The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in British Columbia following implementation of an infant immunization program: Increases in herd immunity and replacement disease

Canadian Journal of Public Health

Volumn 103, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 29-33

  Sahni, Vanita ^a   Naus, Monika ^a   Hoang, Linda ^a   Tyrrell, Gregory J ^b   Martin, Irene ^c   Patrick, David M ^a,d  

^a BRITISH COLUMBIA CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL   (Canada)

^b PROVINCIAL LABORATORY FOR PUBLIC HEALTH   (Canada)

^c PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Immunization schedule; Pneumococcal vaccines; Population surveillance; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856285498     PISSN: 00084263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf03404065     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Deeks SL, MacDonald DM, Squires SG, Medaglia A, Tam T. Bacterial meningitis in Canada: Hospitalizations 1994-2001. Can Commun Dis Rep 2005;31.
2. Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Lynfield R, et al. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: A matched case-control study. Lancet 2006;368:1495-502.
3. Goldblatt D, Southern J, Ashton L, Richmond P, Brubidge P, Tasevska J, et al. Immunogenicity and boosting after a reduced number of doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;26(4):312-19.
4. Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen JR, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19(3):187-95.
5. BC Centre for Disease Control. Communicable Disease Control Manual: Immunization. Available at: http://www.bccdc.ca/dis-cond/comm-manual/ default.htm (Accessed April 14, 2011).
6. Austrian R. The Quellung reaction, a neglected microbiological technique. Mt Sinai J Med 1976;43:699-709.
7. BC Stats. Population estimates (1986-2009) and projections (2010-2036). P.E.O.P.L.E. Projection 35 (Population Extrapolation for Organizational Planning with Less Error), BC Ministry of Citizens' Services.
8. Kozoriz K, Fraser J, McKay D, Grunert B, Ferris D, Parker R. Serotype 5 invasive pneumococcal disease outbreak-Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep January 4, 2008. Available at: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ ccdrw-rmtch/2008/r0108-eng.php (Accessed May 9, 2011).
9. Romney MG, Hull MW, Gustafson R, Sandhu J, Champagne S, Wong T, et al. Large community outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5 invasive infection in an impoverished, urban population. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:768-74.
10. BC Centre for Disease Control. Immunization coverage: Children at the 2nd birthday. Available at: www.bccdc.ca/immvac/BCImmunizationCov/ 2ndbirthday/default.htm (Accessed May 9, 2011).
11. Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, Fadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 2010;210:32-41.
12. Tyrrell GJ, Lovgren M, Chui N, Minion J, Garg S, Kellner JD, Marrie TJ. Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae pre and post seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Alberta, Canada, 2000-2006. Vaccine 2009;3553-60.
13. van Gils EJ, Veenhoven RH, Hak E, Rodenburg GD, Bogaert D, Ijzerman EP, et al. Effect of reduced-dose schedules with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in children: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302(2):159-67.
14. David S. Canadian Adult National Immunization Coverage Survey-British Columbia's Results 2006. Unpublished Report. Last updated: April 20, 2007.
15. Frescura A, Belzak L. Preliminary Results from the 2008 Adult National Immunization Coverage Survey [poster]. National Immunization Conference. Toronto. November 30-December 3, 2008.
16. Kellner JD, VanerKooi OG, MacDonald J, Church DL, Tyrrell GJ, Scheifele DW. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Canada, 1998-2007: Update from the Calgary-Area Streptococcus pneumoniae Research (CASPER) Study. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:205-12.
17. Ardanuy C, Tubau F, Pallares R, Calatayud L, Dominguez MA, Rolo D, et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among adult patients in Barcelona before and after pediatric 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction, 1997-2007. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:57-64.
18. Rodenberg GD, de Greeff SC, Jansen AGSC, de Melker HE, Schouls LM, Hak E, et al. Effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 2 years after its introduction, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16(5):816-23.
19. Greenberg D. The shifting dynamics of pneumococcal invasive disease after the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugated vaccine: Toward the new pneumococcal conjugated vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:213-15.
20. Beading C, Slifka MK. How do viral infections predispose patients to bacterial infections? Current Opinion Infect Dis 2004;17:185-91.