery: A systematic review Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 54 2010 663 677
11. J.J. Sweet, E. Finnin, and P.L. Wolfe Absence of cognitive decline one year after coronary bypass surgery: Comparison to nonsurgical and healthy controls Ann Thorac Surg 85 2008 1571 1578
12. O.A. Selnes, M.A. Grega, and L.M. Borowicz Cognitive changes with coronary artery disease: A prospective study of coronary artery bypass graft patients and nonsurgical controls Ann Thorac Surg 75 2003 1377 1386
13. G.M. McKhann, M.A. Grega, and L.M. Borowicz Jr Is there cognitive decline 1 year after CABG? Comparison with surgical and nonsurgical controls Neurology 65 2005 991 999
14. P. Währborg, J.E. Booth, and T. Clayton Neuropsychological outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting: Results from the Stent or Surgery (SoS) Trial Circulation 110 2004 3411 3417
15. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (ed 4). Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000, pp 135-180
16. M. Ganguli, D. Blacker, and D.G. Blazer Classification of neurocognitive disorders in DSM-5: A work in progress Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 19 2011 205 210
17. S. Inouye, C. van Dyck, and C. Alessi Clarifying confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method. A new method for detection of delirium Ann Intern Med 113 1990 941 948
18. M.D. Lezak, D.B. Howieson, and D.W. Loring Neuropsychological Assessment ed 4 2004 Oxford University Press New York, NY
19. A. Ardila A neuropsychological approach to intelligence Neuropsychol Rev 9 1999 117 136
20. K.A. Hawkins, D. Dean, and G.D. Pearlson Alternative forms of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A review Behav Neurol 15 2004 99 107
21. N. Raz, K.M. Rodrigue, and K.M. Kennedy Vascular health and longitudinal changes in brain and cognition in middle-aged and older adults Neuropsychology 21 2007 149 157
22. S. Uysal, M. Mazzeffi, and G.W. Fischer Internet-based assessment of postoperative neurocognitive function in cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery patients J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141 2011 777 781
23. M.F. Newman, J.L. Kirchner, and B. Phillips-Bute Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery N Engl J Med 344 2001 395 402
24. O.A. Selnes, M.A. Grega, and L.M. Borowicz Cognitive outcomes three years after coronary artery bypass surgery: A comparison of on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery and nonsurgical controls Ann Thorac Surg 79 2005 1201 1209
25. O.A. Selnes, M.A. Grega, and M.A. Bailey Cognition 6 years after surgical or medical therapy for coronary artery disease Ann Neurol 63 2008 581 590
26. O.A. Selnes, M.A. Grega, and M.A. Bailey Do management strategies for coronary artery disease influence 6-year cognitive outcomes? Ann Thorac Surg 88 2009 445 454
27. O.A. Selnes, and S.L. Zeger Coronary artery bypass grafting baseline cognitive assessment: Essential not optional Ann Thorac Surg 83 2007 374 376
28. N. Stroobant, and G. Vingerhoets Pre-existing cognitive impairment in candidates for cardiac surgery: An overview Heart 95 2009 1820 1825
29. E.P. Mahanna, J.A. Blumenthal, and W.D. White Defining neuropsychological dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting Ann Thorac Surg 61 1996 1342 1347
30. P.D. Raymond, A.D. Hinton-Bayre, and M. Radel Assessment of statistical change criteria used to define significant change in neuropsychological test performance following cardiac surgery Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 29 2006 82 88
31. M.S. Lewis, P. Maruff, and B.S. Silbert The sensitivity and specificity of three common statistical rules for the classification of post-operative cognitive dysfunction following coronary artery bypass graft surgery Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50 2006 50 57
32. A.M. Keizer, R. Hijman, and C.J. Kalkman The incidence of cognitive decline after (not) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: The impact of a controlled definition Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49 2005 1232 1235
33. O.A. Selnes, L. Pham, and S. Zeger Defining cognitive change after CABG: Decline versus normal variability Ann Thorac Surg 82 2006 388 390
34. A. Collie, D.G. Darby, and M.G. Falleti Determining the extent of cognitive change after coronary surgery: A review of statistical procedures Ann Thorac Surg 73 2002 2005 2011
35. A.C. Kneebone, M.J. Andrew, and R.A. Baker Neuropsychologic changes after coronary artery bypass grafting: Use of reliable change indices Ann Thorac Surg 65 1998 1320 1325
36. K. Duff Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods Arch Clin Neuropsychol 27 2012 248 261
37. M.S. Lewis, P. Maruff, and B.S. Silbert The influence of different error estimates in the detection of post-operative cognitive dysfunction using reliable change indices with correction for practice effects Arch Clin Neuropsychol 21 2006 421 427
