Potential of nanocellulose as a reinforcing phase for polymers

J-FOR

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 6-16

  Dufresne, Alain ^a  

^a INP Grenoble EFPG   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLINE NANOPARTICLES; HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES; HOMOGENEOUS DISPERSIONS; MECHANICAL SHEARING; NATURALLY OCCURRING; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE; POLYMERIC MATRICES; REINFORCING PHASE;

BIODEGRADATION; BIOPOLYMERS; CELLULOSE; CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; ELASTIC MODULI; FILLED POLYMERS; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOPARTICLES;

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS;

EID: 84884218491     PISSN: 19276311     EISSN: 1927632X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Lin, N., Huang, J., and Dufresne, A., "Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Advanced Functional Nanomaterials: A Review", Nanoscale, 4(11):3274-3294 (2012).
2. Azizi Samir, M.A.S., Alloin, F., and Dufresne, A., "A Review of Recent Research into Cellulosic Whiskers, their Properties, and their Application in the Nanocomposite Field", Biomacromolecules, 6(2):612-626 (2005).
3. Eichhorn, S.J., Dufresne, A., Aranguren, M., Marcovich, N.E., Capadona, J.R., Rowan, S.R., Weder, C., Thielemans, W., Roman, M., Renneckar, S., Gindl, W., Veigel, H. Yano, K. Abe, M. Nogi, A.N. Nakagaito, A. Mangalam, J. Simonsen, A.S. Benight, S., Bismarck, A., Berglund, L.A. and Peijs, T., "Review: Current International Research into Cellulose Nanofibres and Nanocomposites", Journal of Materials Science, 45(1):1-33 (2010).
4. Moon, R.J., Martini, A., Nairn, J., Simonsen, J., and Youngblood, J., "Cellulose Nanomaterials Review: Structure, Properties, and Nanocomposites", Chemical Society Review, 40(7):3941-3994 (2011).
5. Dufresne, A., Nanocellulose: From Nature to High-Performance Tailored Materials, Walter de Gruyter:, Berlin/Boston (2012).
6. Herrick, F.W., Casebier, R.L., Hamilton, J.K., and Sandberg, K.R., "Microfibrillated Cellulose: Morphology and Accessibility", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Polymer Symposia, 37:797-813 (1983).
7. Boldizar, A., Klason, C., Kubát, J., Näslund, P., and Sáha, P., "Prehydrolyzed Cellulose as Reinforcing Filler for Thermoplastics", International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 11(4):229-262 (1987).
8. Henriksson, M., Henriksson, G., Berglund, L.A., and Lindström, T., "An Environmentally Friendly Method for Enzyme-Assisted Preparation of Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) Nanofibres", European Polymer Journal, 43(8):3434-3441 (2007).
9. Pääkkö, M., Ankerfors, M., Kosonen, H., Nykänen, A., Ahola, S., Österberg, M., Ruokolainen, J., Laine, J., Larsson, P.T., Ikkala, O., and Lindström, T., "Enzymatic Hydrolysis Combined with Mechanical Shearing and High-Pressure Homogenization for Nanoscale Cellulose Fibrils and Strong Gels", Biomacromolecules, 8(6):1934-1941 (2007).
10. Wågberg, L., Decher, G., Norgren, M., Lindström, T., Ankerfors, M., and Axnäs, K., "The Build-Up of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers of Microfibrillated Cellulose and Cationic Polyelectrolytes", Langmuir, 24(3):784-795 (2008).
11. Isogai, A., Saito, T., and Fukuzumi, H., "TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibres", Nanoscale, 3(1):71-85 (2011).
12. Lavoine, N., Desloges, I. Dufresne, A., and Bras, J., "Microfibrillated Cellulose: Its Barrier Properties and Applications in Cellulosic Materials: A Review", Carbohydrate Polymers, 90(2):735-764 (2012).
13. Saito, T., Nishiyama, Y., Putaux, J.L., Vignon, M., and Isogai, A., "Homogeneous Suspensions of Individualized Microfibrils from TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation of Native Cellulose", Biomacromolecules, 7(6):1687-1691 (2006).
