Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Germany as potential reservoir species for Lyssaviruses

European Journal of Wildlife Research

Volumn 59, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 637-643

  Vos, Ad ^a   Nolden, Tobias ^b   Habla, Christiane ^a   Finke, Stefan ^b   Freuling, Conrad M ^b   Teifke, Jens ^b   Müller, Thomas ^b  

^a IDT Biologika GmbH   (Germany)

^b FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (Germany)

Author keywords

EBLV 1; Germany; Rabies; RABV; Raccoon; Susceptibility

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; EUROPEAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS 1; LYSSAVIRUS; PROCYON; PROCYON LOTOR; RABIES VIRUS;

EID: 84883765610     PISSN: 16124642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0714-y     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Aubert MFA (1996) Methods for the calculation of titres. In: Meslin F-X, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H (eds) Laboratory techniques in rabies, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 445-459.
2. Arnold J et al (2012) Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe. Mammal Rev 42: 1-11.
3. Artois M, Duchene MJ, Aubert MFA, Blancou J (1989) Infestation experimentale par un virus rabique d'orgine vulpine du raton laveur (Procyon lotor) introduit en Europe. Rec Med Vet 165: 379-382.
4. Beltran-Beck B, Garcia FJ, Gortazar C (2012) Raccoons in Europe: disease hazards due to the establishment of an invasive species. Eur J Wildl Res 58: 5-15.
5. Blanton JD, Palmer D, Dyer J, Rupprecht CE (2011) Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2010. J Am Vet Med Assoc 239: 773-783.
6. Brookes SM, Klopfleisch R, Müller T, Healy DM, Teifke JP, Lange E, Kliemt J, Johnson N, Johnson L, Kaden V, Vos A, Fooks AR (2007) Susceptibility of sheep to European bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 infection: a clinical pathogenesis study. Vet Microbiol 125: 773-783.
7. Cirovic D, Rakovic M, Milenkovis M, Paunovic M (2011) Small Indian Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus (Herpestidae, Carnivora): an invasive species in Montenegro. Biol Invasions 13: 393-399.
8. Cliquet F, Picard-Meyer E, Barrat J, Brookes SM, Healy DM, Wasniewski M, Litaize E, Biarnais M, Johnson L, Fooks AR (2009) Experimental infection of foxes with European Bat Lyssaviruses type-1 and 2. BMC Vet Res 5: 19.
9. Cliquet F, Freuling C, Smreczak M, van der Poel WHM, Horton DL, Fooks AR, Robardet E, Picard-Meyer E, Müller T (2011). Development of harmonized schemes for monitoring and reporting of rabies in animals in the European Union. EFSA Scientific Report (Q-2010-00078). EFSA, Brussels.
10. Cox JH, Schneider LG (1976) Prophylactic immunization of humans against rabies by intradermal inoculation of human diploid cell culture vaccine. J Clin Microbiol 3: 96-101.
11. Dacheux L, Farrous F, Mailles A, Boisseleau D, Delmas O, Biron C, Bouchier C, Capek I, Muller M, Ilari F, Lefranc T, Raffi F, Goudal M, Bourhy H (2009) European bat lyyssavirus transmission among cats, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 280-284.
12. Dean DJ, Abelseth MK, Atanasiu P (1996) The fluorescent antibody test. In: Meslin F-X, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H (eds) Laboratory techniques in rabies, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 88-95.
13. Gramlich S, Schulz H, Köhnemann B, Michler F-U (2011) Mater semper certa? - Molekularbiologische Analyse einer Waschbärpopulation (Procyon lotor Linné, 1758) in Müritz-Nationalpark. Beitr Jagd-u Wildf 36: 521-530.
14. Hamir AN, Moser G, Rupprecht CE (1996) Clinicopathologic variation in raccoons infected with different street rabies virus isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 8: 31-37.
15. Hill RE Jr, Beran GW (1992) Experimental inoculation of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with rabies virus of skunk origin. J Wildl Dis 28: 51-56.
16. Hill RE Jr, Smith KE, Beran GW, Beard PD (1993) Further studies on the susceptibility of raccoons (Procyon lotor) to a rabies virus of skunk origin and comparative susceptibility of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). J Wildl Dis 29: 475-477.
17. Hohmann U, Voigt S, Andreas U (2001) Quo vadis raccoon? New visitors in our backyards - on the urbanization of an allochthone carnivore in Germany. Naturschutz und Verhalten 2: 143-148.
18. Johnson N, Fooks AR, Valtchovski R, Müller T (2007) Evidence for trans-border movement of rabies by wildlife reservoirs between countries in the Balkan Peninsular. Vet Microbiol 120: 71-76.