38. C.W. Hogue, C.A. Palin, and J.E. Arrowsmith Cardiopulmonary bypass management and neurologic outcomes: An evidence-based appraisal of current practices Anesth Analg 103 2006 21 37
39. C.W. Hogue, R.F. Gottesman, and J. Stearns Mechanisms of cerebral injury from cardiac surgery Crit Care Clin 24 2009 83 98
40. P.J. Shaw, D. Bates, and N.E. Cartlidge Neurologic and neuropsychological morbidity following major surgery: Comparison of coronary artery bypass and peripheral vascular surgery Stroke 18 1987 700 707
41. S.J. Fearn, R. Pole, and M. Burgess Cerebral embolisation during modern cardiopulmonary bypass Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20 2001 1163 1167
42. P. Williams-Russo, N.E. Sharrock, and S. Mattis Cognitive effects after epidural vs general anesthesia in older adults: A randomized trial J Am Med Assoc 274 1995 44 50
43. L.S. Rasmussen, T. Johnson, and H.M. Kuipers Does anesthesia cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction? A randomised study of regional versus general anaesthesia in 438 elderly patients Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47 2003 260 266
44. J. Guay General anaesthesia does not contribute to long-term post-operative cognitive dysfunction in adults: A meta-analysis Indian J Anaesth 55 2011 358 363
45. B. Ramlawi, J.L. Rudolph, and S. Mieno Serologic markers of brain injury and cognitive function after cardiopulmonary bypass Ann Surg 244 2006 593 601
46. B. Ramlawi, J.L. Rudolph, and S. Mieno C-Reactive protein and inflammatory response associated to neurocognitive decline following cardiac surgery Surgery 140 2006 221 226
47. A.E. van Harten, T.W.L. Scheeren, and A.R. Absalom A review of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation associated with cardiac surgery and anaesthesia Anaesthesia 67 2012 280 293
48. D. Whitaker, J. Stygall, and M. Harrison Relationship between white cell count, neuropsychologic outcome, and microemboli in 161 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 2006 1358 1363
49. C. Baufreton, P. Allain, and A. Chevailler Brain injury and neuropsychological outcome after coronary artery surgery are affected by complement activation Ann Thorac Surg 79 2005 1597 1605
50. C.I. Blauth Macroemboli and microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass Ann Thorac Surg 59 1995 1300 1303
51. G.B. Mackensen, L.K. Ti, and B. Phillips-Bute Cerebral embolization during cardiac surgery: Impact of aortic atheroma burden Br J Anaesth 91 2003 656 661
52. D.M. Moody, M.A. Bell, and V.R. Challa Brain microemboli during cardiac surgery or aortography Ann Neurol 28 1990 477 486
53. D.M. Moody, W.R. Brown, and V.R. Challa Brain microemboli associated with cardiopulmonary bypass: A histologic and magnetic resonance imaging study Ann Thorac Surg 59 1995 1304 1307
54. W.R. Brown, D.M. Moody, and V.R. Challa Longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with greater numbers of cerebral microemboli Stroke 31 2000 707 713
55. W. Pugsley, L. Klinger, and C. Paschalis The impact of microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass on neuropsychological functioning Stroke 25 1994 1393 1399
56. S. Sylivris, C. Levi, and G. Matalanis Pattern and significance of cerebral microemboli during coronary artery bypass grafting Ann Thorac Surg 66 1998 1674 1678
57. R.A. Rodriguez, F.D. Rubens, and D. Wozny Cerebral emboli detected by transcranial Doppler during cardiopulmonary bypass are not correlated with postoperative cognitive deficits Stroke 41 2010 2229 2235
58. S.K. Brækken, I. Reinvang, and D. Russell Association between intraoperative cerebral microembolic signals and postoperative neuropsychological deficit: Comparison between patients with cardiac valve replacement and patients with coronary artery bypass grafting J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65 1998 573 576
59. J.W. Hammon, D.A. Stump, and N.D. Kon Risk factors and solutions for the development of neurobehavioral changes after coronary artery bypass grafting Ann Thorac Surg 63 1997 1613 1618
60. K.K. Martin, J.B. Wigginton, and V.L. Babikian Intraoperative cerebral high intensity transient signals and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: A systematic review Am J Surg 197 2009 55 63
61. J.M. Murkin, W.D. Boyd, and S. Ganapathy Beating heart surgery: Why expect less central nervous system morbidity? Ann Thorac Surg 68 1999 1498 1501
62. A. Diegeler, R. Hirsch, and F. Schneider Neuromonitoring and neurocognitive outcome in off-pump versus conventional coronary bypass operation Ann Thorac Surg 69 2000 1162 1166
63. D. Van Dijk, E.W. Jansen, and R. Hijman Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized trial J Am Med Assoc 287 2002 1405 1412
64. V. Zamvar, D. Williams, and J. Hall Assessment of neurocognitive impairment after off-pump and on-pump techniques for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Prospective randomized controlled trial Br Med J 325 2002 1268
