Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Husbandry Principles for Captive Nonhuman Primates

Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 269-286

  Power, Michael L ^a   Toddes, Barbara ^b   Koutsos, Liz ^c  

^a SMITHSONIAN CONSERVATION BIOLOGY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Philadelphia Zoo   (United States)

^c Mazuri Exotic Animal Nutrition/PMI Nutrition Intl LLC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884426864     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381365-7.00010-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. Official Publication 2008, Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), <, > Accessed 08.19.11. http://www.aafco.org/Publications/tabid/75/Default.aspx.
2. Ausman L.M., Hayes K.C. Vitamin E deficiency anemia in old and new world monkeys. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974, 27:1141-1151.
3. Aziz N.H., Souzan R.M., Azza A.S. Effect of gamma irradiation on the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms and nutritive value of four principal cereal grains. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2006, 64:1555-1562.
4. Barney G.H., Macapinlac M.P., Pearson W.N., Darby W.J. Parakeratosis of the tongue - a unique histopathologic lesion in the zinc-deficient squirrel monkey. J. Nutr. 1967, 93:511-517.
5. Bearder S.K., Martin R.D. Acacia gum and its use by bushbabies, Galago senegalensis (Primates: Lorisidae). Int. J. Primatol. 1980, 1:103-128.
6. Bethune M.T., Borda J.T., Ribka E., Liu M.-X., Phillippi-Falkenstein K., Jandacek R.J., et al. A nonhuman primate model for gluten sensitivity. PLOS One 2008, e1614.
7. Bjork I., Asp N.-G. The effects of extrusion cooking on nutritional value - a literature review. J. Food. Eng. 1983, 2:281-308.
8. Brack M., Schroeder C., Fooke M., Schlumberger W. IgM/IgA nephropathy in callitrichids: antigen studies. Nephron 1999, 82:221-231.
9. Cater M.A., Mercer J.F.B. Copper in mammals: mechanisms of homeostasis and pathophysiology. Molecular Biology of Metal Homeostasis and Detoxification 2005, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. M.J. Tamas, E. Martinoia (Eds.).
10. Cheftel J.C. Nutritional effects of extrusion cooking. Food Chem. 1986, 20:263-283.
11. Chen Y., Ono F., Yoshida T., Yoshikawa Y. Relationship between body weight and hematological and serum biological parameters in female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Exp. Anim. 2002, 51:125-131.
12. Chun R.F., Chen H., Boldrick L., Sweet C., Adams J.S. Cloning, sequencing, and functional characterization of the vitamin D receptor in vitamin D-resistant new world primates. Am. J. Primatol. 2001, 54:107-118.
13. Chun R.F., Adams J.S., Hewison M. Back to the future: a new look at "old" vitamin D. J. Endocrinol. 2008, 198:261-269.
14. Crissey S., Pribyl L.S. Utilizing wild foraging ecology information to provide captive primates with an appropriate diet. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1997, 56:1083-1094.
15. Demment M.W., Van Soest P.J. A nutritional explanation for body-size patterns of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores. Am. Nat. 1985, 125:641-672.
16. Dever J.T., Tanumihardjo S.A. Hypervitaminosis A in experimental nonhuman primates: evidence, causes, and the road to recovery. Am. J. Primatol. 2009, 71:813-816.
17. Fairbanks L.A., Blau K., Jorgensen M.J. High-fiber diet promotes weight loss and affects maternal behavior in vervet monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 2010, 72:234-241.
18. Farina L.L., Heard D.J., LeBlanc D.M., Hall J.O., Stevens G., Wellehanm J.F.X., Detrisac C.J. Iron storage disease in captive Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus): relationship of blood iron parameters to hepatic iron concentrations and hepatic histopathology. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2005, 36:212-221.
19. Flurer C.L., Zucker H. Coprophagy in marmosets due to insufficient protein (amino acid) intake. Lab. Anim. 1988, 22:330-331.
20. Ford D.J. The effect of methods of sterilization on the nutritive value of protein in a commercial rat diet. Br. J. Nutr. 1976, 35:267-276.
21. Garber P.A. Proposed nutritional importance of plant exudates in the diet of Panamanian Tamarin, Saguinus Oedipus geoffroyi. Int. J. Primatol. 1984, 5:1-15.
22. Gu L., House S.E., Prior R.L., Fang N., Ronis M.J., Clarkson T.B., Wilson M.E., Badger T.M. Metabolic phenotype of isoflavones differ among female rats, pigs, monkeys, and women. J. Nutr. 2006, 136:1215-1221.