19. Johnson N, Freuling C, Horton D, Müller T, Fooks AR (2011) Imported rabies, European Union and Switzerland, 2001-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 753-754.
20. McLean RG (1975) Raccoon rabies. In: Baer GM (ed) The natural history of rabies. Academic Press Inc., New York - USA, pp 53-77.
21. King AA (1996) Cell culutre techniques in rabies. In: Meslin F-X, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H (eds) Laboratory techniques in rabies, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 114-130.
22. Michler F-U (2004) Waschbären im Stadtgebiet - Wildbiologie International 5/12. Infodienst Wildbiologie & Oekologie, Zurich.
23. Michler F-U (2007) Der Waschbär. In: Stubbe M, Böhning V (eds) Neubürger auf demVormarsch. DLV, München, pp 36-59.
24. Müller T, Cox J, Peter W, Schäfer R, Johnson N, McElhinney LM, Geue JL, Tjornehoj K, Fooks AR (2004) Spill-over of European bat lyssavirus type 1 into a stone marten (Martes foina) in Germany. J Vet Med B 51: 49-54.
25. Müller T, Bätza H-J, Beckert A, Bunzenthal C, Cox J, Freuling C, Fooks AR, Frost J, Geue L, Hoeflechner A, Marston D, Neubert A, Neubert L, Revilla-Fernandez S, Vanek E, Vos A, Wodak E, Zimmer K, Mettenleiter TC (2009) Analysis of vaccine virus associated rabies cases in wildlife after oral rabies vaccination campaigns in Germany and Austria. Arch Virol 154: 1081-1091.
26. Müller T, Bätza HJ, Freuling C, Kliemt A, Kliemt J, Heuser R, Schlüter H, Selhorst T, Vos A, Mettenleiter TC (2012) Elimination of terrestrial rabies in Germany using oral vaccination of foxes. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 125: 178-190.
27. Rupprecht CE, Wiktor TJ, Johnston DH, Hamir AN, Dietzschold B, Wunner WH, Glickman LT, Koprowski H (1986) Oral immunization and protection of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7947-7950.
28. Rupprecht CE, Dietschold B, Campbell JB, Charlton KM, Koprowski H (1992) Consideration of inactivated rabies vaccines as oral immunogens of wild carnivores. J Wildl Dis 28: 629-635.
29. th Annual Meeting of the U. S. Livestock Sanitation Association, Charleston, West Virginia, pp 268-272.
30. Slate D (2011) The exotic small Asian mongoose in the Caribbean: Rabies management opportunities and challenges. RITA XXII, San Juan, Puerto Rico, October 16-21, 2011. Abstract, pp 39.
31. Smith JS, Yager PA, Baer GM (1973) A rapid reproducible test for determining rabies neutralizing antibody. Bull World Health Org 48: 315-324.
32. Srithayakumar V, Castillo S, Rosatte RC, Kyle CJ (2011) MHC class II DRB diversity in raccoons (Procyon lotor) reveals associations with raccoon rabies virus (Lyssavirus). Immunogenetics 63: 103-113.
33. Tinline R, Rosatte R, Macinnes CD (2002) Estimating the incubation period of raccoon rabies: a time-space clustering approach. Prev Vet Med 56: 89-103.
34. Tjørnehøj K, Fooks AR, Agerholm JS, Rønsholt L (2006) Natural and experimental infection of sheep with European bat lyssavirus type-1 of Danish bat origin. J Comp Pathol 134: 190-201.
35. Vos A, Müller T, Neubert L, Zurbriggen A, Botteron C, Pöhle D, Schoon H, Haas L, Jackson AC (2004a) Rabies in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) experimentally infected with European Bat Lyssavirus type 1. J Vet Med B 51: 327-332.
36. Vos A, Müller T, Cox J, Neubert L, Fooks AR (2004b) Susceptibility of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to experimentally induced rabies with European Bat Lyssaviruses (EBLV). J Vet Med B 51: 55-60.
37. Vos A, Kretzschmar A, Ortmann S, Köhnemann B, Michler F (2012) The raccoon (Procyon lotor) as potential rabies reservoir species in Germany: a risk assessment. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 125: 228-235.
38. Webster WA, Casey GA (1996) Virus isolation in neuroblastoma cell culture. In: Meslin F-X, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H (eds) Laboratory techniques in rabies, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 93-104.
39. Winkler WG, Jenkins SR (1991) Raccoon rabies. In: Baer GM (ed) The Natural History of Rabies, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton - USA, pp 326-340.
40. Yakobson BA, David D, Aldomy F (2004) Rabies in Israel and Jordan. In: King AA, Fooks AR, Aubert M, Wandeler AI (eds) Historical perspectives of rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, pp 171-183.
41. Yakobson BA, King R, Amir S, Devers N, Sheichat N, Rutenberg D, Mildenberg Z, David D (2006) Rabies vaccination program for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Israel (1999-2004). Dev Biol (Basel) 125: 133-140.