65. J.D. Lee, S.J. Lee, and W.T. Tsushima Benefits of off-pump bypass on neurologic and clinical morbidity: A prospective randomized trial Ann Thorac Surg 76 2003 18 26
66. S. Al-Ruzzah, S. George, and M. Bustani Effect of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on clinical, angiographic, neurocognitive, and quality of life outcomes: Randomised controlled trial Br Med J 332 2006 1365
67. C.T. Lloyd, R. Ascione, and M.J. Underwood Serum S-100 protein release and neuropsychologic outcome during coronary revascularization on the beating heart: A prospective randomized study J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 119 2000 148 154
68. C. Lund, K. Sundet, and B. Tennøe Cerebral ischemic injury and cognitive impairment after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Ann Thorac Surg 80 2005 2126 2131
69. C.S. Ernest, M.U.C. Worcestor, and J. Tatoulis Neurocognitive outcomes in off-pump versus on-pump bypass surgery: A randomized controlled trial Ann Thorac Surg 81 2006 2105 2114
70. J. Vedin, H. Nyman, and A. Ericsson Cognitive function after on or off pump coronary artery bypass grafting Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 30 2006 305 310
71. B.O. Jensen, P. Hughes, and L.S. Rasmussen Cognitive outcomes in elderly high-risk patients after off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized trial Circulation 113 2006 2790 2795
72. F. Hernandez Jr, J.R. Brown, and D.S. Likosky Neurocognitive outcomes of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass: A prospective randomized controlled trial Ann Thorac Surg 84 2007 1897 1903
73. P.J. Tully, R.A. Baker, and A.C. Kneebone Neuropsychologic and quality-of-life outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass: A prospective randomized trial J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 22 2001 515 521
74. A.L. Shroyer, F.L. Grover, and B. Hattler On-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery N Engl J Med 361 2009 1827 1837
75. D.C. Cheng, D. Bainbridge, and J.E. Martin Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass? A meta-analysis of randomized trials Anesthesiology 102 2005 188 203
76. H. Takagi, T. Tanabashi, and N. Kawai Cognitive decline after off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134 2007 512 513
77. S.F. Marasco, L.N. Sharwood, and M.J. Abramson No improvement in neurocognitive outcomes after off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery revascularization: A meta-analysis Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33 2008 961 970
78. R. Motallebzadeh, J.M. Bland, and H.S. Markus Neurocognitive function and cerebral emboli: Randomized study of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery Ann Thorac Surg 83 2007 475 482
79. Y.H. Liu, D.X. Wang, and L.H. Li The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the number of cerebral microemboli and the incidence of cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery Anesth Analg 109 2009 1013 1022
80. H.R. Grocott, M. Stafford-Smith, and C.T. Mora Mangano Cardiopulmonary bypass management and organ protection J.A. Kaplan, D.L. Reich, J.S. Savino, Cardiac Anesthesia ed 6 2011 Elsevier Philadelphia 838 887
81. R.F. Gottesman, M.A. Grega, and D.M. Yousem Watershed strokes after cardiac surgery: Diagnosis, etiology, and outcome Stroke 37 2006 2306 2311
82. L.R. Caplan, and M. Hennerici Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke Arch Neurol 55 1998 1475 1482
83. I. Regragui, I. Birdi, and M. Bashar The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass temperature on neuropsychological outcome after coronary artery operations: A prospective randomized trial J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 1996 1036 1045
84. C.T. Mora, M.B. Henson, and W.S. Weintraub The effect of temperature management during cardiopulmonary bypass on neurologic and neuropsychologic outcomes in patients undergoing coronary revascularization J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 1996 514 522
85. G. Plourde, A.S. Leduc, and J.E. Morin Temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery operations does not influence post-operative cognitive function: A randomized trial J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 114 1997 123 128
86. E.J. Heyer, D.C. Adams, and E. Delphin Cerebral dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting done with mild or moderate hypothermia J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 114 1997 270 277
87. M. Boodhwani, F. Rubens, and D. Wozny Effects of sustained mild hypothermia on neurocognitive function after coronary artery bypass surgery: A randomized, double-blind study J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134 2007 1443 1450
88. H.J. Nathan, G.A. Wells, and J.L. Munson Neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: A randomized trial Circulation 104 suppl I 2001 I85 I91