14. Malainine, M.E., Dufresne, A., Dupeyre, D., Mahrouz, M., and Vignon, M.R, "Structure and Morphology of Cladodes and Spines of Opuntia ficus-indica: Cellulose Extraction and Characterisation", Carbohydrate Polymers, 51(1):77-83 (2003).
15. Roman, M. and Winter, W.T., "Effect of Sulphate Groups from Sulphuric Acid Hydrolysis on the Thermal Degradation Behaviour of Bacterial Cellulose", Biomacromolecules, 5(5):1671- 1677 (2004).
16. Ebeling, T., Paillet, M., Borsali, R., Diat, O., Dufresne, A., Cavaillé, J.Y., and Chanzy, H., "Shear-Induced Orientation Phenomena in Suspensions of Cellulose Microcrystals as Revealed by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering", Langmuir, 15(19):6123-6126 (1999).
17. Anglès, M.N. and Dufresne, A., "Plasticized Starch/Tunicin Whiskers Nanocomposites, 1. Structural Analysis", Macromolecules, 33(22):8344- 8353 (2000).
18. Siqueira, G., Abdillahi, H., Bras, J., and Dufresne, A., "High Reinforcing Capability Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted from Syngonanthus nitens (Capim Dourado)", Cellulose, 17(2):289-298 (2010).
19. Siqueira, G., H., Bras, J., and Dufresne, A., "Luffa cylindrica as a Lignocellulosic Source of Fibre, Microfibrillated Cellulose, and Cellulose Nanocrystals", BioResources, 5(2):727-740 (2010).
20. Siqueira, G., Bras, J., and Dufresne, A., "Cellulose Whiskers versus Microfibrils: Influence of the Nature of the Nanoparticle and its Surface Functionalization on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites", Biomacromolecules, 10(2):425-432 (2009).
21. Habibi, Y., Goffin, A.L., Schiltz, N., Duquesne, E., Dubois, P., and Dufresne, A., "Bionanocomposites Based on Poly(ε-Caprolactone)-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals by Ring Opening Polymerization", Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18(41):5002-5010 (2008).
22. Hepworth, D.G. and Bruce, D.M., "A Method of Calculating the Mechanical Properties of Nanoscopic Plant Cell Wall Components from Tissue Properties", Journal of Materials Science, 35(23): 5861-5865 (2000).
23. Guhados, G., Wan, W., and Hutter, J.L., "Measurement of the Elastic Modulus of Single Bacterial Cellulose Fibres using Atomic Force Microscopy", Langmuir, 21(14):6642-6646 (2005).
24. Cheng, Q., Wang, S., and Harper, D.P., "Effects of Process and Source on Elastic Modulus of Single Cellulose Fibrils Evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy", Composites Part A, 40(5):583-588 (2009).
25. Hsieh, Y.-C., Yano, H., Nogi, M., and Eichhorn, S.J., "An Estimation of the Young's Modulus of Bacterial Cellulose Filaments", Cellulose, 15(4):507- 513 (2008).
26. Meyer, K. and Lotmar, W., "Sur l'Elasticité de la Cellulose", Helvetica Chimica Acta, 19(1):68-86 (1936).
27. Treloar, L.R.G., "Calculations of Elastic Moduli of Polymer Crystals: III. Cellulose", Polymer, 1(1):290-303 (1960).
28. Tashiro, K. and Kobayashi, M., "Calculation of Crystallite Modulus of Native Cellulose", Polymer Bulletin, 14(3-4):213-218 (1985).
29. Jaswon, M.A., Gillis, P.P., and Mark, R.E., "The Elastic Constants of Crystalline Native Cellulose", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 306(1486):389- 412 (1968).
30. Tashiro, K. and Kobayashi, M., "Theoretical Evaluation of Three- Dimensional Elastic Constants of Native and Regenerated Celluloses: Role of Hydrogen Bonds", Polymer, 32(8):1516-1526 (1991).
31. Reiling, S. and Brickmann, J., "Theoretical Investigations on the Structure and Physical Properties of Cellulose", Macromolecular Theory and Simulations, 4(4): 725-743 (1995).
