Combined structural interventions for gender equality and livelihood security: A critical review of the evidence from southern and eastern Africa and the implications for young people

Journal of the International AIDS Society

Volumn 15, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Gibbs, Andrew ^a   Willan, Samantha ^a   Misselhorn, Alison ^a   Mangoma, Jaqualine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Eastern Africa; Gender; HIV; Intervention; Livelihoods; Prevention; Southern Africa

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883856153     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17582652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7448/IAS.15.3.17362     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. UNICEF. Opportunity in crisis: preventing HIV from early adolescence to young adulthood. New York: UNICEF; 2011.
2. Gouws E, Stanecki KA, Lyerla R, Ghys PD. The epidemiology of HIV infection among young people aged 15-24 years in southern Africa. AIDS. 2008;22(Suppl 4):S5-16.
3. UNAIDS. Global Report. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2010.
4. Hunter M. Love in the time of AIDS: inequality, gender, and rights in South Africa. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press; 2010.
5. van Renterghem H, Jackson H. AIDS and the city: intensifying the response to HIV and AIDS in urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Johannesburg: UNAIDS; 2009.
6. Thomas L, Vearey J, Mahlangu P. Making a difference to health in slums: an HIV and African perspective. Lancet. 2011;377:1571-2.
7. Campbell C, Cornish F. Towards a 'fourth generation' of approaches to HIV/AIDS management: creating contexts for effective community mobilization. AIDS Care. 2010;(Supp. 2):1569-79.
8. Campbell C, Gibbs A. Poverty, AIDS and gender. In: Chant S, editor. International handbook on poverty and gender. Cheltenam: Edward Elgar; 2010. p. 327-32.
9. Phillips A, Pirkle C. Moving beyond behaviour: advancing HIV risk prevention epistemologies and interventions (A report on the state of the literature). Global Public Health. 2011;6:577-92.
10. Padian NS, McCoy SI, Balkus JE, Wasserheit JN. Weighing the gold in the gold standard: challenges in HIV prevention research. AIDS. 2010;24: 621-35.
11. Harrison A, Newell ML, Imrie J, Hoddinott G. HIV prevention for South African youth: which interventions work? A systematic review of current evidence. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:102.
12. Maticka-Tyndale E, Barnett JP. Peer-led interventions to reduce HIV risk of youth: a review. Eval Program Plann. 2010;33:98-112.
13. Michielsen K, Chersich MF, Luchters S, De Koker P, Van Rossem R, Temmerman M. Effectiveness of HIV prevention for youth in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials. AIDS. 2010;24:1193-202.
14. Tawil O, Verster A, O'Reilly KR. Enabling approaches for HIV/AIDS prevention: can we modify the environment and minimize the risk? AIDS. 1995;9:1299-306.
15. Waldo CR, Coates TJ. Multiple levels of analysis and intervention in HIV prevention science: exemplars and directions for new research. AIDS. 2000;14(Suppl2):S18-26.
16. Dworkin SL, Ehrhardt AA. Going beyond "ABC" to include "GEM": critical reflections on progress in the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2007; 97:13-8.
17. Auerbach J, Parkhurst J, Caceres C. Addressing social drivers of HIV/AIDS for the long-term response: conceptual and methodological considerations. Global Public Health. 2011;(Supp. 3):S293-309.
18. CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
19. Gupta GR, Ogden AS, Warner A. Moving forward on women's genderrelated HIV vulnerability: the good news, the bad news and what to do about it. Global Public Health. 2011;6:S370-82.
20. Jewkes RK, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Shai N. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet. 2010;376:41-8.
21. Piot P, Greener R, Russell S. Squaring the circle: AIDS, poverty, and human development. PLoS Med. 2007;4:1571-5.
22. Hargreaves JR, Bonell CP, Boler T, Boccia D, Birdthistle I, Fletcher A, et al. Systematic review exploring time trends in the association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2008;22:403-14.
23. Kim JC, Watts CH. Gaining a foothold: tackling poverty, gender inequality, and HIV in Africa. BMJ. 2005;331:769-72.
24. Gupta GR, Parkhurst JO, Ogden JA, Aggleton P, Mahal A. Structural approaches to HIV prevention. Lancet. 2008;372:764-75.