89. A.M. Grigore, C.F. Murray, and H. Ramakrishna A core review of temperature regimens and neuroprotection during cardiopulmonary bypass: Does rewarming rate matter? Anesth Analg 109 2009 1741 1751
90. H.P. Grocott, B. Mackensen, and A.M. Grigore Postoperative hyperthermia is associated with cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery Stroke 33 2002 537 541
91. A.M. Grigore, H.P. Grocott, and J.P. Mathew The rewarming rate and increased peak temperature alter neurocognitive outcome after cardiac surgery Anesth Analg 94 2002 4 10
92. J.P. Mathew, G.B. Mackensen, and B. Phillips-Bute Effects of extreme hemodilution during cardiac surgery on cognitive function in the elderly Anesthesiology 107 2007 577 584
93. J.F. Dashe, M.S. Pessin, and R.E. Murphy Carotid occlusive disease and stroke risk in carotid artery bypass graft surgery Neurology 49 1997 678 686
94. R. Moraca, E. Lin, and J.H. Holmes Impaired baseline regional cerebral perfusion in patients referred for coronary artery bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 2006 540 546
95. H. Abildstrom, P. Høgh, and B. Sperling Cerebral blood flow and cognitive dysfunction after coronary surgery Ann Thorac Surg 73 2002 1174 1179
96. N.D. Croughwell, M.F. Newman, and J.A. Blumenthal Jugular bulb saturation and cognitive dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass Ann Thorac Surg 58 1994 1702 1708
97. J.P. Slater, T. Guarino, and J. Stack Cerebral oxygen desaturation predicts cognitive decline and longer hospital stay after cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 87 2009 36 44
98. E. de Tournay-Jetté, G. Dupuis, and L. Bherer The relationship between cerebral oxygen saturation changes and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 25 2011 95 104
99. S.W. Hong, J.K. Shim, and Y.S. Choi Prediction of cognitive dysfunction and patients' outcome following valvular heart surgery and the role of cerebral oximetry Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33 2008 560 565
100. J.C. Diephuis, K.G. Moons, and A.N. Nierich Jugular bulb desaturation during coronary artery surgery: A comparison of off-pump and on-pump procedures Br J Anaesth 94 2005 715 720
101. M.J.A. Robson, R.P. Alston, and I.J. Deary Cognition after coronary artery surgery is not related to postoperative jugular bulb oxyhemoglobin desaturation Anesth Analg 91 2000 1317 1326
102. M. Bendszus, and G. Stoll Silent cerebral ischemia: Hidden fingerprints of invasive medical procedures Lancet Neurol 5 2006 364 372
103. M. Bendszus, W. Reents, and D. Franke Brain damage after coronary artery bypass grafting Arch Neurol 59 2002 1090 1095
104. S.C. Knipp, N. Matatko, and H. Wilhelm Evaluation of brain injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. A prospective study using neuropsychological assessment and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25 2004 791 800
105. T.F. Floyd, P.N. Shah, and C.C. Price Clinically silent cerebral ischemic events after cardiac surgery: Their incidence, regional vascular occurrence, and procedural dependence Ann Thorac Surg 81 2006 2160 2166
106. D.J. Cook, J. Huston III, and M.R. Trenerry Postcardiac surgical impairment in the aged using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging Ann Thorac Surg 83 2007 1389 1395
107. P.A. Barber, S. Hach, and L.J. Tippett Cerebral ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging are associated with neurocognitive decline after cardiac surgery Stroke 39 2008 1427 1433
108. G. Djaiani, L. Fedorko, and M. Borger Mild to moderate atheromatous disease of the thoracic aorta and new ischemic brain lesions after conventional coronary artery bypass graft surgery Stroke 35 2004 e356 e358
109. S.C. Knipp, N. Matatko, and M. Schlamann Small ischemic brain lesions after cardiac valve replacement detected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: Relation to neurocognitive function Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 28 2005 88 96
110. L. Restrepo, R.J. Wityk, and M.A. Grega Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before and after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Stroke 33 2002 2909 2915
111. N. Schwarz, M. Schoenburg, and H. Möllmann Cognitive decline and ischemic microlesions after coronary catheterization. A comparison to coronary artery bypass grafting Am J Heart 162 2011 756 763
112. N. Mirow, A. Zittermann, and H. Körperich Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of ischemic brain lesions in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Relation to extracorporeal circulation and heparinization J Cardiovasc Surg 52 2011 117 125
113. E. Stolz, T. Gerriets, and A. Kluge Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and neurobiochemical markers after aortic valve replacement: Implications for future neuroprotective trials? Stroke 35 2004 888 892
114. W.A. Baumgartner, S. Burrows, and P.J. del Nido Recommendations of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on future direction in cardiac surgery Circulation 111 2005 3007 3011