32. Neyertz, S., Pizzi, A., Merlin, A., Maigret, B., Brown, D., and Deglise, X., "A New All-Atom Force Field for Crystalline Cellulose I", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 78(11):1939- 1946 (2000).
33. Eichhorn, S.J. and Davies, G.R., "Modelling the Crystalline Deformation of Native and Regenerated Cellulose", Cellulose, 13(3):291-307 (2006).
34. Tanaka, F. and Iwata, T., "Estimation of the Elastic Modulus of Cellulose Crystal by Molecular Mechanics Simulation", Cellulose, 13(5):509-517 (2006).
35. Bergenstråhle, M., Berglund, L.A., and Mazeau, K., "Thermal Response in Crystalline Iβ Cellulose: A Molecular Dynamics Study", Journal of Physical Chemistry, B 111(30):9138- 9145 (2007).
36. Cintrón, M.S., Johnson, G.P., and French, A.D., "Young's Modulus Calculations for Cellulose Iβ by MM3 and Quantum Mechanics", Cellulose, 18(3):505-516 (2011).
37. Kroon-Batenburg, L.M.J., Kroon, J., and Northolt, M.G., "Chain Modulus and Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Native and Regenerated Cellulose Fibres", Polymer Communications, 27(10):290-292 (1986).
38. Sakurada, I., Nukushina, Y., and Ito, T., "Experimental Determination of the Elastic Modulus of Crystalline Region Oriented Polymers", Journal of Polymer Science, 57(165):651-660 (1962).
39. Matsuo, M., Sawatari, C., Iwai, Y., and Ozaki, F., "Effect of Orientation Distribution and Crystallinity on the Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction of the Crystal Lattice Moduli of Cellulose I and II", Macromolecules, 23(13):3266-3275 (1990).
40. Nishino, T., Takano, K., and Nakamae, K., "Elastic Modulus of the Crystalline Regions of Cellulose Polymorphs", Journal of Polymer Science B, 33(11):1647-1651 (1995).
41. Šturcova, A., Davies, G.R., and Eichhorn, S.J., "Elastic Modulus and Stress-Transfer Properties of Tunicate Cellulose Whiskers", Biomacromolecules, 6(2):1055-1061 (2005).
42. Rusli, R. and Eichhorn, S.J., "Determination of the Stiffness of Cellulose Nanowhiskers and the Fibre-Matrix Interface in a Nanocomposite using Raman Spectroscopy", Applied Physics Letters, 93(3):033111 (2008).
43. Diddens, I., Murphy, B., Krisch, M., and Müller, M., "Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Cellulose Measured using Inelastic X-Ray Scattering", Macromolecules, 41(24):9755-9759 (2008).
44. Iwamoto, S., Kai, W., Isogai, A., and Iwata, T., "Elastic Modulus of Single Cellulose Microfibrils from Tunicate Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy", Biomacromolecules, 10(9):2571- 2576 (2009).
45. Favier, V., Canova, G.R., Cavaillé, J.Y., Chanzy, H., Dufresne, A., and Gauthier, C., "Nanocomposite Materials from Latex and Cellulose Whiskers", Polymers for Advanced Technology, 6:351-355 (1995).
46. Azizi Samir, M.A.S., Alloin, F., Sanchez, J.Y., El Kissi, N., and Dufresne, A., "Preparation of Cellulose Whisker Reinforced Nanocomposites from an Organic Medium Suspension", Macromolecules, 37(4):1386-1393 (2004).
47. Viet, D., Beck-Candanedo, S., and Gray, D., "Dispersion of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polar Organic Solvents", Cellulose, 14(2):109-113 (2007).
48. Van den Berg, O., Capadona, J.R., and Weder, C., "Preparation of Homogeneous Dispersions of Tunicate Cellulose Whiskers in Organic Solvents", Biomacromolecules, 8(4):1353-1357 (2007).
49. Azizi Samir, M.A.S., Montero Mateos, A., Alloin, F., Sanchez, J.-Y., and Dufresne, A., "Plasticized Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(oxyethylene) and Cellulose Whiskers", Electrochimica Acta, 49(26):4667-4677 (2004).
