On the Muslim question

On the Muslim Question

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages

  Norton, Anne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

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EID: 84884074177     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (200)

1. Karl Marx, "On the Jewish Question," in Karl Marx: Selected Writings, ed. David McClellan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 46-64.
2. Benedict Spinoza, Theological-Political Treatise, ed. Jonathan Israel, trans. Jonathan Israel and Michael Silverthorne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007);
3. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998);
4. Antonio Negri, The Labor of Job, trans. Matteo Mandarini (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009).
5. The Holocaust is at the heart not only of Continental philosophy as it endeavors to overcome its past, but also of the work of Anglo-American philosophers like Michael Walzer. The refugees Hannah Arendt, Leo Strauss, Emil Fackenheim, and others made the concern central to the American academy of the second half of the twentieth century.
6. Slavoj Žižek, "Defenders of the Faith," New York Times editorial, March 12, 2006.
7. Leo Strauss, Persecution and the Art of Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
8. Jacques Derrida, Rogues: Two Essays on Reason, trans. Michael Naas and Pascale-Anne Brault (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005).
9. Ken Connor, "Tough Questions about Islam and Democracy," Baptist Press, posted September 26, 2006, www.bpnews.net/bpcolumn.asp?ID=2396; later reposted on http://www.humanevents.com/2006/09/22/why-did-popes-speech-spur-violence/.
10. http://www.netanyahu.org, posted February 7, 2003.
11. Keith Porteous Wood, quoted in César G. Soriano, "Europe Struggles to Balance Free Speech, Limits on Expression," USA Today, February 27, 2006.
12. Talal Asad, "Multiculturalism and British Identity in the Wake of the Rushdie Affair," Politics and Society 18 (1990): 455, 456.
13. Andrew Anthony, "Amsterdamned, Part One," Guardian, December 5, 2004.
14. Ian Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam: Liberal Europe, Islam, and the Limits of Tolerance (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 9, 88.
15. Luger (1981). See also Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam, 89. A still of the scene with the cats is posted on the van Gogh website, http://www.theovangogh.nl.
16. Anthony, "Amsterdamned, Part One."
17. Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam, 90, 91.
18. Peter van der Veer, "Pim Fortuyn, Theo van Gogh, and the Politics of Tolerance in the Netherlands," Public Culture 18, no. 1 (2006): 111.
19. Naar Nederland, www.thiememeulenhoff.nl.
20. Jörg Lau, "Allah und der Humor," Die Zeit, February 1, 2006.
21. English translation at "Who's Afraid of Muhammad?" www.signandsight.com, February 2, 2006.
22. The translation from German to English comes with a curious change of title in which God gives way to Muhammad and humor to fear. Either "Who's Afraid of God?" or "Muhammad und der Humor" would give a more accurate account of the issues.
23. Or so he claimed. As Jytte Klausen notes, Bluitgen has not been willing or able to identify the illustrators who turned him down.
24. Klausen, The Cartoons That Shook the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 18.
25. Lau, "Allah und der Humor."
26. "Dyb angst for kritik af islam," Politiken, September 17, 2005.
27. "Muhammeds ansigt," Jyllands-Posten, September 30, 2005.
28. Flemming Rose, "Why I Published Those Cartoons," Washington Post, February 19, 2006.
29. "Those Danish Cartoons" (lead editorial), New York Times, February 7, 2006.
30. Daniel Howden, David Hardaker, and Stephen Castle, "How a Meeting of Leaders in Mecca Set Off the Cartoon Wars around the World," The Independent, February 10, 2006.
31. I am indebted to Piotr Szpunar for pointing out the distorting effects of the Nigerian case and directing me to a closer examination of these figures.
32. Klausen tells us that the figures are "estimates based on local newspaper reports" (The Cartoons That Shook the World, 107). These numbers are themselves unreliable. My own brief check of local newspapers suggested smaller figures with a death count of 16 rather than 45 for the February 18 riot.
33. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8468456.stm.
34. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4726204.stm.
35. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/30/world/asia/30afghan.html.
36. "Who's Afraid of Muhammad?"
37. Here and throughout, I am indebted to Jeppe van Platz for translations from the Danish.
38. Martin Asser, "What the Muhammad Cartoons Portray," BBC News, February 9, 2006.
39. The text is more commonly translated as "Jyllands-Posten's journalists are a bunch of reactionary provocateurs." My translator argues that "right-wing" or "rightist" is more accurate.
