The spectrum of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults in the XXI century

Clinical Pulmonary Medicine

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 214-220

  Falcó, Vicenç ^a   Burgos, Joaquin ^a   Pahissa, Albert ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

Author keywords

invasive pneumococcal disease; pneumococcal vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; BETA LACTAM; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LEVOFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; MEROPENEM; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE;

ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BLOOD CULTURE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; GRAM STAINING; HEALTH CARE COST; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS; NONHUMAN; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SPUTUM CULTURE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 84883666008     PISSN: 10680640     EISSN: 15365956     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/CPM.0b013e3182a2db89     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal disease. In: Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, Stanton A, eds. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 12th ed. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2012: 233-247. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index. html.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2011. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/ survreports/spneu10-orig.pdf.
3. Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax. 2012; 67: 71-79.
4. Kyaw MH, Rose CE Jr, Fry AM, et al Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network. The influence of chronic illnesses on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults. J Infect Dis. 2005; 192: 377-386. (Pubitemid 41023115)
5. Burgos J, Falcó V, Borrego A, et al. Impact of the emergence of non-vaccine pneumococcal serotypes on the clinical presentation and outcome of adults with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013; 19: 385-391.
6. Heffernan RT, Barrett NL, Gallagher K.M., et al Declining incidence of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among persons with AIDS in an era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1995-2000. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191: 2038-2045. (Pubitemid 40800574)
7. Grau I, Pallares R, Tubau F., et al Epidemiologic changes in bacteremic pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165: 1533-1540. (Pubitemid 41058035)
8. Jordano Q, Falcó V, Almirante B, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in patients infected with HIV: still a threat in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38: 1623-1628. (Pubitemid 38738561)
9. Siemieniuk RAC, Gregson DB, Gill MJ The persisting burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV infected patients: an observational cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011; 11: 314.
10. Burgos J, Peñaranda M, Payeras A., et al Invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected adults: clinical changes after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012; 59: 31-38.
11. Bernatsky S, Habel Y, Rahme E. Observational studies of infections in rheumatoid arthritis: a metaanalysis of tumor necrosis factor antagonists. J Rheumatol. 2010; 37: 928-931.
12. Melmed GY, Ippoliti AF, Papadakis K.A., et al Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at risk for vaccine-preventable illnesses. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101: 1834-1840. (Pubitemid 44166594)
13. Brueggemann AB, Peto TEA, Crook DW, et al Temporal and geographic stability of the serogroup-specific invasive disease potential of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children. J Infect Dis. 2004; 190: 1203-1211. (Pubitemid 39287745)
14. Weiser JN, Kapoor M. Effect of intrastrain variation in the amount of capsular polysaccharide on genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for virulence studies of encapsulated strains. Infect Immun. 1999; 67: 3690-3692. (Pubitemid 29291552)
15. Hicks LA, Harrison LH, Flannery B, et al Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998-2004. J Infect Dis. 2007; 196: 1346-1354. (Pubitemid 351412007)
16. Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley M.M., et al Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2010; 201: 32-41.
17. Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore M.R., et al Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 244-256.
18. Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R., et al Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA. 2005; 294: 2043-2051. (Pubitemid 41539937)
19. Sahni V, Naus M, Hoang L., et al The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in British Columbia following implementation of an infant immunization program: increases in herd immunity and replacement disease. Can J Public Health. 2012; 103: 29-33.
20. Elston JW, Santaniello-Newton A, Meigh J.A., et al Increasing incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia despite improved vaccination uptake: surveillance in Hull and East Yorkshire, UK, 2002-2009. Epidemiol Infect. 2012; 140: 1252-1266.
21. Lepoutre A, Varon E, George S., et al Impact of infant pneumococcal vaccination on invasive pneumococcal diseases in France, 2001-2006. Euro Surveill. 2008; 13:pii: 18962.
22. Ardanuy C, Tubau F, Pallares R., et al Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among adult patients in Barcelona before and after pediatric 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction, 1997-2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 48: 57-64.
23. Moore MR, Gertz RE, Woodbury R.L., et al Population snapshot of emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in the United States, 2005. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197: 1016-1027. (Pubitemid 351590031)
24. Kendall BA, Dascomb KK, Mehta R.R., et al Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Utah adults at the end of the PCV7 era. Vaccine. 2011; 29: 9123-9126.