50. Azizi Samir, M.A.S., Alloin, F., Sanchez, J.-Y., and Dufresne, A., "Cross- Linked Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes Reinforced with Cellulose Whiskers", Macromolecules, 37(13):4839-4844 (2004).
51. Marcovich, N.E., Auad, M.L., Belessi, N.E., Nutt, S.R., and Aranguren, M.I., "Cellulose Micro/Nanocrystal Reinforced Polyurethane", Journal of Materials Research, 21(4):870-881 (2006).
52. Auad, M.L., Contos, V.S., Nutt, S., Aranguren, M.I., and Marcovich, N.E., "Characterization of Nano cellulose-Reinforced Shape Memory Polyurethanes", Polymer International, 57(4):651-659 (2008).
53. Capadona, J.R., Shanmuganathan, K., Tyler, D.J., Rowan, S.J., and Weder, C., "Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites Inspired by the Sea Cucumber Dermis", Science, 319(5868):1370-1374 (2008).
54. Liu, H., Liu, D., Yao, F., and Wu, Q., "Fabrication and Properties of Transparent Polymethylmethacrylate/Cellulose Nanocrystal Composites", Bioresource Technology, 101(14):5686-5692 (2010).
55. van den Berg, O., Schroeter, M., Capadona, J.R., and Weder, C., "Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Whiskers and (Semi)conducting Conjugated Polymers", Journal of Materials Chemistry, 17(26):2746-2753 (2007).
56. Schroers, M., Kokil, A., and Weder, C., "Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Nanocomposites of Ethylene Oxide-Epichlorohydrin Copolymers and Cellulose Whiskers", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 93(6):2883- 2888 (2004).
57. Capadona, J.R., Van den Berg, O., Capadona, L., Schroeter, M., Tyler, D., Rowan, S.J., and Weder, C., "A Versatile Approach for the Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites with Self- Assembled Nanofibre Templates", Nature Nanotechnology, 2(12):765- 769 (2007).
58. Heux, L., Chauve, G., and Bonini, C., "Nonflocculating and Chiral-Nematic Self-Ordering of Cellulose Microcrystal Suspensions in Nonpolar Solvents", Langmuir, 16(21):8210-8212 (2000).
59. Kvien, I., Tanem, B.S., and Oksman, K., "Characterization of Cellulose Whiskers and their Nanocomposites by Atomic Force and Electron Microscopy", Biomacromolecules, 6(6):3160-3165 (2005).
60. Ljungberg, N., Bonini, C., Bortolussi, F., Boisson, C., Heux, L., and Cavaillé, J.Y., "New Nanocomposite Materials Reinforced with Cellulose Whiskers in Atactic Polypropylene: Effect of Surface and Dispersion Characteristics", Biomacromolecules, 6(5):2732-2739 (2005).
61. Chauve, G., Heux, L., Arouini, R., and Mazeau, K., "Cellulose Poly(Ethyleneco- Vinyl Acetate) Nanocomposites Studied by Molecular Modeling and Mechanical Spectroscopy", Biomacromolecules, 6(4):2025-2031 (2005).
62. Gopalan Nair, K., Dufresne, A., Gandini, A., and Belgacem, M.N., "Crab Shell Chitin Whisker Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposites, 3. Effect of Chemical Modification of Chitin Whiskers", Biomacromolecules, 4(6):1835-1842 (2003).
63. Orts, W.J., Shey, J., Imam, S.H., Glenn, G.M., Guttman, M.E., and Revol, J.F., "Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites", Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 13(4):301-306 (2005).
64. Alloin, F., D'Aprea, A., Dufresne, A., El Kissi, N., and Bossard, F., "Poly(oxyethylene) and Ramie Whiskers Based Nanocomposites: Influence of Processing: Extrusion and Casting/Evaporation", Cellulose, 18(4):957-973 (2011).
65. Iwatake, A., Nogi, M., and Yano, H., "Cellulose Nanofibre-Reinforced Polylactic Acid", Composite Science and Technology, 68(9):2103-2106 (2008).