40. Tariq Ramadan, "Free Speech and Civic Responsibility," International Herald Tribune, February 5, 2006.
41. Emran Qureishi, "The Islam the Riots Obscured" (oped), New York Times, February 12, 2006.
42. Andrew Walsh, "To Print or Not to Print," Religion in the News 9, no. 1 (Summer 2006).
43. Dyab Abou Jahjah, "Walking the Thin Line," January 31, 2006, http://www.arabeuropean.org.
44. Paul Belien, "Muslim Radical Defends Freedom of Speech, Deplores Europe's Hypocrisy," Brussels Journal: The Voice of Conservatism in Europe, February 3, 2006.
45. "Europe's Blasphemy Laws," Deutsche Welle, February 7, 2006, www.dw-world.de.
46. Mark Trevelyan, "UK Seeks Way to Stop Militant Grooming on the Web," January 17, 2008, Reuters.com.
47. Preston Grall, "Internet Insider," January 18, 2008, http://blogs.computerworld.com.
48. Some of the essays gathered in the volume-notably those by Bonnie Honig and Azizah al Hibri-dispute Okin's claim quite effectively, but it is her view that is dominant.
49. Slavoj Žižek, "A Glance into the Archives of Islam," originally published as a New York Times editorial, revised and republished on lacan.com.
50. David Cameron, speech to the Munich Security Conference, February 25, 2011, quoted on http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/02/terrorism-islam-ideology.
51. Geert Wilders, speech to the Magna Carta Foundation, March 25, 2011, quoted on jihadwatch.com.
52. The film is available on YouTube and at a variety of other sites.
53. Joan Wallach Scott, The Politics of the Veil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 151-74.
54. Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Infidel (New York: Free Press, 2008), 31-34.
55. Hirsi Ali notes, "Female genital mutilation predates Islam" and is not coincident with it.
56. These quotations appear in the publicity front matter to the 2008 Free Press paperback edition of Infidel. They tell us not only what was said but what the publishers want readers to see in the book.
57. The website http://www.theovangogh.nl/preserves De Gezonde Roker as a memorial.
58. Van der Veer, "Pim Fortuyn, Theo van Gogh, and the Politics of Tolerance in the Netherlands."
59. The editorial was entitled "Tolerance or Death!" with the tag line "European culture leaders should smack down fanatical Islamists. Instead, they're bending over for them." It was published in Reason magazine, November 30, 2005.
60. Afsaneh Najmabadi, Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
61. Joseph Massad, "Re-orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World," Public Culture 14, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 361-85, 362.
62. Scott, The Politics of the Veil, 179, 176.
63. Alain Badiou, "The Law on the Islamic Headscarf," in Polemics, trans. Steve Corcoran (New York: Verso, 2006), 102-3.
64. Words of Women from the Egyptian Revolution, posted by Leila Zahra on youtube.com. There are several episodes.
65. February 16, 2011, www.debbieschlussel.com. Schlussel's comments appalled commentators on left and right, but she was not reproached, much less penalized by her regular employers, Fox News, the New York Post, and the Jerusalem Post.
66. Michelle Malkin, USA Today, August 20, 2004. Also available on michellemalkin.com.
67. Ellen Goodman, "The Myth of 'Security Moms,' " Boston Globe, October 7, 2004.
68. I am indebted to Inderpal Grewal's analysis of the figure of the security mom in " 'Security Moms' in the Early Twentieth-Century [sic] United States: The Gender of Security in Neoliberalism," Women's Studies Quarterly 34, nos. 1/2 (Spring-Summer 2006): 25-39.
69. Joe Klein, "How Soccer Moms Became Security Moms," Time, February 10, 2003.
70. Susan Sontag, "Regarding the Torture of Others," New York Times, May 23, 2004.
71. Ted Olson, "More Christian Organizations Respond to Abu Ghraib Scandal," Christianity Today, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/mayweb-only/5-10-42.0.html. Christianity Today condemned the Abu Ghraib abuses as torture early on, as did Fr. Richard Neuhaus of First Things, and the Vatican.
72. Sontag, "Regarding the Torture of Others."
73. Evan Thomas, "Explaining Lynndie England," Newsweek May 15, 2004, http://www.newsweek.com/id/105054.
74. Janis Karpinski, One Woman's Army: The Commanding General of Abu Ghraib Tells Her Story (New York: Miramax, 2006).
75. Seymour M. Hersh, New Yorker, May 24, 2004.
76. "The Women of Guantánamo," New York Times, July 21, 2005.
77. Paul Berman, The Flight of the Intellectuals (New York: Melville House, 2010), 256.
78. Faisal Devji, Landscapes of the Jihad: Militance, Morality, Modernity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).
79. Ellis Goldberg, "Smashing Idols and the State: The Protestant Ethic and Egyptian Sunni Radicalism," Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 1 (1991): 3-35.