23. Hanis T., Mnukova J., Jelen P., Klir P., Perez B., Pesek M. Effect of gamma irradiation on survival of natural microflora and some nutrients in cereal meals. Cereal Chem. 1988, 65:381-383.
24. Harper J.M. Food extrusion. CRC Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 1979, 11:155-215.
25. Hinde L., Power M.L., Oftedal O.T. Rhesus macaque milk: magnitude, sources, and consequences of individual variation over lactation. Am. J. Physical Anthropol. 2009, 138:148-157.
26. Jones F.T. Effect of pelleting on vitamin A assay levels in poultry feed. Poult. Sci. 1986, 65:1421-1422.
27. Jones F.T., Anderson K.E., Ferket P.R. Effect of extrusion on feed characteristics and broiler chicken performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 1995, 4:300-309.
28. Kahlon T.S., Berrios J., de J., Smith G.E., Pan J.L. Extrusion conditions modify hypercholesterolemic properties of wheat bran fed to hamsters. Cereal Chem. 2006, 83:152-156.
29. Kay R.N.B., Hoppe P., Maloly G.M.O. Fermentative digestion of food in Colobus monkeys. Colobus polykomo. Experientia 1976, 34(485).
30. Kleiber M. Metabolic turnover rate: a physiological meaning of the metabolic rate per unit body weight. J. Theoret. Biol. 1975, 53:199-204.
31. Kohrs M.B., Harper A.E., Kerr G.R. Effects of a low-protein diet during pregnancy of the rhesus monkey I. Reproductive efficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1976, 29:136-145.
32. Leeson S., Marcotte M. Irradiation of poultry feed II. Effect on nutrient composition. World Poultry Sci. J. 1993, 49:120-131.
33. Maerki U., Rossbach W., Leuenberger J. Consistency of laboratory animal food following incubation prior to autoclaving. Lab. Anim. 1989, 23:319-323.
34. McGrew W.C., Brennan J.A., Russell J. An artificial "gum-tree" for marmosets. Zoo Biol. 1986, 5:45-50.
35. McIntosh G.H., Bulman F.H., Looker J.W., Russell G.R., James M. The influence of linoleate and vitamin E from sunflower seed oil on platelet function and prostaglandin production in the common marmoset monkey. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 1987, 33:299-312.
36. Miller G.F., Barnard D.E., Woodward R.A., Flynn B.M., Bulte J.W.M. Hepatic hemosiderosis in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: effect of diet on incidence and severity. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1997, 47:138-142.
37. Milligan L.A., Gibson S.V., Williams L.E., Power M.L. The composition of milk from Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis). Am. J. Primatol. 2008, 70:35-43.
38. Morrisey J.K., Reichard T., Lloyd M., Bernard J. Vitamin-D-deficiency rickets in three colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza kikuyuensis) at the Toledo Zoo. J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 1995, 26:564-568.
39. Mortensen A., Kulling S.E., Schwartz H., Rowland I., Ruefer C.E., Rimbach G., et al. Analytical and compositional aspects of isoflavones in food and their biological effects. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, 53:S266-S309.
40. Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates 2003, National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
41. Mineral Tolerances of Animals 2005, National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington DC.
42. Nievergelt C.M., Martin R.D. Energy intake during reproduction in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Physiol. Behav. 1998, 65:849-854.
43. O'Toole B.A., Fradkin R., Warkany J., Wilson J.G., Mann G.V. Vitamin A deficiency and reproduction in rhesus monkeys. J. Nutr. 1974, 104:1513-1524.
44. Oftedal O.T., Allen M.E. Nutrition and dietary evaluation in zoos. Wild Mammals in Captivity 1996, 263-283. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. D.G. Kleimann, M.E. Allen, K.V. Thompson, S. Lumpkin (Eds.).
45. Parra R. Comparison of foregut and hindgut fermentation in herbivores. The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores 1978, 205-230. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. G.G. Montgomery (Ed.).
46. Parks J.S., Kaduck-Sawyer J., Bullock B.C., Rudel L.L. Effect of dietary fish oil on coronary artery and aortic atherosclerosis in African green monkeys. Arterioschosis 1990, 10:1102-1112.
47. Power M.L. Digestive function, energy intake and the response to dietary gum in captive callitrichids. Doctoral dissertation 1991, University of California at Berkeley.
48. Power M.L. Nutritional and digestive challenges to being a gum-feeding primate. The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects 2010, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. A.M. Burrows, L.T. Nash (Eds.).