25. Connell R. Gender: in world perspective. London: Polity Press; 2009.
26. Greig A, Peacock D, Jewkes R, Msimang S. Gender and AIDS: time to act. AIDS. 2008;22(Suppl 2):S35-43.
27. Jewkes R, Morrell R. Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2010;13:6.
28. O'Brien KL, Leichenko RM. Double exposure: assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. Glob Environ Change. 2000;10:221-32.
29. Harpham T. Urban health in developing countries: what do we know and where do we go? Health & Place. 2009;15:107-16.
30. O'Brien KL, Leichenko RM. Winners and losers in the context of global change. Ann Assoc Am Geogr. 2003;93:89-103.
31. Heltberg R, Siegel PB, Jorgensen SL. Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: toward a 'no-regrets' approach. Glob Environ Change. 2009;19:89-99.
32. Gillespie S. Poverty, food insecurity, HIV vulnerability and the impacts of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. IDS Bull. 2008;39:10-8.
33. World Bank. Youth unemployment and underemployment in Africa brings uncertainty and opportunity. Washington: World Bank; 2008.
34. Scoones I. Livelihoods perspectives and rural development. J Peasant Stud. 2009;36:171-96.
35. Bebbington A. Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World Dev. 1999;27:2021-44.
36. Chambers R, Conway GR. Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies; 1991.
37. Farrington J, Carney D, Ashley C, Turton C. Sustainable livelihoods in practice: early applications of concepts in rural areas. vol. 1. Natural Resource Perspectives: ODI, London; 1999.
38. Leach M, Mearns R, Scoones I. Challenges to community-based sustainable development: dynamics, entitlements, institutions. IDS Bull. 1997;28:4-14.
39. Scoones I. Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis. Institute for Development Studies Brighton; 1998.
40. Mosoetsa S. Eating from one pot: the dynamics of survival in poor South African households. Johannesburg: Wits University Press; 2011.
41. Campbell C. Letting them die: why HIV interventions fail. Oxford: James Currey; 2003.
42. WHO, UNAIDS. Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: UNAIDS & WHO; 2010.
43. Allison EH, Seeley J. HIV and AIDS among fisherfolk: a threat to 'responsible fisheries'? Fish and Fisheries. 2004;5:215-34.
44. Silberschmidt M. Disempowerment of men in rural and urban East Africa: implications for male identity and sexual behavior. World Dev. 2001;29: 657-71.
45. Jewkes R, Nduna M, Levin J, Jama N, Dunkle K, Puren A et al. Impact of Stepping Stones on incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial. Brit Med J. 2008;337: 391-5.
46. Dworkin SL, Blankenship K. Microfinance and HIV/AIDS prevention: assessing its promise and limitations. AIDS Behav. 2009;13:462-9.
47. Pronyk PM, Hargreaves JR, Kim JC, Morison LA, Phetla G, Watts C, et al. Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1973-83.
48. Odek WO, Busza J, Morris CN, Cleland J, Ngugi EN, Ferguson AG. Effects of micro-enterprise services on HIV risk behaviour among female sex workers in Kenya's urban slums. AIDS Behav. 2009;13:449-61.
49. Dunbar MS, Maternowska MC, Kang MS, Laver SM, Mudekunye-Mahaka I, Padian NS. Findings from SHAZ!: a feasibility study of a microcredit and life-skills HIV prevention intervention to reduce risk among adolescent female orphans in Zimbabwe. J Prev Interv Community. 2010;38:147-61.
50. Jan S, Ferrari G, Watts C, Hargraves J, Kim J, Phetla G et al. Economic evaluation of combined microfinance and gender training intervention for the prevention of intimate partner violence in rural South Africa. Health Policy Plan. 2011;26(5):366-72.
51. Odek WO, Busza J, Morris CN, Cleland J, Ngugi EN, Ferguson AG. Effects of micro-enterprise services on HIV risk behaviour among female sex workers in Kenya's urban slums. AIDS Behav. 2009;13:449-61.