80. Ali Eteraz wrote a September 28, 2007, opinion piece for the Guardian in which he noted the "plethora of writing calling for an Islamic Reformation" and arguing that it had already occurred (read Abdul Wahhab as Luther).
81. Richard Curtis, "Arab Americans React Cautiously to Barak Victory but Jewish American Peace Activists More Optimistic," Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, July/August 1999, 50.
82. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), vi.
83. Homi Bhabha, "Of Mimicry and Man," in The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 2008), 122.
84. There are also liberals for whom Rawls is not liberal enough. These liberal critics of The Law of Peoples include Kok-Chor Tan, "Liberal Toleration in Rawls' Law of Peoples," Ethics 108 (1998): 276-95.
85. Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 35.
86. Arif Jamal, "Moving Out of Kazanistan: Liberal Theory and Muslim Contexts," in Muslim Societies and the Challenge of Secularization, ed. Gabriele Marranci (London: Springer, 2010).
87. Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 75, 76, 78.
88. David Reidy, "Rawls on International Justice: A Defense," Political Theory 32 (2004): 315.
89. John Tasioulas, "From Utopia to Kazanistan: John Rawls and the Law of Peoples," Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 22, no. 2 (2002): 383.
90. Tasioulas does not appear to know that head-to-toe covering is not required for Muslim women, or that modest dress is required for Muslim men. He is also mistaken in suggesting that denying university education or professional occupations to women is Islamic.
91. Neil Beers, "Reconstructing Rawls: On the Nature of a Truly Decent Hierarchical Society," http://www.sewanee.edu/philosophy/Journal/Archives/2002/Beers.htm.
92. Jamal, "Moving Out," 83.
93. Michael Gross, "Doctors in the Decent Society: Torture, Ill-treatment and Civic Duty," Bioethics18, no. 2 (2004): 181-203. See especially 184-85
94. Gross's account is well intentioned and aimed primarily at interrogating the practice of torture in Israel. It is, however, riddled with facile misconstructions of Islam and simple errors, including the mistranslation of hudud (limit) as "acts against God."
95. Uday Mehta, Liberalism and Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
96. New York Times, January 21, 2011.
97. Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 67.
98. Zakat is usually translated as "charity." Like charity, it is provision made to those in need. Qutb insists, however, that zakat is not charity but a right, and that providing zakat is a moral and political obligation.
99. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Fireside Chat 16, Miller Center Presidential Archive
100. Sayyid Qutb, Social Justice and Islam, trans. John B. Hardie (Washington, DC: American Council of Learned Societies, 1953), 73, 76, 77.
101. Thomas Paine, Common Sense, the Rights of Man and other Essential Writings (New York: Penguin 2003), 233.
102. Roxanne Euben's book The Enemy in the Mirror explores, more extensively than I do here, the extent to which Qutb offers a critical reflection on Western principles and practices, including those of liberal theory.
103. Euben, The Enemy in the Mirror (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
104. Andrew March offers a reading of Sayyid Qutb that reveals the affinities between the liberal approach and that of Sayyid Qutb.
105. March, "Taking People as They Are: Islam as a 'Realistic Utopia' in the Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb," American Political Science Review 104, no. 1 (February 2010): 189-207.
106. Qutb, Social Justice and Islam, 161.
107. George Kateb, Human Dignity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
108. Qutb, Social Justice and Islam, 150.
109. John DiIulio, Godly Republic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
110. Derrida, Rogues, 28-29.
111. Derrida acknowledges this on 35 but casts it as a structural inevitability, a process without agents or the possibility of escape.
112. Wendy Brown, "Sovereign Hesitations," in Derrida and the Time of the Political, ed. Pheng Cheah and Suzanne Guerlac (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009), 123-24.
113. Derrida, Rogues, 28-29.
114. Derrida's third lesson on democracy also deals with the conflict between democracy and sovereignty understood as single and incarnate. I will not take this question up here. Wendy Brown and I both discuss the limits imposed by Derrida's reliance on Schmitt's understanding of an incarnate sovereign in Cheah and Guerlac, Derrida and the Time of the Political.
115. Derrida, Rogues, 28.
116. Derrida, "Faith and Knowledge," in Acts of Religion, ed. Gil Anidjar (New York: Routledge, 2002), 46. The "right to literature" alluded to is connected by Derrida to Khomeini's fatwa against Salman Rushdie.
117. Ibn Khaldûn, Muqaddimah, trans. Franz Rosenthal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967). Ibn Khaldun called the quality that binds people together asabiyya, solidarity.