49. Power M.L., Oftedal O.T. Differences among captive callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum. Am. J. Primatol. 1996, 40:131-144.
50. Power M.L., Oftedal O.T., Savage A., Blumer E.S., Soto L.H., Chen T.C., Holick M.F. Assessing vitamin D status of callitrichids: baseline data from wild cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia. Zoo Biol. 1997, 16:39-46.
51. Power M.L., Heaney R.P., Kalkwarf H.J., Pitkin R.M., Repke J.T., Tsang R.C., et al. The role of calcium in health and disease. Am. J. Obstet. GynEcol. 1999, 181:1560-1569.
52. Power M.L., Verona C.E., Ruiz-Miranda C., Oftedal O.T. The composition of milk from free-living common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in Brazil. Am. J. Primatol. 2008, 70:78-83.
53. Rabie T., Mühlhofer W., Bruckner T., Schwab A., Bauer A.T., Zimmermann M., et al. Transient protective effect of B-vitamins in experimental epilepsy in the mouse brain. J. Mol. NeuroSci. 2010, 41:74-79.
54. Read M.S., Kraybill H.F., Worth W.S., Thompson S.W.I., Isaac G.J., Witt N.F. Successive generation rat feeding studies with a composite diet of gamma-irradiated foods. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1961, 3:153-173.
55. Riopelle A.J., Hill C.W., Li S.C. Protein deprivation in primates. V. Fetal mortality and neonatal status of infant monkeys born of deprived mothers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1975, 28:989-993.
56. Rohde C.M., DeLuca H.F. All-trans retinoic acid antagonizes the action of calciferol and its active metabolite, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, in rats. J. Nutr. 2005, 135:1647-1652.
57. Shewfelt R.L. Sources of variation in the nutrient content of agricultural commodities from the farm to the consumer. J. Food. Qual. 1990, 13:37-54.
58. Smith A.D., Smith S.M., de Jager C.A., Whitbread P., Johnston C., Agacinski G., et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2010, 5:1-10.
59. Smith K.M., Calle P., Raphael B.L., James S., Moore R., McAloose D., et al. Cholelithiasis in four callitrichid species (Leontopithecus, Callithrix). J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 2006, 37:44-48.
60. Spelman L.H., Osborn K.G., Anderson M.P. Pathogenesis of hemosiderosis in lemurs: role of dietary, iron, tannin, and ascorbic acid. Zoo Biol. 1989, 8:239-251.
61. Tardif S., Jaquish C., Layne D., Bales K., Power M., Power R., et al. Growth variation in common marmoset monkeys fed a purified diet: relation to care-giving and weaning behaviors. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1998, 48:264-269.
62. Tardif S., Power M., Ross C., Rutherford J., Layne-Colon D., Paulik M. Characterization of obese phenotypes in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Obesity 2009, 17:1499-1505.
63. Teixeira D.S., Castro L.C., Nóbrega Y.K., Almeida R.C., Gandolfi L., Pratesi R. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels among Callithrix penicillata primate species raised in captivity. J. Med. Primatol. 2010, 39:77-82.
64. Topping D.L., Clifton P.M. Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol. Rev. 2001, 81:1031-1064.
65. Tran Q.D., Hendriks W.H., van der Poel A.F.B. Effects of extrusion processing on nutrients in dry pet food. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 2008, 88:1487-1493.
66. Troen A.M., Shea-Budgell M., Shukitt-Hale B., Smith D.E., Selhub J., Rosenberg I.H. B-vitamin deficiency causes hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular cognitive impairment in mice. PNAS 2008, 105:12474-12479.
67. Ullrey D.E. Nutrition of primates in captivity. Primates: the road to self-sustaining populations 1986, 823-835. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. K. Benirschke (Ed.).
68. Ullrey D.E. Nutritional wisdom. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 1989, 20:1-2.
69. Ullrey D.E., Bernard J.B., Peter G.K., Lu Z., Chen T.C., Sikarskie J.G., et al. Vitamin D intakes by cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and associated serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Zoo Biol. 1999, 18:473-480.
70. Soest Van Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant 1982, O and B Books Inc., Corvalis OR.
71. Videan E.N., Fritz J., Murphy J. Development of guidelines for assessing obesity in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biol. 2007, 26:93-104.
72. Waterland R.A., Jirtle R.L. Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Molec. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23:5293.
73. Wong J.M., de Souza R., Kendall C.W., Emam A., Jenkins D.J. Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2006, 40:235-243.