Manhood rights in the age of jim crow: Evaluating "end-of-men" claims in the context of African American history

Boston University Law Review

Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 745-767

  Summers, Martin ^a  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883423233     PISSN: 00068047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (57)

1. see MICHAEL S. KIMMEL, MANHOOD IN AMERICA: A CULTURAL HISTORY 32-57 (Oxford Univ. Press 3d ed. 2012) (1996), and
2. E. ANTHONY ROTUNDO, AMERICAN MANHOOD: TRANSFORMATIONS IN MASCULINITY FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE MODERN ERA 3, 16-18 (1993).
3. MARTHA S. JONES, ALL BOUND UP TOGETHER: THE WOMAN QUESTION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PUBLIC CULTURE, 1830-1900, at 9 (2007).
4. T. J. JACKSON LEARS, NO PLACE OF GRACE: ANTIMODERNISM AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN CULTURE 1880-1920, at 31-32 (1981).
5. See, e.g., PETER G. FILENE, HIM/HER/SELF: SEX ROLES IN MODERN AMERICA 37 (2d ed. 1986) ("Toward the turn of the century⋯ suffragists began to clothe their demands in more attractive terms: on the basis of expedience rather than justice, and in terms of women as nurturers rather than individuals.
6. GAIL BEDERMAN, MANLINESS & CIVILIZATION: A CULTURAL HISTORY OF GENDER AND RACE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1880-1917, at 12 (1995);
7. NANCY F. COTT, THE GROUNDING OF MODERN FEMINISM 22 (1987).
8. KRISTIN L. HOGANSON, FIGHTING FOR AMERICAN MANHOOD: HOW GENDER POLITICS PROVOKED THE SPANISH-AMERICAN AND PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WARs 18-21, 29-35 (1998).
9. GLENN FELDMAN, THE DISFRANCHISEMENT MYTH: POOR WHITES AND SUFFRAGE RESTRICTION IN ALABAMA 90 (2004) (explaining that these clauses were "to protect the vote of poor whites, including Confederate soldiers and their descendants").
10. Laura Briggs, The Race of Hysteria: "Overcivilization" and the "Savage" Woman in Late Nineteenth-Century Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52 AM. Q. 246, 249 (2000).
11. see PETER BOAG, SAME-SEX AFFAIRS: CONSTRUCTING AND CONTROLLING HOMOSEXUALITY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST (2003), and
12. GEORGE CHAUNCEY, GAY NEW YORK: GENDER, URBAN CULTURE, AND THE MAKING OF THE GAY MALE WORLD, 1890-1940 (1994).
13. See MARY P. RYAN, CRADLE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS: THE FAMILY IN ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK, 1790-1865, at 146-55 (1981);
14. Paula Baker, The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780-1920, 89 AM. HIST. REV. 620, 629-31 (1984).
15. AVLICE KESSLER-HARRIS, OUT TO WORK: A HISTORY OF WAGE-EARNING WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES 52 (1982)
16. (quoting The Duty of Women, VOICE OF INDUSTRY, Sept. 14, 1845, at 4).
17. ELLIOTT J. GORN, THE MANLY ART: BARE-KNUCKLE PRIZE FIGHTING IN AMERICA 179-206 (1986).
18. Arnaldo Testi, The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity, 81 J. AM. HIST. 1509, 1520 (1995).
19. see also David Anthony Tyeeme Clark & Joane Nagel, White Men, Red Masks: Appropriations of "Indian " Manhood in Imagined Wests, in ACROSS THE GREAT DIVIDE: CULTURES OF MANHOOD IN THE AMERICAN WEST 109, 111-18 (Matthew Basso et al. eds., 2001).
20. MARY TING YI LUI, THE CHINATOWN TRUNK MYSTERY: MURDER, MISCEGENATION, AND OTHER DANGEROUS ENCOUNTERS IN TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY NEW YORK CITY 46-51 (2005).
21. Karen J. Leong, "A Distinct and Antagonistic Race": Constructions of Chinese Manhood in the Exclusionist Debates, 1869-1878, in ACROSS THE GREAT DIVIDE: CULTURES OF MANHOOD IN THE AMERICAN WEST, supra note 36, at 131, 1 34.
22. LEON F. LITWACK, TROUBLE IN MIND: BLACK SOUTHERNERS IN THE AGE OF JIM CROW 217-79 (1998);
23. see also Nina Mjagkij, True Manhood: The YMCA and Racial Advancement, 1890-1930, in MEN AND WOMEN ADRIFT: THE YMCA AND THE YWCA IN THE CITY 140 (Nina Mjagkij & Margaret Spratt eds., 1997).
24. See HANNAH ROSEN, TERROR IN THE HEART OF FREEDOM: CITIZENSHIP, SEXUAL VIOLENCE, AND THE MEANING OF RACE IN THE POSTEMANCIPATION SOUTH 8 (2009).
25. GLENDA ELIZABETH GILMORE, GENDER AND JIM CROW: WOMEN AND THE POLITICS OF WHITE SUPREMACY IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1896-1920, at 83 (1996);
26. T. Thomas Fortune, We Know Our Rights⋯ and Have the Courage to Defend Them, Address Before the 1890 National Afro-American League National Convention (1890), in BLACK NATIONALISM IN AMERICA 212, 216 (John H. Bracey, Jr. et al. eds., 1970).
27. STEVEN HAHN, A NATION UNDER OUR FEET: BLACK POLITICAL STRUGGLES IN THE RURAL SOUTH FROM SLAVERY TO THE GREAT MIGRATION 120 (2003).