52. Pronyk PM, Kim J, Abramsky T, Phetla G, Hargraves J, Morison LA, et al. A combined microfinance and training intervention can reduce HIV risk behaviour in young female participants. AIDS. 2008;22:1659-65.
53. Erulkar A, Chong E. Evaluation of a savings & micro-credit program for vulnerable young women in Nairobi. Washington: Population Council; 2005.
54. Gibbs A, Campbell C, Maimane S, Nair Y, Sibiya Z. Youth participation in the fight against AIDS in South Africa: from policy to practice. J Youth Stud. 2009;12:93-109.
55. Ssewamala F, Ismayilova L, McKay M, Sperber E, Bannon W, Alicea S. Gender and the effects of an economic empowerment program on attitudes toward sexual risk-taking among AIDS-orphaned adolescent youth in Uganda. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46:372-8.
56. Baird S, Garfein R, McIntosh C, Ozler B. Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2012;379(1329):1320-9.
57. Evans DA, Kremer M, Ngatia M. The impact of distributing school uniforms on children's education in Kenya. Bost: Poverty Action Lab; 2009.
58. Morrell R, Epstein D, Untenhalter E, Bhana D, Moletsane R. Toward gender equality: South African schools during the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Durban: UKZN Press; 2009.
59. Jewkes R. Where to for sexual health education for adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa? PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000288.
60. Dunbar MS, Dufour M, Lambdin B, Mudekunye-Mahaka I, Nhamo D, Padian N. The SHAZ! project: results from a Phase II trail of economic livelihoods and life skills education for HIV prevention among adolescent female orphans in Zimbabwe. Personal communication; 2012.
61. Gibbs A, Campbell C, Nair Y, Maimane S. What do youth want? The mismatch between youth aspirations and participatory HIV/AIDS programmes. Afr J AIDS Res. 2010;153-63.
62. Ramella M, De la Cruz R. Taking part in adolescent sexual health promotion in Peru: community participation from a social psychological perspective. J Community Appl Soc. 2000;10:271-84.
63. Hallman K, Roca E. Siyakha Nentsha: building economic, health, and social capabilities among highly vulnerable adolescents in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Washington: Population Council; 2011. p. 1-4
64. Campbell C, Jovchelovitch S. Health, community and development: towards a social psychology of participation. J Community Appl Soc. 2000;10: 255-70.
65. Freire P. Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum; 1973.
66. Dworkin SL, Dunbar MS, Krishnan S, Hatcher AM, Sawires S. Uncovering tensions and capitalizing on synergies in HIV/AIDS and antiviolence programs. Am J Public Health. 2011;101:995-1003.
67. Jewkes R, Wood K, Duvury N. I woke up after I joined Stepping Stones': meanings of an HIV behavioural intervention in rural South African young people's lives. Health Educ Res. 2010;25:1074-84.
68. CAMFED business training & microfinance, accessed in March 2012. Available from: http://us.camfed.org/site/PageServer?pagename-what-microfinance
69. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention through reduced choice disability, accessed in March 2012. Available from: http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN28557578
70. Effects of cash transfer and community mobilization in young South African women, accessed in March 2012. Available from: http://www.hptn.org/ research-studies/hptn068.asp
71. McMichael P. Development and social change: a global perspective. 4th ed. New York: Pine Forth Press; 2008.
72. HEARD, Medical Research Council, Project Empower: Creating Futures. Durban, HEARD: HEARD, MRC, Project Empower; 2012.
73. Baird S, Chirwa E, McIntosh C, Ozler B. The short-term impacts of a schooling conditional cash transfer program on the sexual behaviour of young women. Health Econ. 2010;19:55-68.
74. Duflo E, Dupas P, Kremer M, Sinei S. Education and HIV/AIDS prevention: evidence from a randomized evaluation in Western Kenya. Washington: World Bank; 2006.
75. Hallfors D, Cho H, Rusakaniko S, Iritani B, Mapfumo J, Halpern C. Supporting adolescent orphan girls to stay in school as HIV risk prevention: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Am J Public Health. 2011;101:1082-8.