118. Derrida, Rogues, 64, 65, 66.
119. Jacques Derrida, The Politics of Friendship, trans. George Collins (London: Verso, 1997), 232.
120. Al Farabi, "The Political Regime," trans. Fauzi Najjar, in Medieval Political Philosophy, ed. Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi (New York: Collier Macmillan, 1963), 51.
121. Plato, Republic, trans. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1968), bk. 8.
122. Derrida, Rogues, 64.
123. Terry Karl, The Paradox of Plenty (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
124. For a more extensive account see Mehta, Liberalism and Empire.
125. Denis de Rougemont, The Idea of Europe (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 74.
126. Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (London: Penguin, 1978), 150-238.
127. Rougemont, The Idea of Europe, 298, 301, 311.
128. Carl Schmitt, Roman Catholicism and Political Form, trans. G. L. Ulmen (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 38.
129. Rougemont, The Idea of Europe, 307.
130. Miguel de Unamuno, Vérités arbitraries: Espagne contre Europe, trans. Francis de Miomandre (Paris: Editions du Sagittaire, 1925).
131. Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics, vol. 1, The Marrano of Reason (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
132. Arno Widmann, "No Europe without Muslims: Conference with Jürgen Habermas and Tariq Ramadan," trans. Katy Derbyshire (originally published in Frankfurter Rundschau, June 24, 2008), http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-781/i.html.
133. Craig Smith, "Granada Journal; Where the Moors Held Sway, Allah Is Praised Again," New York Times, October 21, 2003.
134. Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003), 3-6.
135. Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Confronting Fascism in Egypt (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010), 75. The English book is an abridged presentation of the enormous body of evidence Gershoni and Jankowski have edited and published in Hebrew. They continue to work on their documentation of antifascism in the Arab Middle East.
136. Gil Anidjar's superb study The Jew, the Arab: A History of the Enemy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003).
137. Caroline Fourest, Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan, trans. Ioana Wieder and John Atherton (New York: Encounter Books, 2008), 3.
138. Žižek, "A Glance into the Archives of Islam." The italics are Žižek's.
139. May 1, 2011, www.debbieschlussel.com/36592. On Geller, Spencer, and the "gates of Vienna," see Scott Shane, "Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.," New York Times, July 24, 2011.
140. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist 1, in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: New American Library, 1961), 33.
141. Marie Gottschalk, The Prison and the Gallows (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
142. Sontag, "Regarding the Torture of Others."
143. Matt. 25:40. The philosophic and literary corollary may be Negri's account of his own imprisonment, The Labor of Job.
144. Susan Sontag notes the use and effects of editorial cropping of the photographs from Abu Ghraib in her essay "Regarding the Torture of Others."
145. Sheldon Wolin, Democracy Incorporated (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
146. Adam Zagorin and Michael Duffy, "Inside the Interrogation of Detainee 063," Time, June 20, 2005, http://www.time.com/time/2006/log/log.pdf. Also quoted, with ellipses, in Jane Mayer, The Dark Side (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 182.
147. Alex Danchev, "Like a Dog! Humiliation and Shame in the War on Terror" (paper presented at the Political Theory Workshop, University of Pennsylvania, October, 2006).
148. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998).
149. Paul Gilroy, After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture? (London: Routledge 2004).
150. Tariq Ramadan, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 53. This comes in direct refutation of Paul Berman's tendentious conflation of Ramadan and Qaradawi, in the context of Ramadan rejecting Qaradawi's characterization of the position of Muslims in the West.
151. Ramadan, Western Muslims, 78-79.
152. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983).
153. It ends badly in a larger sense: the climactic narrative failure is a failure in literary and political terms.
154. http://natsumemaya.net/TheTaqwacores.html
155. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/mar/19/sexdrugsandprayer
156. http://www.last.fm/music/The+Kominas
157. http://www.sepiamutiny.com/sepia/archives/005438.html
158. http://swedenburg.blogspot.com/2009/09/even-more-on-kominas-pakistani-rock.html
159. http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/10/01/muslim-punk-bands-tour-the-us-tales-of-allah-amps-and-anarchy/.
160. Hawgdawg, the blog of Prof. Ted Swedenburg, is an invaluable source for commentary on many aspects of Muslim music.
161. Secret Trial Five was founded by Sena Hussain. Her band toured with the Kominas in 2007.
162. "When they all crashed the Islamic Society of North America's annual meeting in Chicago, they caused a riot, with organizers and police on one side and excited hijabi girls rocking out on the other." www.taqwacore.com.
163. Bhabha, Location of Culture.
164. Michel Foucault and Sylvère Lotringer, Foucault Live (New York: Semiotext(e), 1989).
165. Michael Muhammad Knight, The Taqwacores (New York: Soft Skull Press, 2009), 9.
166. http://swedenburg.blogspot.com.