28. See DANIEL W. STOWELL, REBUILDING ZION: THE RELIGIOUS RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH, 1863-1877, at 86 (1998).
29. See ERIC FONER, RECONSTRUCTION: AMERICA'S UNFINISHED REVOLUTION, 1863-1877, at 95 (1988).
30. Id. at 120; Elsa Barkley Brown, Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom, 1 PUB. CULTURE 107, 110 (1994).
31. see also HUGH DAVIS, "WE WILL BE SATISFIED WITH NOTHING LESS": THE AFRICAN AMERICAN STRUGGLE FOR EQUAL RIGHTS IN THE NORTH DURING RECONSTRUCTION 67-68 (2011).
32. NORALEE FRANKEL, FREEDOM'S WOMEN: BLACK WOMEN AND FAMILIES IN CIVIL WAR ERA MISSISSIPPI 176-77 (1999);
33. KEVIN K. GAINES, UPLIFTING THE RACE: BLACK LEADERSHIP, POLITICS, AND CULTURE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 3-4 (1996).
34. See LESLIE BROWN, UPBUILDING BLACK DURHAM: GENDER, CLASS, AND BLACK COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH 102-06 (2008);
35. C. HJ. Taylor, Don't Need Women Elders, STAR OF ZION, Aug. 11, 1898, at 4);
36. W. E. B. DU BOIS, THE SOÛLS OF BLACK FOLK 131 (Dodd, Mead & Co., Inc. 1979) (1903);
37. see EVELYN BROOKS HIGGINBOTHAM, RIGHTEOUS DISCONTENT: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN THE BLACK BAPTIST CHURCH, 1880-1920, at 186-88(1993), although Higginbotham argues that "respectability" was not solely a discourse of the middle class.
38. See MICHELE MITCHELL, RIGHTEOUS PROPAGATION: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE POLITICS OF RACIAL DESTINY AFTER RECONSTRUCTION 91-94, 98-100 (2004).
39. See id.; Angela M. Hornsby, "The Boy Problem": North Carolina Race Men Groom the Next Generation, 1900-1930, 86 J. NEGRO HIST. 276, 277-79 (2001).
40. ANGELA HORNSBY-GUTTING, BLACK MANHOOD AND COMMUNITY BUILDING IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1900-1930, at 82-94 (2009).
41. Id. at 340-41; THOMAS J. WARD JR., BLACK PHYSICIANS IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH 105-06 (2003).
42. TODD L. SAVTIT, Entering a "White" Profession, 1880-1920, in RACE AND MEDICINE IN NINETEENTH-AND EARLY-TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICA 269, 276-77 (2007). Their reluctance to engage professional doctors resulted from a combination of distrust of the medical profession, their comfort with traditional medicine, and the lack of money to pay fees.
43. GLORIA MOLDOW, WOMEN DOCTORS IN GILDED-AGE WASHINGTON: RACE, GENDER, AND PROFESSIONALIZATION 97 (1987).
44. See Douglas M. Haynes, Policing the Social Boundaries of the American Medical Association, I847-70, 60 J. HIST. MED. & ALLIED SCI. 170, 174-75 (2005).
45. see Todd L. Savitt, "A Journal of Our Own": The Medical and Surgical Observer in Late-Nineteenth-Century America, in RACE AND MEDICINE IN NINETEENTH-AND EARLY-TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICA, supra note 92, at 295, 304, 309.
46. ABRAHAM FLEXNER, MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: A REPORT TO THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, at vii-xvii (1910), available at http://www.camegiefoundation.org/sites/default/files/ elibrary/Camegie-Flexner-Report.pdf. For a general discussion of the effects of the Flexner Report on African American medical schools
47. see DARLENE CLARK HINE, To Heal the Race: African-American Health Care Professionals in Historical Perspective, in SPEAK TRUTH TO POWER: BLACK PROFESSIONAL CLASS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 181, 185-86 (1996).
48. F. J. Shadd, Sarcoma, 1 MED. & SURGICAL OBSERVER 57, 61 (1893).
49. GRETCHEN LONG, DOCTORING FREEDOM: THE POLITICS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MEDICAL CARE IN SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION 169 (2012).
50. Salutatory, 1 MED. & SURGICAL OBSERVER 14, 14 (1892).
51. HERBERT M. MORAIS, THE HISTORY OF THE AFRO-AMERICAN IN MEDICINE 58 (rev. ed. 1976).
52. M. A. Majors, Acute Septic Endometritis and Its Complications, 1 MED. & SURGICAL OBSERVER 27 (1893).
53. TODD L. SAVITT, Walking the Color Line: Alonzo McClennan, the Hospital Herald, and Segregated Medicine, in RACE AND MEDICINE IN NINETEENTH-AND EARLY-TWENHETH-CENTURY AMERICA, supra note 92, at 316, 322.
54. See DARLENE CLARK HINE, Co-Laborers in the Work of the Lord: Nineteenth-Century Black Women Physicians, in HINE SIGHT: BLACK WOMEN AND THE RE-CONSTRUCTION OF AMERICAN HISTORY 147, 158 (1994);
55. M. A. Majors, Letter to the Editor, 1 MED. & SURGICAL OBSERVER 47 (1892).
56. Editorial, The Physicians' Protective Association, 1 MED. & SURGICAL OBSERVER 207, 208 (1893).
57. Hanna Rosin, The End of Men, ATLANTIC, July/Aug. 2010, at 56, 64.