66. Suryanegara, L., Nakagaito, A.N., and Yano, H., "The Effect of Crystallization of PLA on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Microfi brillated Cellulose-Reinforced PLA Composites", Composites Science and Technology, 69(7-8):1187-1192 (2009).
67. Jonoobi, M., Harun, J., Mathew, A.P., and Oksman, K., "Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanofibre (CNF) Reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA) Prepared by Twin-Screw Extrusion", Composite Science and Technology, 70(12), 1742-1747 (2010).
68. De Menezes, A.J., Siqueira, G., Curvelo, A.A.S., and Dufresne, A., "Extrusion and Characterization of Functionalized Cellulose Whisker Reinforced Polyethylene Nanocomposites", Polymer, 50(19):4552-4563 (2009).
69. Goffin, A.-L., Raquez, J.-M., Duquesne, E., Siqueira, G., Habibi, Y., Dufresne, A., and Dubois, P., "Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Based Nanocomposites Reinforced by Surface- Grafted Cellulose Nanowhiskers via Extrusion Processing: Morphology, Rheology, and Thermo-Mechanical Properties", Polymer, 52(7):1532- 1538 (2011).
70. Goffin, A.-L., Raquez, J.-M., Duquesne, E., Siqueira, G., Habibi, Y., Dufresne, A., and Dubois, P., "From Interfacial Ring-Opening Polymerization to Melt Processing of Cellulose Nanowhisker-Filled Polylactide-Based Nanocomposites", Biomacromolecules, 12(7):2456-2465 (2011).
71. Raquez, J.M., Murena, Y., Goffin, A.L., Habibi, Y., Ruelle, B., DeBuyl, F., and Dubois, P., "Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanowhiskers and their Use as Nanoreinforcers into Polylactide: A Sustainably Integrated Approach", Composites Science and Technology, 72(5):544-549 (2012).
72. Oksman, K., Mathew, A.P., Bondeson, D., and Kvien, I., "Manufacturing Process of Cellulose Whiskers/Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites", Composites Science and Technology, 66(15):2776-2784 (2006).
73. Bondeson, D. and Oksman, K., "Polylactic Acid/Cellulose Whisker Nanocomposites Modified by Polyvinyl Alcohol", Composites Part A, 38(12):2486-2492 (2007).
74. Fortunati, E., Armentano, I., Zhou, Q., Iannoni, A., Saino, E., Visai, L., Berglund, L.A., and Kenny, J.M., "Multifunctional Bionanocomposite Films of Poly(Lactic Acid), Cellulose Nanocrystals and Silver Nanoparticles", Carbohydrate Polymers, 87(2):1596-1605 (2012).
75. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861711008654- cor0005#cor0005.
76. Wang, B. and Sain, M., "Dispersion of Soybean Stock-Based Nanofibre in a Plastic Matrix", Polymer International, 56(4):538-546 (2007).
77. Wang, B. and Sain, M., "Isolation of Nanofibres from Soybean Source and their Reinforcing Capability on Synthetic Polymers", Composites Science and Technology, 67(11-12):2521-2527 (2007).
78. Jiang, L., Morelius, E., Zhang, J., Wolcott, M., and Holbery, J., "Study of the Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)/Cellulose Nanowhiskers Composites Prepared by Solution Casting and Melt Processing", Journal of Composite Materials, 42(24):2629- 2645 (2008).
79. Ben Azouz, K., Ramires, E.C., Van den Fonteyne, W., El Kissi, N., and Dufresne, A., "Simple Method for the Melt Extrusion of a Cellulose Nanocrystal Reinforced Hydrophobic Polymer", ACS Macro Letters, 1(1), 236- 240 (2012).
80. Azizi Samir, M.A.S., Alloin, F., Sanchez, J.-Y., and Dufresne, A., "Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Poly(Oxyethylene)", Polymer, 45(12):4033-4041 (2004).
81. Lemahieu, L., Bras, J., Tiquet, P., Augier, S., and Dufresne, A., "Extrusion of Nanocellulose-Reinforced Nanocomposites Using the Dispersed Nano-Objects Protective Encapsulation (DOPE) Process", Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 296(11):984-991 (2011).