25. Jansen AG, Rodenburg GD, van der Ende A, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among adults: associations among serotypes, disease characteristics, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49:e23-e29.
26. Weinberger DM, Harboe ZB, Sanders E.A., et al Association of serotype with risk of death due to pneumococcal pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 51: 692-699.
27. Grau I, Ardanuy C, Calatayud L., et al Invasive pneumococcal disease in healthy adults: increase of empyema associated with the clonal-type Sweden(1)-ST306. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e42595.
28. Burgos J, Lujan M, Falcó V, et al. The spectrum of pneumococcal empyema in adults in the early 21st century. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 53: 254-261.
29. Garcia-Vidal C., Ardanuy C, Tubau F., et al Pneumococcal pneumonia presenting with septic shock: host- and pathogen-related factors and outcomes. Thorax. 2010; 65: 77-81.
30. Bender JM, Ampofo K, Korgenski K., et al Pneumococcal necrotizing pneumonia in Utah: does serotype matter? Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46: 1346-1352. (Pubitemid 351589931)
31. Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Zhu Y, et al Increasing incidence of empyema complicating childhood community-acquired pneumonia in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 50: 805-813.
32. Finley C, Clifton J, Fitzgerald J.M., et al Empyema: an increasing concern in Canada. Can Respir J. 2008; 15: 85-89. (Pubitemid 351676396)
33. Doern GV, Richter SS, Miller A, et al Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: have we begun to turn the corner on resistance to certain antimicrobial classes? Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41: 139-148. (Pubitemid 40962493)
34. Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W., Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network. Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 1455-1463.
35. Stephens DS, Zughaier SM, Whitney C.G., et al Incidence of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: population-based assessment. Lancet. 2005; 365: 855-863. (Pubitemid 40332163)
36. Falcó V, Almirante B, Jordano Q, et al. Influence of penicillin resistance on outcome in adult patients with invasive pneumo-coccal pneumonia: is penicillin useful against intermediately resistant strains? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004; 54: 481-488. (Pubitemid 39177474)
37. Peterson LR. Penicillins for treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia: does in vitro resistance really matter? Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42: 224-233. (Pubitemid 43054194)
38. Weinstein MP, Klugman KP, Jones RN Rationale for revised penicillin susceptibility breakpoints versus Streptococcus pneumo-niae: coping with antimicrobial susceptibility in an era of resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 48: 1596-1600.
39. Ardanuy C, Rolo D, Fenoll A., et al Emergence of a multidrug-resistant clone (ST320) among invasive serotype 19A pneumo-cocci in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009; 64: 507-510.
40. Gertz RE J.r., Li Z, Pimenta F.C., et al Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Increased penicillin nonsusceptibility of nonvaccine-serotype invasive pneumococci other than serotypes 19A and 6A in post-7-valent conjugate vaccine era. J Infect Dis. 2010; 201: 770-775.
41. Sordé R, Falcó V, Lowak M, et al. Current and potential usefulness of pneumococcal urinary antigen detection in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia to guide antimicrobial therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2011; 171: 166-172.
42. Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50: 202-209.
43. Albrich WC, Madhi SA, Adrian P.V., et al Use of a rapid test of pneumococcal colonization density to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54: 601-609.
44. Rello J, Lisboa T, Lujan M., et al Severity of pneumococcal pneumonia associated with genomic bacterial load. Chest. 2009; 136: 832-840.
45. Vardakas KZ, Siempos II, Grammatikos A, et al Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2008; 179: 1269-1277.
46. Mufson MA, Stanek RJ Revisiting combination antibiotic therapy for community-acquired invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42: 304-306. (Pubitemid 43054211)
47. Yende S, Milbrandt EB, Kellum J.A., et al Understanding the potential role of statins in pneumonia and sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2011; 39: 1871-1878.
48. Snijders D, Daniels JM, de Graaff CS, et al Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 181: 975-982.
49. Meijvis SC, Hardeman H, Remmelts H.H., et al Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011; 377: 2023-2030.
50. Grabenstein JD. Effectiveness and serotype coverage: key criteria for pneumococcal vaccines for adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55: 255-258.
51. Moberley SA, Holden J, Tatham D.P., et al Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 23:CD000422.
52. Huss A, Scott P, Stuck A.E., et al Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2009; 180: 48-58.
53. Paradiso PR. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults: a new paradigm. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55: 259-264.
54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended adult immunization schedule-United States, 2012. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61: 61-84.
55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Licensure of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults aged 50 years and older. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61: 394-395.
56. Bennett NM, Whitney CG, Moore M, et al Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61: 816-819.
57. Musher DM. Should 13-valent protein-conjugate pneumococcal vaccine be used routinely in adults? Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55: 265-267.
58. Ardanuy C, Marimón JM, Calatayud L., et al Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in older people in Spain (2007-2009): implications for future vaccination strategies. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e43619.
59. Austrian R, Gold J. Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 1964; 60: 759-776.