167. Mark LeVine, Heavy Metal Islam: Rock, Resistance, and the Struggle for the Soul of Islam (New York: Random House, 2008).
168. I learned this from Doug Moore, a member of my seminar and a metal critic. Levine notes it in Heavy Metal Islam, 5-6.
169. Jonathan Curiel, Al'America: Travels through America's Arab and Islamic Roots (New York: New Press, 2008), 127. See, more generally, 119-30.
170. Knight plays with this trope in The Taqwacores, where Jehangir tells Yusef Ali, "Yeah, y'akhi, Khalifornia. There's a group out there, they're trying to establish the Khilafah out there, call themselves fuckin' Khalifornia" (28).
171. In one of the more heterodox of their practices, the Five Percenters refer to male Five Percenters as "Gods," often taking that as a name, e.g., God Sunz, Divine Life Allah, Superstar Quam Allah.
172. Felicia Miyakawa, Five Percenter Rap: God Hop's Music, Message, and Black Muslim Mission (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005).
173. Ramadan, Western Muslims, 72, 73, and, more generally, 63-77.
174. This is given another form in Cairo Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture, and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East, ed. Diane Singerman and Paul Amar (American University in Cairo Press, 2009).
175. Farha Ghannam, Remaking the Modern: Space, Relocation, and the Politics of Identity in a Global Cairo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).
176. Žižek, "Defenders of the Faith."
177. Gil Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab: A History of the Enemy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003).
178. Alex Young, "Algeria and Rangers Defender Madjid Bougherra: Scotland Fans Are Backing Algeria against England," Sun, June 1, 2010, http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2890/world-cup-2010/2010/06/01/1952847/algeria-and-rangers-defender-madjid-bougherra-scotland-fans.
179. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bsw1CmaVjo4&feature=related.
180. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJQ2FpzRPTg. This would be followed by other songs, several of which are posted on YouTube.
181. Andrew Smith, "Interview: Madjid Bougherra," Scotland on Sunday, May 31, 2009, http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/sport/Interview-Madjid-Bougherra-.5319358.jp.
182. Neil Cameron, "Madjid Bougherra Hails Move to Rangers for Saving His Career after French Nightmare," Daily Record, February 23, 2010. There is no small irony in the fact that this is being written by a Catholic.
183. David Folkenflik, "NPR Ends Williams' Contract after Muslim Remarks," October 21, 2010, www.npr.org.
184. Andrew Sullivan, "The Daily Dish," in the Atlantic online October 22, 2010, www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2010/10/muslims-wearing-things/180895/
185. Lorraine Ali, "Not So Sweet," Newsweek, May 30, 2008, www.newsweek.com/2008/05/29/not-so-sweet.html#.
186. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEOAulrllls.
187. http://muslimswearingthings.tumblr.com/.
188. www.elkader-iowa.com/history.html.
189. Trymaine Lee, "Killing of a Local Gadfly Leaves a Town Puzzled," New York Times, August 20, 2010, A16-17.
190. Devin Dwyer, "N.J. Town Picks Muslim for Mayor, Orthodox Jew as Deputy," July 6, 2010, ABCNews.com.
191. Jason Fekete, "Provincial Parties Seek Lesson from Surprise Win," Calgary Herald, October 21, 2010, A5.
192. Mario Tonneguzzi, "Common Values Trump Religion," Calgary Herald, October 21, 2010, A5.
193. Josh Wingrove, "Naheed Nenshi: Change Calgary Believed In," Globe and Mail, October 19, 2010.
194. Licia Corbella, "Corbella: Can Nenshi Slay Our Redneck Image? Don't Bet the Farm," Calgary Herald, October 20, 2010, www.calgaryherald.com/Corbella.
195. Jason Van Boom, "Minarets and the Conversion of a Swiss Politician: Separating Facts from Fantasy," Tikkun Daily Blog, February 5, 2010, www.tikkun.org/tikkundaily/2010/02/05/minarets-and-the-conversion-of-a-swiss-politician-the-real-story/#more-9900.
196. Rawls, The Law of Peoples.
197. Jacques Derrida, Rogues.
198. Žižek, "A Glance into the Archives of Islam."
199. Hélène Cixous, "My Algeriance, in Other Words: To Depart Not to Arrive from Algeria," trans. Eric Prenowitz, in Stigmata (New York: Routledge, 1998), 153.
200. I have written a longer account of Cixous's tragic refusal of the Algerian in "The Red Shoes: Islam and the Limits of Solidarity in Hélène Cixous," Theory & Event 14, no. 1 (2011).